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Section 4. History
Babkova Nadiya Vyacheslavivna, Kharkiv State Academy of Culture, Lecturer of the Department of History of Ukraine and World History E-mail: akademik_xdak@mail.ru
Flags of the Ukrainian Cossacks in the 16th - 18th centuries
Abstract: The present article is devoted to creation and development of flags of the Ukrainian Cossacks in the 16th - 18th centuries. Several preserved documentations show the key motives of the Cossack flags. In the process of analyzing the Cossack flags we can highlight both autochthonous and borrowed heraldic elements.
Keywords: the Ukrainian Cossack flags, heraldic motives, European and national traditions.
One of the key features of modern state are national symbols which show historical, political, military, cultural traditions of the state and its population, relationship with other countries, borrowing and binding of international cultures and traditions. National symbols of Ukraine also have close contact with other people. The bright examples of such process are flag of the Ukrainian Cossacks.
Some scientists believe that first symbol of the Cossacks was the personal flag of Dmytro Vyshnevetskyi (Baida). The coat-of-arms of Prince Korybut was depicted therein [16, 25; 19, 7]. But the use of red colour in flags of the Cossacks shall not be related to memory of Vyshnevetskyi. According to L. L. Zalizniak, the use of such colour combination was caused by traditions of the Kyiv Rus and general military customs of Europe [6, 138]. Thus, red and scarlet colours in flags of the Cossacks concern not only the local ancient culture but also their participation in military and political history of Rzeczpospolita.
In the scope of Stefan Batoriy’s reforms in 1576, the flag obtains functions of foreign relationship between the Polish Royal Government and the Register Cossacks which show creation and recognition of the autonomous system of the Cossacks by the central executive power. Therefore the Cossacks joined armies of other European countries too. In 1594 they obtained the flag from Erich Liasota, the Ambassador of Rudolph the Second, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire [13, 102]. Next year the Cossacks under the guidance of Severyn Nalyvaiko obtained a new flag from Grand Prince Maximilian for their courage and military skill in the German troops. In 1596 both flags were captured by the Poles during suppression of Nalyvaiko’s rebellion [3, 52].
As for the period preceding the Liberation War of 1648-1657, there were preserved only some pieces of description ofthe Cossack flags. According to V. Sergiychuk, such pieces include description of the flag of Zaporozhe troops under the guidance of Dmytro Vyshnevetskyi
(Baida) who joined the army ofJohn the Terrible, Moscow Tsar, in 1557: “blue in the middle, sugar white at the slopes; in the middle there is a picture of the God riding the white horse among the star sky surrounded by heavenly hosts; St. John the Evangelist on the lower angle, St. Michael the Archangel riding the golden winged horse at the slope”. It is noteworthy that V. Sergiychuk states the following: it had all the attributes of the Great Tsar’s Flag, therefore it was created not under the Ukrainian but under the Moscovian traditions [20, 17-18].
There were also preserved descriptions of the flags of Left-Bank Cossack Troops who defended local castles under the guidance of castle governors. For example, in 1626 the Starodub Cossack Troop had a special red flag with blue cross while the Chernigiv Cossack Troop has a blue flag with red cross [17, 54].
We can find more information about flags of the Cossacks belonging to the period of Bogdan Khmelnytsky. In 1646 the Polish King granted to the Registered Cossacks a blue flag with red and white eagle (probably the modified state emblem of Poland). According to M. Gru-shevskyi, in February 1649 the Polish commissioners granted a new royal flag to the Hetman, namely red flag with white eagle and the slogan «Ioannes Casimir us rex». It contained state emblem of the Polish Kingdom without any other symbols [4, 142].
Meantime M. Grushevskyi showed other features of the Cossack flags in description of capturing Gomel by the Chernigiv Cossack Troop on the 4th of June 1651: “Early at eight o’clock, while changing the guards, first there appeared a red flag with white cross and white frame, then another red flag as well as three white, two black and two blue and yellow flags nearby”. According to the witness, the only symbol was a cross [5, 225].
Other evidence concerns the symbols of flags used by Bogdan Khmelnytsky’s Cossacks during siege of Lvov in 1655. I. Krypiakevych states, “the Hetman used two flags: one large and red, the other with St. Michael shooting the snake. Other flags showed emblems of almost all
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Flags of the Ukrainian Cossacks in the 16th - 18th centuries
the farther regions and districts except our white eagle in crown” [10, 252]. On the grounds of such evidence the scientist came to conclusion that for the period of Bogdan Khmelnytsky “the Cossacks had no uniform flag; there were flags with various pictures. When the Hetman reached a compromise with Poland, there was even the Polish eagle in crown and King’s letters. When the Cossacks broke relationship with Rzeczpospolita, the flags showed emblems of the Ukrainian lands, Bogdan Khmelnytsky’s emblem “Abdank”, St. Michael the Knight” [11,3]. But at that time there were created key motives for the Cossack flags of the 17th - 18th centuries: first, the cross, second, depiction of saints — patrons of the Cossacks.
Archdeacon Pavlo Khalebskyi (1654) reminds the flag of the Christ-loving Courage Hetman Zinoviy consisting of black and yellow stripes and a cross. Cross is shown again as a constant and autochthonous symbol of the Cossack troops [1, 66].
Finally, the classical source of the Cossack flags for the period of Bogdan Khmelnytsky was description of 24 flags captured by military forces of Janusz Radzi-will in Chernigiv and Kyiv in 1651 [15, 110]. First such description was published in 1963 by Ya. Isaevich. Some of them had symbols which could be interpreted immediately. For example, one of the Kyiv red flags contained a white eagle in crown with the Vaz Royal Dynasty on its chest. Three other Kyiv flags have emblems of the Kyiv Magistrate’s Official Seal (bow and arrows). Therefore Ya. Isaevich confirmed that such flags could belong not to the Cossacks but to the Magistrate’s Guard or to Kyiv Factories [8, 85-87].
Most of other Kyiv flags have a cross combined with heavenly hosts (sun, moon, stars, star and crescent moon). One of the flags has an untraditional symbol, a hand holding a flaming sword (attribute of St. Michael the Archangel) surrounded by cross, crescent moon, sun and stars, while another flag has St. Andrew’s cross with sun, stars and crescent moon.
As for the Chernigiv flags, there prevails a red flag with St. George riding the horse and fighting the snake. Other flags contain either a cross or a composition consisting of cross, crescent moon and stars. One of them includes also ornamental flowers [21, 243-247].
According to R. R. Kosiv, depiction of cross, stars, sun, moon and crescent moon in the flag is related not only to local ancient traditions but also to wall-painting of altars in churches and polemic literature of that period,
i. e. anything related to ordinary lifestyle [9, 52-58].
Thus, for the period of Bogdan Khmelnytsky the symbols of the Cossack flags had two key motives:
1) depiction of cross, often combined with crescent moon, sun and stars;
2) depiction of Christian saints or their attributes.
We have a little data about the flags of Hetmans for the Ruin Period (second half of the 17th century). For example, Petro Doroshenko received a flag from the Turkish Sultan which showed a crescent moon. Meantime Mykhailo Khanenko, a Polish-oriented politician, received a flag from Mykhailo Vyshnevetskyi, the Polish King, which had a yellow eagle and the king’s coat-of-arms (state emblem of Poland at that time: eagle containing Korybut — coat-of-arms of the Vyshnevetskyis on its chest, namely a cross standing on the reversed crescent moon and a six-angled star beneath it) [18, 527].
Certain information about the Cossack flags for the period of Ivan Mazepa is also preserved. For example, Y. Zastyrets, the Lvov researcher of the beginning of the 20th century, on the grounds of materials presented by M. Tchaikovsky, the Polish and Ukrainian writer and politician of the 19th century, described flags used by Ivan Mazepa’s troops in Bendery in 1709: “Eagle of Ukraine and Archangel of Zaporozhe were flying over the troop” [7, 69]. According to the comments of A. Grechylo, “Eagle of Ukraine was nothing else but a double-headed Russian eagle” [2, 21]. Then the aforesaid author presents a detailed description of the flag received by the Mazepa’s Cossacks by the Turkish Sultan Ahmed the Third: “A crescent moon on the red background and a silver star above it; a g olden cross of the Eastern Church on the blue background. This flag was consecrated by the Patriarch of Constantinople and symbolized unification of Islam and Christianity” [7, 70].
Authentic evidence offlags for the period of Ivan Mazepa is another flag found at the Stockholm military museum by Yu. Savchuk and Ye. Turek. They state that such flag was captured by the Swedes in the Nesvizh Battle in 1706. On the front side of a scarlet flag there is a large depiction of St. Michael the Archangel holding sword and shield, a smaller depiction of Ivan Mazepa’s coat-of-arms beneath it, an elliptic stamp with double-headed eagle (state emblem of the Moscovian Kingdom) at one edge. On the opposite side there is a similar composition: a large depiction of St. Mary, a smaller depiction of the Starodubskyi Colonel Mykhailo Myklashevsky’s coat-of-arms (a golden bow and two arrows on the red background) beneath it and state emblem of the Moscovian Kingdom at one edge. Pictures of the Starodubskyi Colonel Mykhailo Myklashevsky’s coat-of-arms may state that this flag could belong to the Starodub Cossack Troop. Flags of other troops probably contained similar symbols [18, 533].
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Section 4. History
In the 18th century (first and foremost, due to influence of the prevailing Baroque style both in general Ukrainian art and in heraldry) composition of the Cossack flags got more complicated. The brightest examples were flag of Zaporozhe Sich for that period. Fortunately, there are lots of data preserved.
In 1924 M. Makarenko described series of Zaporozhe flags stored at the Hermitage. He states that after destruction of Zaporozhe Sich these flags were acquired by the Prince Grigoriy Potiomkin and after his death the Prince’s steward got them. After the steward’s widow died in 1829, the flags were submitted to the Tsarskoselskyi Arsenal and then to the Emperor’s Hermitage [14, 25].
The most famous is the Marine Flag of Zaporozhe Troops reproduced in most publications upon history of Zaporozhe Sich. In the center there is a ship with Cossacks on the deck, in the upper edge there are traditional portraits of St. Michael the Archangel and Christ the Saviour. It is noteworthy that it is one of several flags where military realia of the Cossacks are shown in the center (in the present case it is a ship).
Most of other flags have both of the abovementioned motives of the Cossack flags: portraits of saints, pictures of cross and heavenly hosts. It is noteworthy that saints are shown in the Baroque style of heraldry of the 18th century, namely they are shown in cartouches or shields with crowns. For example, flags made by Kuren Sergeant in 1772 and 1774 show a cross and portraits ofSt. Michael and St. George in round frames. Meantime flags made by Palanka Sergeant had a combination of cross, crescent moon and six-angled stars jointly with St. George in the cartouche. Flag made by Kuren Sergeant in 1774 has a
crescent moon, eight five-angled stars and St. Peter the Apostle in the cartouche. Flag of the Kuren made by the Colonel Stepan Blakytnyi contains a crescent moon and two stars jointly with St. Michael the Archangel in the crowned cartouche [14, 27-39].
Flags of Hetmanshchyna faced serious changes in the second half of the 18th century. On the 8th of March 1755 Kirill Rozumovskyi, the last Hetman of Ukraine, gave an order on unification of flags of all the Cossack troops. One side of the flag shall contain national emblem (picture of the Cossack with a rifle as an emblem of the Ukrainian Cossack Troops) while the other side shall contain the emblem of a troop the flag belongs whereto. Some draft flags were produced in the middle of the 18th century in compliance with such order. Information about the draft flag of the Lubenskyi Troop made in 1758 by Ival Kuliabka, the local commander was published by Oleksandr Lazarevskyi in the Notes on Cossack Troops [12, 154].
Thus, the second half of the 18 th century was a period of prosperity of flag art among the Ukrainian Cossacks, so-called Golden Autumn before the final cancellation of Cossack army in Ukraine in 1764-1781, winding-up the Hetman Government, destruction of Zaporozhe Sich and winding-up the Troop Administration.
The use of heraldic motives jointly with national and European traditions, preservation oftraditional motive famous for the period of Bogdan Khmelnytsky — Christian saints, cross, heavenly hosts — everything caused a special style of the Cossack heraldry. Therefore flags of Hetman-shchyna and Zaporozhe Sich of the 17th - 18th centuries became a unique phenomenon in the whole world too.
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The history of establishing of protected areas in Yenisei region
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Gaidin Sergey Tikhonovich, Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University, Professor of Department of History and Political Science E-mail: gaydinsergey@rambler.ru Burmakina Galina Aleksandrovna, PHD (history), associate Professor of Department of Psychology, Pedagogy and Human Ecology E-mail: burmakinagalina@rambler.ru
The history of establishing of protected areas in Yenisei region
Abstract: the article examines the history of establishing state nature reserves (zapovedniks) and game reserves (zakazniks) in the Yenisei region since the foundation of the Yenisei province in 1822.
Keywords: protected areas, Yenisei region, Krasnoyarsk kray, state nature reserves (zapovedniks), game reserves (zakazniks), nature monuments.
Гайдин Сергей Тихонович, Красноярский государственный аграрный университет, д-р ист. наук, профессор кафедры истории и политологии
E-mail: gaydinsergey@rambler.ru Бурмакина Галина Александровна, канд. ист. наук, доцент кафедры психологии, педагогики и экологии человека E-mail: burmakinagalina@rambler.ru
История создания охраняемых территории Приенисеиского региона
Аннотация: В статье рассматривается история создания заповедников и заказников в Приенисейском регионе со времени основания Енисейской губернии в 1822 г.
Ключевые слова: охраняемые территории, Приенисейский регион, Красноярский край, заповедники,
заказники, государственные памятники природы.
Освоение новых пространств, подобных Дикому Западу в США и Сибири в России, проходило, как правило, путем их покорения с непростыми экологическими последствиями. Первый губернатор, созданной в 1822 г. Енисейской губернии, А. П. Степанов писал, что крестьяне, ради разработки куска земли под пашню, выжигали леса на огромных пространствах. Уже тогда было замечено, что истребление лесов сопровождалось понижением уровня грунтовых вод и обмелением водоемов [1, 93].
Не исключено, что переселенцы из европейской части страны, воспринимали Сибирь как бескрайнее и враждебное пространство, которое необходимо было «покорять» ради налаживания собственной жизни. Для этого нужно было выжигать и отодвигать от их поселений тайгу, которая в теплое время года досаждала людям огромным количеством кровососущих насекомых.
В начале 80-х гг. XIX в. в отчетах руководства административно-территориальных округов,
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