Научная статья на тему 'صعوبات التعرف على الرموز المكتوبة لدى طالبات الصف الأول والثاني والثالث الابتدائي'

صعوبات التعرف على الرموز المكتوبة لدى طالبات الصف الأول والثاني والثالث الابتدائي Текст научной статьи по специальности «Языкознание и литературоведение»

CC BY
334
46
i Надоели баннеры? Вы всегда можете отключить рекламу.
Ключевые слова
الصف الأول، الصف الثاني،الصف الثالث الابتدائي، صعوبات، التعرف على الرموز / first grade / second grade / third grade / difficulties / word identification

Аннотация научной статьи по языкознанию и литературоведению, автор научной работы — Reima Saado Al-Jarf

هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى تحليل أخطاء تلميذات الصف الأول والثاني والثالث الابتدائي في مهارات تمييز المسموع والتمييز البصري وربط الحرف بنطقه وتعرف الكلمة كوحدة وتعرف الكلمة في السياق وربط الكلمة المكتوبة بنطقها والتحليل البنائي لتحديد الصعوبات التي تواجه التلميذات في تعرف الرموز المكتوبة باستخدام اختبار اعد خصيصا لهذا الغرض. وأظهرت النتائج أن اكثر المهارات سهولة على الصفوف الثلاث هي مهارة التمييز البصري يليها مهارة تمييز المسموع ثم مهارة تعرف الكلمة كوحدة أو تعرف الكلمة في السياق، وبدرجة متوسطة ربط الحرف المكتوب بنطقه واكثر المهارات صعوبة هما مهارتا ربط الكلمة المكتوبة بنطقها والتحليل البنائي على التوالي. وأشارت النتائج إلى وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية بين متوسط أخطاء الصفوف الثلاث في المهارات المختلفة، وتبين أن أخطاء تلميذات الصف الأول اكثر من أخطاء الصف الثاني في مهارات تمييز المسموع والتمييز البصري وربط الحرف بنطقه وتعرف الكلمة في السياق، مع عدم وجود فروق بين أخطاء الصف الثاني والثالث في هذه المهارات. كما أن أخطاء تلميذات الصف الأول أكثر من الصف الثاني وأخطاء تلميذات الصف الثاني أكثر من الخطاء تلميذات الصف الثالث في تعرف الكلمة كوحدة وربط الكلمة المكتوبة بنطقها والتحليل البنائي والاختبار ككل. ويزداد إتقان التلميذات للمهارات وتقل أخطاؤهن من صف إلى الصف الذي يليه. وكان معامل الارتباط بين الأخطاء في الاختبار ككل وكل مهارة موجبا ودالا وأعلى من معامل الارتباط بين الأخطاء في المهارات المختلفة.

i Надоели баннеры? Вы всегда можете отключить рекламу.
iНе можете найти то, что вам нужно? Попробуйте сервис подбора литературы.
i Надоели баннеры? Вы всегда можете отключить рекламу.

FIRST, SECOND AND THIRD GRADE STUDENTS’ WORD IDENTIFICATION DIFFICULTIES

This study aimed at analyzing first, second and third grade errors in auditory and visual discrimination, letter recognition, sight word recognition, word recognition in context, sound-symbol association, and structural analysis sub-skills to identify the difficulties that students have in word identification by using a word identification test specially constructed for that purpose. It was found that the easiest sub-skills for the three grades were: visual and auditory discrimination, sight word recognition or word recognition in context; and to a moderate degree: letter recognition; and the most difficult sub-skills were sound-symbol association and structural analysis respectively. The three grades were significantly different in their mean error in word identification in general and in the different sub-skills. The first grade mean error was greater than the second and third grade mean error in auditory and visual discrimination, letter recognition and word recognition in context, but there were no significant differences between the second and third grade mean error. First grade mean error was greater than second grade and the second grade mean error was greater than third grade in sight word recognition, sound-symbol association and structural analysis and the total number of errors. Students' mastery of word identification in general and of each sub-skill gets better as they proceed from one grade to a higher one. The correlation between the total error score and errors in each sub-skill was positive, significant and greater than the correlation between the errors in the sub-skills.

Текст научной работы на тему «صعوبات التعرف على الرموز المكتوبة لدى طالبات الصف الأول والثاني والثالث الابتدائي»

ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ

УДК 373

FIRST, SECOND AND THIRD GRADE STUDENTS' WORD IDENTIFICATION DIFFICULTIES

^JUJJVI ДЛ511J ^JlillJ JjiS ЛЛЬ ^UlL

Reima Saado Al-Jarf King Saud University reima.al.jarf@gmail. com

Submission Date: 13.01.18

jjj^j ^iljtg-л ^jijjjvi ¿iMllj ^Sllj JjVl '*«■ CiljjAto flU^i Jji^j Jj A^iljall олд CibA Ujjj ^Ijuill ^i S^Kll j A^Kll j AaUjj ^j^Jl Ujjj ^j^aill jjj^jJlj ^j^m^ll ^Ij^j^ib ajjj^aii jj^jl! ^j* ^i ^Ii^jajjii A^ljj ^jll AaJa^l ^jlbll Jji^jllj ajjj^aii

Sjl^^ ^д ¿i^jll ^ji^ll Jc Aljgm Ciljlg^ll jjSI yi ^jUjJl Cj^ij .^^jill Ib^J 1. ^j. ^ jcl jijj^i A^jjjj t^lj^ll ^i A^Kll ji S^Kll Sjl^ ^j^m^ll jjjxJ ojl^^ Ijjij jjjxJJl

Jjiajllj ^eUu ajj&aii A^Kll Ujj bjl^ Ajj*^ ^Iiji^aii jj^lj AaUjj ^j*<Jl Ujj SUmjJ*

¿i^jll ^ji^Jl flU^i U^jj^ yjj AJV^ (jjji Jj^j Л ^jUjJl ^jl^iij .JljJll ^ic ^jlbll

jjjxj Ciljl^ ^i ^jUJl ^^ll flU^i Jj^l ^^ll cIiaiajj flU^i yi yjjjj tAijj^^ll ^Ijl^^ll ^i

fl U^i jjj (jjji J^Jc t(j1julll ^i S^Kll j AaUjj Ujjj ^j^ajll jjjxJllj ^j^m^ll

f!U^ij ^jljJl j> JjVl ^^ll cIiiiajj flU^i yi .^iljl^Jl олд ^i dilljllj ^jljJl ^^ll

4jj3£a1i A^Kll Ujjj A ЖИ ^i ¿illjJl ^^all ^Iiaiaij flU^ll ^jljJl ^^all ^Iiaiaij

^^Jl ^Jj ^^ ул jA^lU^i j ^Ijl^^iJ ^Ijj^jJll ytajj JlJjjj .J^^ jl^J^VIj ^jUjii Jjl^Jllj ^icij VtJj JЛ j jl^J^VI ^i fl U^VI jjj ^lijj^l yl£j .Ajij

j^xjll ^Jc c^IJJX^ '^JIJJJVI ^Jl^Jl Ui^jlt^jlljl U^ll ijjVl u^jl

Abstract

This study aimed at analyzing first, second and third grade errors in auditory and visual discrimination, letter recognition, sight word recognition, word recognition in context, sound-symbol association, and structural analysis sub-skills to identify the difficulties that students have in word identification by using a word identification test specially constructed for that purpose. It was found that the easiest sub-skills for the three grades were: visual and auditory discrimination, sight word recognition or word recognition in context; and to a moderate degree: letter recognition; and the most difficult sub-skills were sound-symbol association and structural analysis respectively. The three grades were significantly different in their mean error in word

identification in general and in the different sub-skills. The first grade mean error was greater than the second and third grade mean error in auditory and visual discrimination, letter recognition and word recognition in context, but there were no significant differences between the second and third grade mean error. First grade mean error was greater than second grade and the second grade mean error was greater than third grade in sight word recognition, sound-symbol association and structural analysis and the total number of errors. Students' mastery of word identification in general and of each sub-skill gets better as they proceed from one grade to a higher one. The correlation between the total error score and errors in each sub-skill was positive, significant and greater than the correlation between the errors in the sub-skills.

Key words: first grade, second grade, third grade, difficulties, word identification

tUjJjH ^JjxJ ljJJ tNw .Jj^l AjjIjjjVl AwjJxJl ax£x ^A OpIjSJl flAlxlj JS ^Ji! OjjSJl Ajxjj jj ^i AjjjSxJl jjxjJl _j*3 tiljl^x! CilAix1j]l jxJ^ijj c^jijsjvi JjVl ' *<»■ ^l ^i AjjjaJl AjUSJl ^l^jj

^l 'ASjUj Jl tlj^Vlj AjjjSxJl jjxjJl jjj Aa^rJl ^lj^j ojjsji '¿IHjjij ^jUJl

I^S^jj aax^Ji j ciaU*xj j J^ jjjj 'As^jj t_aj^Jl jjj Aa^*Jl ^Ijjj ojjsji

CllAlx1j]l ^l^j lx ljj ^J^ 'lAj^Uc Jj Ijljl^Jj tl ^Kll _j*jJl Jjlwj Jc jjjjJj I^S 'iaUxxj jjAjS tjSj cjj^Jl ija ^ij .t<U<U A^j^^Jl 2'wjJll ajjSll jjunSI js jSj ¿JlUl Ajl^j ^Jj

j^xj ji jx Aijjj A^j^j tUKJl Ai^j sjjsji ji Cohen and Schwartz) 1975) jJjlj^j tljjJjJl ^UJSl Jj JllL

^Jjj cAxjj^Jl Ajxl^aJl apljSJlj Axjl^Jl Ajj^Jl SpljSlJ ^jj^Jl

l^jjxAl l^J AjjjaJl AiUU AjjJSxH jjxjJl _j*JJl Jc SjJsJl jl US .AajU. Ojj^aj pjjSxJl ^i Ciljl^xJ

.l^jlc Aj^ljjJl jijxji jj AwjjxJl J ^^.^Jl ji^v.ij SpljSJl tljl^x J tlAjXjJl jx J

^1*33 jl ^l c^^Tjjl aujjj^ Ciljl^xJl jx Alili sjijc ajjijsh Ciljl^xJl jj

J]| tljl^xJl jjj^J AjLr. jli IjJ 'sjjj^ ^1*3 jj jlSJjj jl jjs l^jSjjj tljl^xJl tlAjXjJl

^^.Ijj A^Jl*x jSxJ 'jl^xj AjxA^l jX Ajlxc pljjl l^jj^JSj ^J ^jjj tljj^jjjl I^JJ^JSI

jjx jj^SJlj

AilJlj AjjjS^jl jjXjJl _j*JJl ^Jl^lj ^jl^Jlj JjVl tljj^lj ojjs Aj^jj Aj^Al jx ^¿jJl ^i ^JjVl ^^^Jl tljjxjj Jj^. ajj^jx Ajxlc AwljJ V Ajl Vj 'Ajjj*Jl

jj ^Jj Ail^j .^^jiJl jijj^i ^Ij^Jwlj AjjjSxJl jjxjJl _j«JJl Ajlxc ^i A£lxx3l

jA^ljcj jx tljljoil apljSJl ^i tljjxjjjl pl^l ^JjSJ ^i jJxJ*J ^JjVl ^^jJl tl^lxx

^jj jjSJj .AwljjJl pljjl tljjxjjjl A^.ljj ^jJl JjJ^j ^jJj c^JUJl ^Jj tljjxjjjl ^jijj ^Jj

.j^Vl Jx^jj AjjIjSJl tljl^xJl Ijlj^l jSjjj c_J^jl aJJ^x jjc Ijlj^l tljljJ^Vl

Jll J Cllilxlill Ijl^.nSI jllijxlll Clljljx jjl JJ^J A^lljJ Jj A^l^J JjVl £lUl*Jl jli 1ЛЗ

.^¡jjasll J AijTrt ^JLJ AijTrt SpljS ylS ^la^l^V A^jlj ij'^in^j ^l

jx jll _j*lll Clljljx ^"jaj Jxl^i jb2i.lj CllxIxxll Jjj Ijjl J A^iljall оЛД AjxAl jx£J

_j^ 1лд ^jUj jl I^S cAjjIjIjVI Al^jxll jx JjVI ¿i^Jll J Ij'jmKj jl Cil^jxlill

A^ljjjll _j*lll Clljljx J JljljVI ¿llUll J jUll J JjVI ' ^и ^ljAXiJ jxj ^Jxl ^.xl^ 1XJj2J ^aaJ

Jll jjij*Jj HjUnKj ^l ^JjJ I^IJ^KI ^2ll ^|jl^xll jj ja^JJ cAajaallJ

.^jjalll J jjSjj _j*2ll AjLr. J U. JS i^^^ijJ

¿JUllj jUll JJVI ' ^U ^al Ajj2Sxll jjxjll Jc _j«2ll flU^l JjI^J Jj A^ljall олд _ '^¿J

jjjxlllJ cA^jX^lxll ^Ij^VI jjj jjjxlll J ' ^ JS Ijj^ljJ jll Jja^ll JljljVI

Jc ojaallj Hj'aU'j ^l AxJS ^l lijA. jlS pij^ jxjjl Ujj Jc ojaaJlj cAjjiixll jjxjll jjj ^j^ajll Jc _j*2ll Jc ojjaJlj c)l>lj*xj ijaUjj A^Kll ^^j Jc _j*2ll Sa^jS AjjiixJl A^Kll Jc _j*lll Ibj 1■ act jbl^.1 ^la^l^L AjSjxll Axiiil JLbll JjI^llI Jc ojaallj AL^ll JL^i J Ajjlixll A^Kl!

;AjJl2ll Aii^Vl Jc yj^J jl A^ljall олд Jjl^J jjxjjl Jc _j*2ll J jlaljVI ^hjjij ^jljJlj jjvi ^ljjxlJ Ijj^ljj ^lll ^Ijjx^Jl lx .1

jx Sjl^x JSJ AAJHH Aajaall ^iJ Ajji£xll

^l C^JA.1 JS ^ljjxlJ ^Ic jx Sjl^x JS Ajj*^ ^ji^x lx .2

JS ^ljjxlJ ^Ic Ajjx^ jjSl j jla*l^VI ?Aill^xll ^j*lll j|a*l^VI ^Ijl^x ^i ^|jjxlJ plU^l U^jix jjj ^Цд ja .3

^Ijl^x jx Sjl^x JSJ j^jlajj JlJjjj Ajj2Sxll jjxjJl ^lc ^j*lll ^lc ^l^ixllll Sjaa jijjj jaj IxlS ^Iblxllll l^^^ljj ^lll JaJ ja ?^lljll U^ll ^Jj ^jlSJl ^^Jl ^Jj JJVl U^ll jx

U^ll ^i jjaJjl

^Ijljx ^ij Ajj2£xll jjxjJl ^lc ^j*2ll ^lc SjaaJl ^i a^ljjl ^^Ijall U^all ^ljjxlJ uli^J JA .4 .u^ JS ^i ^lijx^jl ^|jjxl2ll ^Ic ^j*2ll ^Ijljx jx Sjl^x JS Ajj*^ ^ax IXJ ?Aill^xll ^Ijljxll ^i jj JlU^lj ^Ijl^xll ^a^j ^i u^ JS ^IjjxlJ flU^l jjj Aa^c ^Ид JA .5

;AjJllll ^^jjill A^^ jx ^a^iJ jl A^ljall олд Jjl^J ^i ^lljllj ^jllllj JJVI U^Jl ^ljjxlJ flU^l U^jix jjj Ajjl^^j AJ^J ^jji JJ ^ac . 1 _flj*2llj jla*2^VI ^Ijljx jx Sjljx JS ^i ^^jl! ^ji^Jl flU^l jl^j J^uij ^j*2ll

JS ^i j^U^i ^j^^^j ^Ijl^^ll ^a^j ^i ' ^ JS CII^JAJ flU^i ^j^^ jjj Aa^c ^Ид ^jJ .2 JiUj ^i ' <>■ ^ JS CII^JAJ flU^i ^j^^ ^ jjj Aa^c ^Ид ^jJj .Aabll Ciljlg^ll jx Sjl^

.Ajcjill Ciljl^ll jx Sjt^ JS ^i Cil^jAJll flU^i ^j^^^j

A^iljjJl JJJA.

^ic ^i ^jlaJj^l ¿ilUllj ^jlJJlj JjVl ^^ll CiljjAJ flU^i Jji^J ^ic A^iljall 0Лд ^j^Jal

^i ^IIAAJJI ^Ijjx^Jl aja^J ^ic Cij^Jal l^S .Uai ^ilbll ^¡jlax ^i Ajjji^ll jjXjJl

AJJ^^JI SfljSJl ji fjja^l ^i ^i ^IIAAJII ^Jll Cibj*^ll Л ^jUJJ ^lj tUai Ajjji^ll jjXjJl ^ic

.SfljSll ^i Acj^ll ji

ala*hnVI CIIJI^A iaij Cibjnix Sac AJIajix ^UiJ ¿¡^311 ^ji^ll la^.1j IjbJAl A^iljall олд СиалЛ^! jliSil ^la^J^I yV t^ilaji^l ji Ciljl^Al jlj£3 yja Ciljl^ jx 1ji*H ^IjjJui^llj ^^Jjjj SfljaiJ

aja^J Ajj*^al dljj tAj^Jll ^i ^Ijl^^ll ^Ija jlj£3 Л ^JJJ ^j^ ' <>■ ^ Jil J^i^

^jjaJ Salcj »j ^JjV ¿i^Jll t «ji. t 'a, ^ JS ^i ^jaJ yi ^Jll Aajaall Ciljlg^

ajja^ll SfljSll ^JS ^i ^IjjjaJ Jji^J j* jjiJ I^S) ^jluill ^^ll ^i Igj^ija ^Jll Ciljl^ll ^ic CIIAIAJII

Clljlg^ll AjAJ J^ljx jx Sa^lj Ai^jx JiuiJ ¿l^jjl ^ji^ll yi ^ic Sj^c .)Я£1лл1| ^i CiIaiAjII ^ic

.Aj^l^VI jjxjll ^l^JSIj Sfljall ^al^x Ai^jx ^д AJJIJSH

Я£1ЛЛ11 ^i ^l^jV'j jSljx ^i SjijJ^llj Aj^lill l^jic ^jjc ^jll Ajjj*ll ^l^ljall ^^IJTJ^IJ

j^Ull A^lja ^ic ^jSj ^jll ^l^ljall yi jjij tAjjIaJj^l Ai^jAll Sfljall Jj^. jjaJ j j ^j^Un ^ic ^l^ljall jSjj .aa*Jl Aijia ^lillj AjjJS^ll jjxjJl ^ic ^Ijj*^ ji ^jljall

SlalS Aj^j^ Unll ^IjliJ^VI ^a^J^j SjSjxj Ai^ix Sjj^jj A^l^. Aa^j AiiJ^All ^j*Jll ^Ijj*^ AJUHI j

Sfljall ^Ijj*^ A^lja ^ic ^jSj ^Jll ^l^ljall jxj .yljjj^Vlj AIJISAII ^xa^J^I Jj t^^iH .^Ijjll AjjaAj ^JlaJjVI ^jUll ^^ll ^i bjAiJ 130 ^ic lдljл.í ^Jll t(1981) aj*^ll A^lja jx UjjJi.1 jjJ^iS ^ic l^ix JS ^jJ^J ^lalUj ^i^j ^jAij JS ^^ Aj^a^ull ^^JIIAII ^^lill ^a^J^I Ijlja %10'1«<Ux yjljaj V ^jUll ^^H bjx^J jx %10 yi A^ljall ^JUj ^jl^lj .JJSAH Sfljall yjaj^j %10 t^lAiS ¿^j ljjJS %23 IJJJSJ ^l %3 yjjjAj V %17 t^lAiS

Sfljall yj*j UJ Vj AjUill yj*j UJ' "j %5 j tAjUill ^i AjjIaJjVI Ai^jAll jjx^J ^al ^JljaJl j^lJll ^i SJJJAII Jxlj*Jl ^lUJSI ^ic ^jSj ^Jll ^l^ljall jxj Spljall ^ajJ Aiiux ^i SJJ^AII Jxlj*Jl aja^J A^ljall dij ^зад ^j^ (1978) ujj^'j aj*^ll A^lja ^^.LVIj ^jlaAll олд jj fljax flji dljj ^IjjJl Aijax ^i JjVl ^^H ^al AjUillj

^jjjj.|jjAij 96 23 ^^jUx fljA.jj SfljaJl ^jja fliSi jjx^Jll j Aj^jaAll ^ic

^i jjx^Jll jaU ^i jjI jjiJAll j Ajlj^l Ajjillj Aj^^llj Aj^^^Hj Aj^iiJl Jxlj*il yi A^ljall ^JUj

AjUill j Sflj2ll

^al SfljaJl ^Ijj*^ j ^j^'UJ ^i jjAi*All Sacl^iAl ^IJIIIA.1 ^ic ^jSj AAjaa ^l^lja ^ljДJ

^IjaaJlj f JJSA1I ^^ij Acj^ll ^Ijal ij^j^ Un IjliJAl 12 fliij ^la ^j^ .(1959) A^lja Jjx^jll

jx Jc ¿ijbiiVi ^UJ yjj?ij j Ajjj^H SfljSJl ^jjc j^wUilj Aix^eJl SfljSJl J Aj^l^VI

f Uil Jc ¿jSj aSi Al^jxll ^al SfljSJl flUil JjI^J Jj^ jjaJ Jl' ¿Uljall Ы

¿IjIjaj Aixll^J '(1987) ^ll '(1988) ^jU^ii A^ljj Jjx ajj^^ji SfljSJl J jjx^2ll

^jij Acj^llj Au, ^li SfljSJl Jc ¿lAixlill Sjaa A^ljj Jc ^jil ^j^j ¿jSjj .(1986) ^j^*!j

.(1985) jiUl^ A^ljj JJx f jjSxll

Jj Ail^j

'ERIC ¿lxjI*x Sacla J t^jllj jJjjj<^ll ^jj^ jc ¿lxjI*xll fU^'Siml flj^b Aj^LJI Cixli jl jjjli 'SfljSJl ¿bj*^ jUJj JljSJl jilill Jj^- jjaJ Jli yi^l' j* SjjjS AcJc

Ajj&xll jjxjll _j*J ¿ijljx J Jj^' _ji^ll flUil JjI^J Jj^. jjaJ Jli ¿Uljall

j^лА. UJ J ^a^i^J Jli ¿IjbiiVl jl jx ^¿jJl Jc cla^ A_j*ill ¿ijljx ^jSj jbiil ^la^i^b jjjJ Jli ¿Uljall jl jx ^¿jll Jcj cla^ SjjJS JljSJl jilill j "'J Jj Aili^^l _j*ill ¿bj*^ Jj Ij^jjU Jj*j SfljSJl J U^jixll flS^ll ^jb jx Ajjlaij^l Ai^jxll Jjx^J Ijj^'jj Jl' ¿bj*^Jl Jj^. J jjjJ Jli Ajjilll Jxlj*Jl Jc jSj Sajac ¿Uljj ^Ьд jl Jj Sjl^Vl ja^Jj .^1896

jilill J Sja^x ¿^^uu Jcj 'Smith (1971) (1973) ujjij a^iIjj Jjx -¿alij SfljSJl Jli Ajx^jJl jjjlSill Jj Ail^j 'Vernon (1969) j (1957) jjjjji A^ljj JJx ^JljSJl j^*Jl jl ^JljSJl ¿l^ljJ ^Jja.' IxS .SfljSJl ^i ¿Ijj*^ jx jjjl*j jj^ll JliL^J J^ai Ijji jl Jxl£llj

jjJacljix jjJjia J SfljSJl J jjx^ill Jj^

AjjlSxl jl SfljSJl ^i jjx^ill Jj^^J ^IjSJ Sajac ^j^J ^J'j ^J J ¿1'jj^Jll ^Jj ¿jjU Jj*j AjVjJl jl Ajxji*jll ASUixll ^ji^x ^lc

Witty and (1951) jxjSj '(1945) jjijlj A^ljj j^^Jl V JUxll Jjj^ ^lc 'yjja ^Sj jjjSJj (1972) '(1971) AjxjI*21I ^jkjl ^jJ AlUix jjjSJj Rogers (1946) jj^jjj 'Coomer (1956) jjij^j jljxj 'Finch and Gillenwate(1949) jJlj'^j Jfyi A^IjJj '(1972) lajjjli (1974) jljjj jlx'jjJj jli 'Far, Fay and Negley (1978) c^Vjj ^lij jli 'Miller and Lanton

.Iaj^j Far, Tuinman and Rowls Al^jxll jx JjV _ji^Jl ^al SfljSJl ¿Ijj*^ Un ^Jj ^аад ^ill A^jai^^ll ¿l^ljall jxj

jSjxj J^Uj Ajji^xll jjxjll ^Ic _j*ill ^lc jSjJ ^l ¿l^ljall jlj lxlc) Ajjlajj^l

^JlaSjVl ¿jljll JjVI U^ll ^i IjxlJ 1119 Jc Malmquist 1958) ^^jj^xllx A^ljj'J^ixj Ajjj^ll SfljSJl ^i Aaallj A^j^ll ^IjSJ ¿ijljiiVl jx Xcjx^x ^jjUij A^ljJl ^xlS .ajj^ll ^i .f^^Vlj yj^jll ^'jJ^lj SjSill SfljSj AjjK^ll A xKll ^Ic _j*illj fjjSxll ^jij Aixl^all SfljSllj ^JljSJl jilill jjj Ai^*Jl A^iljJj SfljSJl ^i jjSjiixllj jjU^ji^llj jjx^ill fljl A.jjlSxj ^x15j

jjCJ j^ajJlj ^x^all U»^ flS^llJ Aj^jaxllJ Ajj^Vl Jxlj*JlJ Aj^^U'll ¿^£uxj ¿^£uxllj

M

^lc ¿ijo^ Saxl aj*j2j A^ljaj ^la ^^j Jjji Clark (1979 ) j(1970)^j^S 'lajlii^l ^ij lxajc A^ljall ¿laijlj 'tjjlja jjjilixll jjx^ill aja^il ^jlaijVl ^Jl^lj ^jUllj JjVl U^Jl ^i jjxlJ 1544 A^ljall jx JjV ^l*Jl ^i ^j^ 'A^iljall jx jjxlc IjIxSl jl a*j A*jl^ll j^ ^i Jjx^ill jlS

jAxll ^jü^llj AjjSS^ll jjxjll Jc ^jxlll jlf1^ I Ij-jjj t^ljljwVl y* Acj"?-"

o^ljUl üjxLl'j V (%15.3) ^JXJ 236 ü' A^iljjll ^jllj ^j^^'j .A^iljjll ^jllj ^i ^L^^lll o^ljäll ^i ^U^ll Äi^lll ^VjA jJJ^I t^]lSll Ajljiia yi A^iljjll y* ^jüll ^Ull ^ij (J^-L^l Jc

Aix^lll Jc ^.L ¿ilUll ^ij .o^ljUl ^i Ajäl£ Ciljljx üjjj Jljj ^ -3°' ^ ü' .p^^VIj

j^all JJ^lllj yj.^jll jAAxllIj ^j^lxll jjJX ^i jljl^l l^JJU yx t^ljl.wVl yx AcJA^^ (jjj^H^l AxKll ^i jj^^l ^j^ll j JjV ^j^ll jjjX j yj' ^l ol^JV j j oJjÜx A^Kll ^Jc ^jxlll j ^i Cibj*^ üjlljj ^ (jjj-^ll^l ü' g^lljll '^'jj^'j .Ajjj^H o^lj^ll ^i jl.l^lj

iНе можете найти то, что вам нужно? Попробуйте сервис подбора литературы.

j^Ull AlU A^ljjl yjjjlll ^illlxjc ^i Jj JJXJ 111 Jj^'j .lüjl^i ajj^ixll

.-¿jol ^jljSll

^i Jjx^lll ^jl Ajjl^xll jjxjll ^Jc ^j*lll A^iljJ Jj^. jjjJ Ajj^Jl Cil^iljjll yx AjjJlill IX

yjj AjjUxll tAjjj^ll S^ljSll ^i jjx^lll fiU^i Jjj^J ^Jc ^j^j jSi ^jljlj^l ¿ilUll ^l^j yjjjXll 1 ^li ^ijjj JJx Asjajll Ciljljxll ^j^j ^i yjijilJl j' ^j^^lllj o^lj^ll ^i (jjj^ll^l jj^^lll

j Acjx'xll Cilj^Vl ^Ij^j Asjajll Ciljljxll yjj Aa^xll A^iljJ jl tAcju'xll Cilj^Vl

yjlsjjL ^ij^l^lj ^jj^Jl ^Jc ^jxlll JJx ALajll Ciljljxll Jjx^lll yjj AijULll jl to*lj£3l

Jlj^ll ^Ij^l^l üj*j'"j yj^ll Jj^l ^^ll Jjx^J A.n^i ^Jc ^j*lll ^lj ^ijA ^ill AJJJ^JI ^l^ljjll yxj

Cunningham . (1985) A^lj^ Aijlixll jjc ^IxJill ^Jc AxJill ^i JjVl ^j^llj

cljl Ajl^Uxll jj^allj J^^ll yx jj^li %83 yjj Ij^jljj ü' Ijcl^l^l Jjx^lll yx %35 ü' ^j^j

jjx^lll yx%9 ^lll jj^llj ^IxJ^ll yx Jal j' %17 -kjj jjx^lll yx %16

^Ij^l^l üj*j'j JjVl ^^alljjx^J yx Ijjj^ ü' Aj^IaII ^^l'l^l j .A.nnl 'xll jj^llj ^jj

.AijJI^JI jjc ^IxJill ^Jc ^JÄIJJ A^IA^II yjljSllj JjVl jjjxlll ^i ^IL^VI ^jc ü' Gibson et al (1962) üjj^'j üj'.^- ^j^j j^i jj^xlU Aj'JIj

(1979) jj^^ljj ^Jjjj j^j -lj .y'll ^i j.^ J^j AjjK^li jjxjll yjj yj^.li cAjjlixll ^IxJillj ^jj^ll ^Jc ^j*lllj yj^ill jjAxlll yjj Aa^c Rupley, Ashe and Buckland yj^.ll jjAxlll (^ijljx) ^Ijjl ^i ^jljljVl ^lUllj ^jUllj JjVl ^^ll Jjx^J ^lU^l ü' ijj^jj

Feagans (1990) jJlj yjjxj ü^^ji ^xlaj .^^l jjll ^^ll ^i jAx^lll jl lxJ£ J2J ^Ixji j^ll yjj s^ljSll ^Jc ojjsiij ^jj^ll yjj yj^ill jjAxlll ^Jc ojjäll yjj Aa^ill A^ljjj and Merriwether ü' IJj^ji AjüljljVl aJ^JXJI ^ljö^ j.c Ij^ljJ yjj^llXll ^j^^^lj yjU^jlxll Jjx^^l ^jl Jj^^llij ja Axjl'llj A^jl'll ^i yj^.'ll jjAxlll ^i Ü^^uia yx üjjlij ljjl^ yj^llj Ij^lj^ yjj^llxll ^j^^lll Jjx^lll yx -Ajjij Ajjl^w AjjljljVl AJ^jxll ^ji^ j.c lix^b Jj^^lllj o^ljSll ^i -AJIJ! jljjl .yj^.ll jjAxlll ^Jc ojjäll ^i yx üjjlxj ^ yxx yjU^jlxll Jjx^lllj Ij^ljJ yjj^l^l

Jj^lj yjjjXlll ^^ll Jjx^J yx ^löjc ^Jc ojjjc ^l^ljJ ^jl^i jSä AaUjj ^jK^ll ^j^ll ^jjl A.^'llj üIxjjjJj Coleman (1970) ülxlj^j Durrell and Murphy (1963) ^ijjxj Jjjj^ JJx ^jUllj Liberman, Shankweiler, Orlando, Harris, and (1970) ^Jjjjj ^jjl^j JJj^JJiJ jJjlj^jl^j Selja ^i jjSI Ajj*^ üjj-^ljj ^jx^lll ü' Williams and Knafle (1977) Jiljj jxlAjJJJBerti

.jjSl Qjj^j S^lja ^i üj'U^j t^xlj^all yx

Sjaa jl Goodman (1965)j1xJj^ a^.j aSi 'Jhnill Jj Sjjiix AjjKJl A ^Kll Jc _j*iil Anu'lb jx Jcl £ulS AL^ll JU^i J ¿lxJSll SfljS Ajjk^ll ¿IxKll Jc _j*ill Jc ¿¡JUllj JjV jji^ll jjx^ill jl Jj Allington (1977) jji^'jll a^iIjj ¿jl^lj .Jb^s jjaj Sjjiix ¿IxKll SfljS Jc —jjjaa .Jb^ jjaj Sjjiix ¿lxl^ll Jc _j*ill Jc -j'^ Jljuill J ¿lxJSll Jc _j*ill Jc Sjaa jjSl _l*^Jl yj^j ^aSJ jlj^j Jc jjjjla jjc SfljSJl J _l*^Jl jjx^ill jl Biemiller (1970) jijxjj

.yjKxll —^ijlb ASi*ixll jjljSJl ^laii^l jx Vaj ¿IxKll Jc _j*iil j^'ll Jc —Ajlxicl jUll U^ll J SfljSll J jjajiixj jjU^jixj jjx^J Juel (1980) Jj^ Wo^l A^ljj Jj Ijjx Ajj£xll ¿LtS^l jacj 'Ijcjj^ ^ax Jj 'Ijjlc _j*ill Aij*^ A^jj J UliiJ ¿lxlS SfljSj ¿ilUllj J AjJll Acjx^xj Uj*, U Jb^ J ^jil Acjx^xj (Jlj^l jjjj) Sjjijx ¿IxlSJl jx Acjx^x SfljSj IjxlSj Ijjic _j*ill jx Ajj*^ jjSVlj 1cjj^ JaV ¿lxlsll J Jjx^ill flUil jl Aj^bll ¿a^ji .aj^. Jb^i a^ljll ¿USxll ¿lj ^jjUll AJjlSlI ¿IxKll J jjx^3ll flUil jlj '^Ij^ll ^jj jc jU'll jJSl CijlS jjx^ill JjiJ A^ljall ^JUj ¿jj^l lxS .jj*USxll ¿lj ^jjUll AljlSJl ¿IxKll J -jJlUil jx jjSl CulS Jli ¿lxJSll jx Saj^ll -jilj^^ yj^j 1xj ^jjUll AJjlSlI ¿IxKll Jc _j*ill J SfljSJl J jjSjiiJl Jjx^ill jl ¿a^jj .J^al AjjK^ll jjxjll Jc _j*ill J -jJjaa jV jl Sa^.jS Ijlc _j*ill jj*jUi'"j jx SMiimVl Jc jjjJla jjc -jjl lxS 'SJjiix ¿lxl£ll ^Ic _j*ill ^Ic SjaSJl ^ac jx jjjl*j _l*^Jl jx Jjx^ill jl ¿a^jj .Aj*^ll ¿lxl^ll ^lc _j*ill ^i Uj,^ll ^Ijuill ^i Sjj^kjxll jJljSJl -jjli SfljSJl ^i Jjx^ill Sjaa ¿JlJjl lxlS j^lj Aj*^ll ¿I^Kll ^lc _j*ill ^i ^Ij^ll jjxa^i^j ¿IjjS^xll jjxa^i^j Vj la^ A Ij^. u A ^Kll -^j ^i Sjj^.jxll jJljSJl jjSJ Ixaic Vj _j*ill ^i ^Ij^ll jjxa^i^j V _l*^ll lxl 'A^^jill A^w^ll ¿ixKllj ^i^lxll ^jjUll ¿|j ¿IxKll ^lc _j*ill ^i Vj Jl^l

^jx^ jlc _j*iil Jlj^ll jjU^jixll jjx^ill ^a^iuijj '¿l^SJl ^ijjl

SjaSJl ^i jjji Jj^j ^Jj A^ljall ^JUj ¿jl^lj ._l*^ll Jjx^ill jx Jal A^jaj j^lj ¿Ixl^ll ^ijjl ._l*^ll Jjx^illj jjU^ji^ll jjx^^l jjj Jlj^ll ^i ¿lxl^ll ^lc _j*illj Sjjiix ¿lxl^ll ^lc _j*ill

jlbVI

^tjl^^ AJAJJ .1

Ajajjxill Al^jxll jx flaijl jjx^iil AjjIjSJl ¿ijljxll -jl'il J^ljx ^^ aja^ij Chall (1983) Jj^ ^ U»J Ljj^ 'USi ^jjV AxjjVl J^ljxll liA ^^jt'^j .Aj*xl^ll Ai^jxll ^J^ AjjIajjVl Ai^jxll ^J^J ^ill

.AjjIajjVl Ai^jxll _ji^ (Ajjj^^jj) AJAJ^JI) S^IJAJJ ^JAJ^ 1:1

^i JaUli Axi*ij lx JxUJj '^ajjxill U^Jlj A^jjll Al^jx A^jl^ll j^ j^jxll AU^l j^ aixJj AjJl^jll _jj^ll jc Sj^i JiUll j_jSj ^j^. .jjjjiiSllS ^^c^l JjI^j jxj Sj^V jx Jj-^l

yjSljill J ¿ijjixll jx Ailj^^. jxiJ Ijji j .yKll j

AJJJS^J) JJ^JJ) ^Jft AJAJ^ 2:1

_Jj^ll JiUJl -I*jj .^JlaijVl ^jUllj JjVI jji^ll JxuJ Aijl^ll jJ^ A^iJl^ll

j^ jx aixJ j

—ji _j*ji SfljSJl ^ jj a x JiUll ^al jj<ijj .Aa jUixll Axl^ll flj^l jx aIjISj Ixj JS Ujjjj 'AjJl^jll

'Ai^jxll олд Ajljj ^ij ."^jj " AxlSj "^jj" AxlS jc U "^jj" AxlS jl ^jajj '_jj^ll ^ai.

i^J

.A'wjill acljS jc SjSi jjj^J ^i JaUll lajj

JS Splja ^jj^ jc Aajl^Jl A^jxJl JJxül АХЖЗ lx ^JJJJ —JJ .^IjJ^l ÜIÜHJ ^jlSlI jji^ll Jx^Jj

^Jill ^all ^ij AiUl ^i Jj^.jxJl jlj^Jll £x Ai^jll Jc —jJjJl jjx^jji -J^J^iJj jjxxj ^jllx jA lx

.opljall ^i Acj^Jlj Aä^ül oJbjl (jb^Jl -l^lml Jc —gJjJaj l^jjljaj

Jjaj yjJl yJjiaJll -jjiJl ^ ^¿jj Ai^jxll oJAj jSxll Jlüll ' *a-^ll j JIjJj^I ¿jljll ' ^ll jx^jj jx SjjkVl ^ji^Jl ы co^ljaJl —i*J AL.jx ^A ajjijjj^i AL.jxll jx JjVl ^ji^ll jb

AJlxjixx yl jjxjjji Jc -j^jj J^l jx SpljaJl Ai^jx ajijj ^^i ajjijjj^i Ai^jxll

oJA J jjx^jji ^jlxjj pb^Vl AjijSj j ^jla^Jl Jc J^a^j ^J^ 'jajj 'Spljall ajlq

—jxji ^Jx ^jaJ Ajjjj^j jl Ajji^i Ail^l Jc jjjj^jj Ajj^ll Spljall jx vjj Ajxl^ll a*

IjJl AkjJl

^jjjj Jx3*jj .A*Jj^Jl SpljaJl Jc QjJjjJJ lx£ . — jall Ailwl jx oJc Jc jjJjjJJj ojljl yjJl

j^j, ^jll j^ jjc Jc yj^j SpljaJl J jjax <^ib£ Jc Al^jxll oJA J AjjljaJl Ciljl^ll Jc Jjx^jJI

AJJJ^AJJ) JI^AJ)) Sf!JÄÜ 1.1

JjVl i^ll Ajljj J j' ajjijijvi A^jjxll Ja l AJ^jx J Jjx^lll ^jl ijlj^'J o»;'j Jll ^iljljJl AU^ji üj^Jj .^i^'j SpljSll Ajlxc ^i jljXl^Vl ^Jc Ajjcl'Xlj S^ljSll ^i pjaji jjxJlll ajj^jj

yj^^^l^ll yx jjc jj^ ja j ija .SpljSll Aj!xc ^i ^ijjjjs j AU^.jV AjjlAx o^ljSU jijc^i ^ijjjjj j

ülxjj^j ^ilJtDurkin (1983) y^jjJ t Burmeister (1983) jowjlxjjj :-jix s^ljUl jIj*1^VI ^ijljx (1978) üj'lj^j j^jll^ tFlood and Lapp (1891) ^Vj JjJi tDuffy and Sherman(1977) Anderson and Lapp (1979) ^Vj üj^jjj' tHillerich (1977) 4ujja tKaluger and Kolson

¿JA^A^I JJJAJ Sjl^^ 1:2

^Jc ojjäll Jj^JSll ^'l^j yla, t j^.1 J ^j^J ^j^'J A^K yjj ^ji^ll JjjXlll ^Jc fljjSll j

^jxlll yx ^jx^xll jjAxJ üjlljj .I^^V ^Jj^ll Jji^lH AjJxc ^i ^^jj ^l^J t ¿x'll JjjL

yc -Jxlll

^jj^ll AJjls^ jjjL yc 1 j 'jjjJ -ij 1x Ijllcj t^ljlixllj ^lxJSllj Aj^l^jll ^jj^ll ^Jc ^ji^ll

.^IxKllj ^lXJJj^all yx Acjx^xj ^l j^Vlj ^j^jil JJJA^I Sjl^^ 2:2

JjjL yc -Jxlll ^Jc ojjSllj tj^.lj ^j^. yjjj ^j^'j AxJ£ yjjj j^'j yjj jjjxjll ^Jc fljjSll ^Aj yjj Aa^xll Aij*xj toj^j£ Ij^jjj ^ill ^l^J^ll yx Ajxj^j t^lj^Vl Ajjj ^jjL yc y' tj^ill Jjjxlll ^Jc Jj^^lll ^jjjJ -ijj .^Jj^ll JjJ—ill ^Jc ^jjjdll plij) AajU'^ll j^^lj Ajji£xll jjxjll .^ijij*jij ^ixkllj ^lxjij—llj ^jj—ll AJjlsxj ^ljj t^ljlixllj ^ixkllj Ajjl^jll ^jj—ll yjj yj^.ll

^j^jil ^^IA^JI JJJA^I Sjl^^ 3:2

^jjjdll plij) ljaU'j A jjKxll ^l^Kll ^jjj Jjx^lll lAljj ^ill ^lj^Vl »l^^ij ^Jc ^jxlll ^Jc ojjäll ^A J

yx Jjx^lll Ajxi^j (^lxjJj^ll) jillj (^lxjij—Ji) ^lxjilj^]l ^jj yi t^Jj^ll JaJ—ill ^Jc

üjJ oj^j^ lAjijaj ü' ü^xj o^i

A^j^Ji Ajj^^J) ^IJI^AJ) 4:2

JUll jU.mll Jj jUm jx JISjuVj 'SfljSJl fUm jlmjll Jj jjxjll jx — j'jc ^jji—J Jc Jjx^ill SjaS ^Дj

.Am^mij

AJJUS^J! JJWJJ) .2

Olson and (1982) jiljJj jj^ljlj Ives, Bursuk and Ives (1979) jijb ^j^jjjj jijl _jc jl ¿ix^ll jl _jj^ll J*jjiSJl admJ Jli ¿ijljxll Ijjlj AjjK^li jjxjll _j*J ¿ijljx Dillner jx jj<iJ AjjKJi jjxjll Jc _j*ill Ajlxc jl jijlj ^j^jjjj Jijl .Ijix Ji*xll -LlSdllj Jx^ll

yjlj^. AJ^J

.AL^Jl jl Axl^ll jl _j—Jl —^j _j*J . 1 .AL^Jl Jl Axl^ll j A"wjJ .2

.AIx^ll jl Axl^ll Jj*x _j*J .3 ¿ijljx ;1хД jji mjjj jjicjx^x Jj _j*ill ¿ijljx Uj'^ij jjljJJ jj^ljlj jijlj ^jmjjjj jijl -Uj

•lxjix JS Ujj*J Jj Ixij -AjJI^jll ¿ljljxllj' Sa^jS AJ<ll _j*J

A^SJ) 1:3

Jj Ax^ll Ajj^J Jj f j^Ill jjj 'ljji Ijbjj jj^ 'Alx^ll flj^lj Sjb*l'j AxKll jU Jc SjaSll jA —U*x ¿j Ui ...jj .oljj jj^. Ax^l Jc _j*jj jl JiUll ¿jUimj jlS 'Ajij^Jlj AjJ j^all l^jlj^lj IgjU j£x jijlj ^jmjjjj jijl U'^j SfljSil ASjjkL ^j^l ASjjUll o^Aj 'Ijijjj JU ¿lxl^ll _j*J fljSJl J^i jx AJ<ll _j*Jj Axl^Il -l*Jl J^Ull _j*J ;lxA ¿ljljxll jx jjcjj Jj Sa^jS A^Kll _j*J ¿ijljx

.Sjj^ll

A^JSJJ fUJt JS^J) ^J«21:1:3

'jUmll t*—J a*SIjli IjJ'^^lj A^Kll JjL Jj oljSjVl ^jj^ jc AJ<ll Jc _j*ill Jc SjaSJl jA J^Ullj '_j—Jl Jji _ji—Jl US'll Jaj '_ja. J^l US' ll jac j 'jUmll Jji A*al jJ| Ijilj^lj ^j^ajJl jjjxill Jc SjjJsII Sjaa Jc axi*jj ._ji—Jl Jjx A^jjj 'a^.ljJl _ji—Jl J^iJxllj J^ixll JS Ujj Jc Sjjla jj£J jl jl 'lAflx^lj _jj—Jl —^j Sjjxlill _j*J jl ^jjj^ll jx gjlj '¿IxlSli jjj .Ij'x jj<iJ ^ill _Jj^ll ^Jj ¿liilvi jjJ AJ<ll ^Ic _j*jj Jj 'ASU'j yjilx jxj

jj^Jl J^l A^JSJ) ^J«22:1:3

JVai^^J 'AJx flj^.V jl '^^lil Aj^l^^ll Aj^j^jill ^j^jllj UJljillj jj^Jlj Ajl*i^Vl ^Ic SjaSJl ^д ¿ljlj*Jlj ¿lxl^ll ^Ic _j*iil - 'Ajjil jjr ¿ijljx ^д ¿ljljxll o^Aj AjjK^ll A^Kll ^Uj ^Ic

jl ^»J'j 'A^j^ . ^ Sjj^j Sjj^ll J^i jx A^jiSxll jjxjll jic _j*ill jx SjjxJill jlxiJ ji^J .Jx^llj

Saj^ Alj^^ Ijjal jj^j jlj '^li'i^^l ^Ic Sjjla jj£J jlj 'IjJ y^.l^xll ^^'llj Sjj^Jl jjj Aa^*Jl ^jaJ

.¿IxKll jx

AJA^UJ) 2:3

¿lxl^ll ^Jj Ujjj ' ijji Sa^ jS Ijjic _j*ill SjjxJj1I ¿j Ui .J ^ ^ill AjjK^ll ¿1 ^Kll ^ic SjaSJl ^д

JjJ—ill ¿ijljx ;^ij lx ^Jj A'wjill ¿ijljx Uj'^ij jimjlxjjjj jSjjjj j'ljjj jj^ljl -ISj .lAl'*xj _j*J ¿ijljxj 'A^jxll Axl^Il ^JUjll Jji—ill ¿ljljxj '(aSU'j yjKxll jxjll Ujj ^l) A^Kll j^ll

.Ij'x JS Ujj*J lxjij 'Jljmll ^i A^Kll

JJ!AJ211:2:3

(Cilxiji—JI ji ^lAjilj^ll) Ajjjixll jjxjJlj (^IxjJj^Jl ji ^lAjjjilt) 43jUiAll Cilj^Vl Ujj JД Cila^jll ^a tl^aUij AjjJix Sa^j JS Ujjj tAjjJix Sjj*^ Jj AAill Ajj^j AjLr. Ail yi

J AAJUJXII ¿UlaJl ^a tSa^ Jc ¿U*a^ JS j t.lli, jjjiJl AijUixll Cilj^Vlj AjjJixll flj^ AjjJix yjiJ Uaic ^^JiJ jjij AAill iajJ jji aa—J yi SaiXjII Jc Jg'll jx jj .J^llj CilAill .AJjlgjj ¿Ua ^ JS Ajlaj aa—J yi Jg'll jx ^jii tAajUix AAill CiilS Ijj Ы .V -i l>La.gjJ yi CiclU^il jjjxJll Jc Sjaallj tAxjUJxll Cilxiji—Jl jjj yjt^ill jjjxJll Jc SjaaJl Jj^all Jji—Jll Jc SjaaJl ^iUJJj ^lAjij^llj ^IxjJj^Jl Ujj Jc SjaaJlj AAJUJXII ^lAjJj^JlJ Ai^iiAll ^lAjJj^all jjj ^clx^ll

jx AixlS ^UiS jjjiJ yi tAixlS CiUiS jjjiJl ¿UHAll ^aj J ^lAjJj^ll ^a Jc Sjaallj

.(^lAjij—ll ji AjjJixll Cila^jJl) AJJ^^VI ^ila^jllj (CIIXJj^ll ji ^Uill Cila^.j) AJJj^all Cila^jll

JJ!AJ212:2:3

ajj^J Jc Sjaall yi JA—J Sjj*^ CiUji^ yi) CilAjijjx Jj Aijll^ll AAill Jji—J Jc SjaaJl JД

AjjjJll Cil^cj tjjSjJllj ^jjUll Cil^cj t^ljcVI ^Ix^cj tSabjll _jja. jx AiSj^ll AAiJl Slaij t^iillj -j^-llj Jl^aJ ^Vlj AjiijJlj ^iSJIj < aUJlj j^ll _jjA.j tAi^Jxll ^^aillj ¿ijJl jjlA^j

.l&U*^ Jc (_flj*Jllj tSaj^All AAill Jc __sj*Jil flj^VI олд -la^J^lj t^ll ...^jj*Jll

J ^J*J3:2:3

Uj—J ^lAiill yi) ^lilvi ¿VVa jc jx AiA^ll ^i 1л -l^^J^l ^ic 0Jasll JД

tAiA^ll ^i AjjjiJl A^iill ¿ajxj t(AiA^ll flij aSjjU) yi Ajj—j jx ^Ij^ll ^i t(AjjjiJl A^iillj

Jji—Jll AjiAc J^ai jiAj V Ail ¿aljllj ^ic _j*Jllj AjjjiJl A^iill Aj^gJl ^IjcVI jx JXJ

jc yj—ill Jji—Jllj ^JVall

jjxjJl ^ic _j*Jll ^i ^JlaJjVI ^ll^lj ^il^lj JjVI ^IjjaIj igg^ljJ ^Jll aja—Jl

ala*J^VI ^iUJlj Jj^l ylflj^ll ^JSJ flj^.i ¿л yjiJj Sf'ja flij ^J tAjjJi^ll

AjjJiAll jjxjJl ^ljlgx Ajalill A^A^ll flj^Vl ^jsjj .yj^aill jjjAJllj ^jA^All jjjAJ ;lAДJ Sfljail ^i AjjJiAll A^iill ^ic _j*Jllj tSa^jS AAiill ^ic _j*Jllj tAaUij ^jJi^ll ll Ujj ;AjJUll Aj^l^Vl ^Jll All ^lijix ^ic ^^U^lj .AiSjAll A^iiil ^Jliill Jji—Jllj tigaU-ij AjjJiAll A^iill Ujjj

^i jIjJA.^1 ^li^ljx j^il) Ig^la ^Jll Aajaallj A^jjjJl _j*Jllj ofljsil ala*J^Vl jliJ^Vl IaIU^

1 g'"jaj ^Jll ^ljlgAllj AjJljaJl SalAll ^jJ—л jx JS aja—J AsjjUJ j^jx ^^j ^ij 1Ajij .(1) ^aj Jja^.

iНе можете найти то, что вам нужно? Попробуйте сервис подбора литературы.

Jx*j dljj tjliJ^Vl IgjUij^t ^Jll AjJljall SalAll ^jJ—л aja—J ^J tjliJ^Vl flij ^i ^jjull Jia tAjjj«Jl Aiill ^i Aj^gJll acljaj AAJla alacj tAjjjAJl AjUill -l^i yjiJj ^Jll jjxjllj ll j^^ ^Jll AjJljaJl SalAll ^jJ—л ^ic _j*Jil ^liill ^jixJl A^l*Jl A^UjJl jc jal^Jl ^US ^ic ^^.UVl

AjjJiAll jjxjJl ^ic _j*Jll ^IjjjaJ Jji—J t^JlaJjVl ^lUJlj ^iUllj JjVl ^ljj^iJ lgAi*JJ yi ^ал ^ic _j*Jil ^^JJl _ji^Jl ^ic SjjSa1I Sfljall ^JS ^i ^jjall ^jJ—л Jji—J tSfljall ^JS ^i

Aj^gJll acl jSJ laij ^lAiill ^ jj^

(1) JJJ*

jkuJ)J Cljlf^ jbuil Cli^lJA JJJA

JJU) bjj <JJ*J <4J*J bjj J^AUJ) ILMJ ^JUIAJ)

JSJl AASJl JAAJSJ) AASJ) <JJAJ) ^J^J)

1^aU*. JU^J) SJJAIA

6 4 2

11 7 4 CLA) JP^l

3 1 2 CAS^l

1 1

3 2 1 OtfJl

4 3 1

2 1 1 OJS^J)

3 2 1 JO dJ^J)

1 1 jc S JlJl

3 2 1 3-luJl

1 1 <Jftl

1 1 AlaJl

8 6 1 1 SJA^J)

3 3 (JjjlJl

2 2 uajjaJl

3 2 1 CLSLJA-SJ)

2 2 CtAjaJl

2 2

9 9 JUUU

35 2 10 8 5 10 CJAS

18 10 3 5

4 4 JAJ)

125 10 35 10 15 20 25 10

¿¡Jl ciljl^t

¿ljljxll aja—J 'jljiiVl 1 jmjSj Jli _j*ill ¿ijljxj SfljSil jlaTi^Vl ¿ijl^x AxJla jlacj —J ;Jj lx Jc ¿ljljxll AxJla jlacj J axiclj .¿¡JUll U^all Ajlj J jl ¿ljjx3ill jx ¿Sjij Jli

ASjaall ¿ljljxllj AmjJjll AjjKxll jjxjll _j*J ¿ijljxj (Ajajjxill ¿ljljxll) SfljSil jla*imVl ¿ijljx AjjIaijVl A-kjJl J AjJijSJl ¿ljljxJl AjxJ J^ljx 'ISjmx 1 j ijj*J j 1jIjI—J —J jli J Ijx JS jc А'^'Л J AjjlaiaVl Ai^jxll J SfljSll —ji*J _laAl Jc ^^L^l '^^Jll _ji^Il SfljSJl ¿ijjSx _laAl JjI—J'

.ajjijsji Sjlxll ^jo—x '^j'^ll yliS

JjVl U^all J SjjxjJ 216 jx Ajj£x AjSjL AjjljUc A '¿c Jc AijjAJ —J 'jljiiVl ¿blj Ja^ jx ^S—ill AxjSxll Alx ASU'xj Ajjlaijl ^jlax juc jx ¿Mll U^all J Sajxi 214j jUJl U^all J ¿lajxi 203j J£S jljii^J Jilall JUl^l ¿bl ¿^xl*x ^iIjJ .jbiiVl ¿lJjix JIc Axj^Jl ¿^¿a*ill flj^V ^J Ale jV ^ji—oll Jjl^ JU.JI jjiiV^ .¿lUll U.^ll 0.89 '^jUll U^ll 0.91 'JjVl U^ll 0.95 AiliiJl AjjKxll jjxjll _j*J ¿ijljxj SfljSil jlaTi^Vl ¿ijljx AjUiil AjilS Ijic JxiUj Jli ¿ljjixll Alj^t ¿lxlS Jc JxiUJ Ajjl jix A'jc ¿jjiil ¿j^ '¿^Jll _ji^all J ¿lajxill ijjmi^J jl ^»j'j Jli Acjx^x ¿aclj .Alx ¿jjiil ^all jjj^ll Jl^xll JJxJj 'IjJfljS J ¿lajxill ^Uii ¿ixSj A^*^ ¿lxlSj Ajmljall ¿ljjSxll Jji—J Jc ¿li^ljxll олд ¿axiclj 'SjUiXl A'wll ¿ijjix ¿ja^. ¿li^ljxll jx .Acj^jxll ¿li^ljxll ym^ Aiaj jljiiVl Jjj 'SfljSJl Jl^x J jj^ii^ll ¿b^jlj

A^ljjJl Ajjt

jx jlaijVl ¿lUJl U^ll J 344 jbll U^ll J 328 JjVl U^lbi Sajxi 320 jx A^ljJ Aj^ j£J ASjjUj Amjax JS jx ^mljj ^jimx J£l a^lj U^ jjiil ¿j^ .AxjSxll ASU'x AjJiaijl ^jlax juc ¿j^ jx JlaijVl ¿lUJlj Jbllj JjVl U^Jl ¿ljjxjil j£ll ¿xi^xil AiJxx ^jlaxll A'jc ^jlSj .AjjljUc A'jc t ^ lxS .Aji ¿SJ ^all ^jl^iaVl ^jimxllj Ajjaxll J lj*ajxj AmjaxJl

jx SjUixll Jj^aill Jc jbii^l ^jj Uj —Jj ^jSJl ^a^j J Sa^lj A^jaxj Aiyaxll jx ^jlax ^jlaxll .AjJIjuc Sjj^j ^mljall -jjll J U^ JS Jc jijiiVi ^jj Uj j jjiil j AjjI jUc ASjjUj A^jaxl

JJJUJJ) Cl^ljA)

Uill ^jji Jc j '^jjjjJl£jJl A^jj jj'^ JS Jx—J ¿lxI*x jlxJ ^jlaxll ^i jljiiVl ^jjUij -la .asjjuj ^Ic jjjjjaJj jljiiVlj ¿lxi*xll Ujj*ij ^xla ¿j^ .^jjjill —jjSill ^i oljjiSall A^jj Jx—J A^lj ¿ljjSx Amljj jx r'ji'^l a*j ^mljall -l*Jl Ajljj ^i Sjj^aj A'jtII ¿ljjxjJ ^Ic jljiiVl ^jLj

jjcjoml ^jlaxll A'jc ^Ic jljiiVl ^jjUj AjIxc ^ajiimlj ¿1'1—i^vi Ajlaj JjSj Ajjj*Jl A*Ill jjxVl j 'jljiiV ^jjUJ ¿| j Ui Jj^. Sa^jxJlxji*l ¿lxi*xJl 'Sa^jx ^jjUill ¿iflj^j jj£J ^i^ j

^i Sjj^.jxll AJjl—xll AiJxVl ^Ic ¿ljjxJill yjjal j^aiSj jl Sjjj^j '^jjUill fUJl Ijllcljx ^»j'j ^ill ¿lxji*ill ^j" Sjlcj jV 'Sjx jx jjSl AiJxyi ^j" a*j ¿lxjI*ill Sjlcj -acj 'jljii^l AmljS .¿|jjxJill fljl ^Ic jljj jl Ajl" jx jiV ¿lxji*iJl ^j" -acj ¿ijxj ¿ijx Jj^ill

^i lx ^^al J^j ^Ic ¿ljjxjill ¿j^Uij 'AiaAj jljiiVlj ¿|jjxjill Ujj*ij AxI*x JS ^xla jljiiVl Ajlaj JjS ¿1^1 jS ¿jjjla*j j Ijjlc J^ill j^. jj^j jl ^Ic Jl j 'Aii^Vl ¿jx^ ^Ic AjI^^J j AxI*x JS j 'jijiiVi ^Ic Sjj^.jxll ¿Ijljjll Ajj*ij ¿ljjxjill ^xla '¿ljjxjill ^Ic jijiiVi aSlillj 'AJjI—xll AIJxVl ^j" ¿x ' ¿jx^Il ^jxmx ¿j^ajj fUjjj ^j^j J^j fj^. J^j A^lill ¿lxji*ill fj^. jx JlSij^l -ac Slcljx ¿x 'AmljSlI ^i Jj^mi ASjjLj '¿lxjixiJl jxji aa ¿ljjxJill jl jx

'fj^Jl Aii^l

¿jx^ ^Ic A^l^Vl jx ¿lajxlill ¿jx^ fljijl a*j Vj 'Ajlj ^lll fj^Jlj jljii^l flj^l jx ¿lajxiill ^Ixmll -acj 'A—j—^ll ASjjUJlj jj^j jjjlj 'A — i^ll gij j—ii aa ¿lajxJill ¿jx^ jl jx aSlillj jj ■ j jx A^l^Vl Jsjj jjl ^lxmll -acj '^ajli ^ji" ijj j^ai 'AjJljUc ASjjUj ¿ljjixll ^Ic A^l^Vlj jaa ^^Tjll jj ■ j jc laj*j ¿lajxlill ^jl^. Slcljxj 'jljii^l jj ■ j Saclmx jl

Sja—x Ajjixj Sax j£j —l 'Acj^ jljiil gjJj SjS jljiil jljii^l jV ljUjj .jl£xVl

¿i^jJl _ji^iJ jliJ^vi ^l^ljS ¿j^^ ^j— ■ A^ull Cuts ' <>■ ^ Ji A^l^ll jijjavi ^uljS J^ai a*j

1л ^j— - ^Jll AjiAc J ^cjjj t^j—' ^Jll -la^J^lj .Uai Sa^lj A—j— ■ ^ AjUJ^l jliJAVl dlajix jx Sajix Jil • £ulS ijj A^ja Jc S^j^iJll ^i'^j tAiULk ji A—j—^ 1л SajiAil sjjxjii aji^j^i ^jjJcl • .(^l^jaJl J jj'S a-ac) AiLlk IgJjl^J^l CiilS ijj ji^ Jcj A—j— ■ ^ IgJjl^J^l .Saja^Jl ¿jl^J^Vl ^ic ^j—'Jll aAJcl Saja^. Ajl^J^l CijUklj IgJ*'^ aji^j^i saixjii CijUkl ijj • ji^ ^ic Saja^ aji^j^i jJ^J IgJi^^ AjUJ^l SjjJSJl CijUkl ijj •

^jjJcl AiUlA £ulSj Saja^ Ajl^j^l CijUkl A—j— —JiKj IgJi'w aji^j^i sjjxjii CijUkl ijj •

.AiUlk IgJjl^J^l

.A^ja Aji Jc J'—J ^J ^ijijjavi CijUkl ji jjJjl^j^l SjjXjII CijUkl ijj •

^JL^Vl J^l

U"1^ tAjjJiAll jjxjJl Jc _j*JJi J ¿i^jll ciijjxj Igg^ljJ Jll ^Ijjx^all aja—jj

ALLkll ^bUJ^i^J Jill ^jA^All U"1^ USt Sa^ Jc jijjavi jx fj^ JS J AiUl^Jl ^ijU^vi AUUJl ^bUJ^i^j atjjjaji A'Jl aai tjkV fj^ j* Aii^Vl aac ij^ij .JiS jbJkVl J

SPSS Ajjl'^Vl A^j^Ji ^akJ^ J^l ll J ^ЬИ tJiS Jj fj^ JS J

flj^.i jx fj^ Jil ^IjijJxllj ^aJl j yjlj*All 1ua.1ij yjlj*All j^lj Uj^tjJ|j U^jJ^ll ^I'—l

fj^. JS J flU^vi ^jj UliJjVl lAS .Sa^ ^ic ^^ Jil JiS jijja^jj jliJAVl

fljA.j ^Jj tSa^ ^ic ^^ija ^^ Jil JiS jliJAVl ^ij fj^. JS ^i flU^Vl ^jjjj flj^.Vl Ajajj JS ^i ^ijjaijii igji j ^JJl flU^vi u^jj^ ^j^ jx ¿^Jll AjjlaAl yal^Vl jjliJll Jji—J

jjSVl ^ljlgAll aja—jjj jjSVl flU^Vl _ji'4 aja—jj Ajij^ jliJAl -a^J^lj tJiS jliJAVl ^ij

tAj^l^i Jil aaju Aajaa JS ^i flU^^l ajjjaii Ai'ill . JS ^ic Ajj*^

Sajix JS ^i flU^^l ajjjaii Aj'ill ^i'^j jijja^i ^lajix jx Sajix JS ^i a^.ljJl flU^i ^ ^a^j ^"jaJ ^Jll ^lajiAll AcjA^Al Uj^jll j tl*x Aajaall SjlgAll ^ii ^jsj ^Jll ^lajiAll ¿j^^J ^Jj

.AajaaJl ^ljlgAll

^i ¿^JJl jx ^^ JS ^i au^jja1i AjalxJl sjja1jji igg^ljJ ^JJl aja—JJ ;Vji

.^JUiJl ^^jc ^i Uj^jll - tAj^l^i Jil A*jUll Aajaall ^ljlgAll ^ij Aj^l^Vl _j*JJl

^Jj AiiJ^All _j*Jll jaJJ ^l JjVl ^i au^jja1i Ajal*Jl SjjAiJll yi (2) ^aj Jja^. jx ^■ ujjj

jiaja^i ^lajix jx %66 ^ic _j*JJl ¿UJ'J ^l jj tAiiJ^All ^ljlgAil IgilaJj A^.ja ^iJ^Jj .jjiS a^. Sa^jS A^iill ^ic _j*Jll jiajai ^lajix jx %47 yj'ill jjjAJll jiajai ^lajix jx %40 ^icj tJiS

^lajix jx %80 tAaUij Ji Ujj jliJAl ^lajix jx %60 ^jA'All jjjAJ jijjai ^lajix jx %50

Jji—Jll jliJAl ^lajix ¿jx^j igaUij A^iill Ujj jliJAl ^lajix jx %83 ^Ij'll ^i A^iill _j*J jijjai

.^Jliill

jbiil ¿ijjix jx %57 J ¿lUi aa j!5Jl U^ll J AU^jixll ajjuji SajxJiJl jl (2) Jja— jx jjUjj Jljmll J AxJ£Jl Jc _j*ill ¿ljjix jx %30 ^clxmll jjjxill jljiil ¿ijjix jx %16 ' J^S _j*ill Ujj jijiii ¿ijjix jx %45j Sa—jS AxJ£Jl Jc _j*iJlj ^jxmixll jjjx ^jbiil ¿ljjix jx %40 Jji—ill jijiii ¿ijjix jx %80j ijSU'j Ajji£xll AxJ£Jl Ujj jijiii ¿ijjix jx %69j ASU'j Jl ¿|jjix jx %12 J ¿lUil aa ¿l!5ll U^ll J AUujiXl AjjUJl SajxJiJl jl (2) Jja— jjjj US .JlbJl %33J Jljmll J A^Kll Jc _j*iJlj ^jxmxll jjjx ^jljiil ¿ijjix jx %30 ^cUmll jjjxill jljiil jx %54j asu'j _j—.Jl Ujj jljiil ¿ijjix jx %45j Sa—jS A^Kll Jc _j*ill jbiil ¿ljjix jx

.JlbJl JjI—ill jljiil ¿ljjix %70j ijSU'j Ajji£xll AJ<ll Ujj jljiil ¿ljjix A*jUll ASjaall ¿ijljXl J ¿l!5llj j!5Jlj JjV U^ll J AU^jixll AjjUJl SajxJill flUil Ajmllj Ul

;Jj lx Jji—ill ^jUj ¿jj^l aSi 'Aj^l^Vl ¿ljljxil ¿l^jaj ^j^ajll jjjxill Jc SjaSJl -ac JjVl U^all ¿lajxJl ¿jj^l '^j^jll jjjxill jljiil J .1

;AjJUJl ¿VU-Jl jjj XJliix

%51 = Ujmjll ;^Uall SjxAj SaUll Ijxxj _jj—Jl —^j •

.%67 = Uj^jll —•

Jc SjaSJl -ac ¿l!5llj jl5llj JjVl U^Jl ¿lajxJl ¿jj^l 'ASU'j yji£xll Jl Ujj Sjljx J .2

;1jSU'j Aljliix ¿Ujaj AjJUJl ¿VI—Jl Ujj .%34 =¿11511 U^IlJ %41=jl5ll U^ll '%61=JjVl U^Il ;AI^ioll _Jj—Jl • JjVl U.^ll Uj^jll ;SjxjJlJ jj^mllj jjj''illj SaUllJ ajjjujij Sjj^aSJl ¿ISj—Jl lj*xj Jl •

.%60 = ¿l!5ll U^llJ %65 = ^j!5ll U^ll '%81 = Jc SjaSJl -ac ¿l!5llj jl5llj JjVl U^Jl ¿lajxJl ¿jj^l 'IjSU'j Ajji<Jl AJ<ll ujj Sjljx J .3

;ljSU'j Aljliix ¿Ujaj AjJUJl ¿VI—Jl Ujj .%45=^15ll U^IlJ %58 =^j!5Jl U^llJ %61 = JjVl U^ll uj^jji ;Sjj^Sxll UlVl .% 34 =¿11511 U^llJ %46 =^j!5ll U^IlJ %64 =JjVl U^ll Uj^jll ;_Jj—Jl ^xj .%48 = ¿l!5Jl U^lJJ %62=^j15ll U^llJ %66 =JjVl U^Il uj^j1i ;J^jJlj ¿USJl .%49=^1^l U^IlJ %6 =^j!5Jl U^IlJ %67 =JjVl U^Il uj^jji ;Ai*^xJl ¿lj^Vl %.47 = ¿li5J| U^lJJ %63 = ^j!5Jl U^IlJ %70 = JjVl U^Il uj^j1i ;SjxjJlx^j .53=^^\5ll U^IlJ %76=^j!5ll U^llJ '% 7 =JjVl U^ll uj^jji ;Axl^ll jil jjj'ill .%59 =¿11511 U^llJ %66=^j15ll U^llJ 79=JjVl U^Il uj^jji ;Axl^ll ^i SajljJl _Jj—Jl ^^=¿11511 U^IlJ 65=jl5Jl U^IlJ 81=JjVl U^ll ;jlSUj l^J ^iJl ¿lxjij-Jl .%60 = ¿l15ll U^ll%78 = ^j!5ll U^llJ % =JjVl U^ll uj^jji ;Axsll ^i AiJa—xll _Jj—Jl .%74 = ¿l!5Jl U^Il%77= ^j!5ll U^llJ 85 = JjVl U^ll ;Saxll U^l%84=^jl5Jl U^il%96=JjVl U^Il ;jlx^j l^J ^iJl ¿lxjlj^ll Ajjjxll Ajm'll jj Uji 'U^ JS ¿lajxll ^Ic ¿ljljxll jx Sjljx JS A^j*^ ^jiuxl Ajui'llj ;ljjl^ U^Jl ¿lajxll ^Ic AJjj^ ¿ljljxJl j5Sl jl (2) Jja— ^i Ajjjxll j Sjljx JS ^i ¿lajxliJl flUil U^ji^l ijji flUiVl U^ji'^jx.xll jjjxlj Sa—jS Axl£Jl ^Ic _j*iJlj ^j^ajJl jjjxill ¿ljljx ^д JjVl U^jix) ASUjij Jl Ujj Sjljx ajj*^1i ^i IjjJj (^Jljill jic%50'%48'%47=yj1Six

^д Ajj*^ ^ljlgAll jjSi j (%80=flUkVl UwjJx) IgUij AjjJiAll AAill Ujj SjlgAAS t(%61=fLUk.Vl

(%96 = flUkVl A1SjAll AAiil Jlbll Ji—ll Sjlgx UwjJx) yj'ill jjjAJll ^д AJjgw ^ljlgAll jjSi yi (2) Jja^ jg t^iUJl 1 «'ll ^jJu^ Jcj t%35=fi Uavi UwjJx) ^jA'All jjjAj ^Ij'll J AAill Jc _j*Jll UjlgA Ajj*^ igjij t(%20=fi Uavi UwjJx) aSU-j ^jJiAll Ji Ujjj Sa^jS AAill Jc _j*Jll UjlgA Ajj*^ 1 gjij t (JjJll Jc %39 Ji—illj IgUij AjjJiAll AAiill Ujj ид Ajj*^ ^ijlgJl jjSij t(JljJll Jc %47 t%43 =fLUkVl AJjgw Ciljlgxll jjSi yi (2) Jja^ jx ^jJux ^icj (%69 = flUk^l UwjJx) ^Jliill

Sa^jS AAiill Jc _j*Jllj ^ja'aII jjjA Ajj*^ igjij (%17 =fi UkVi UwjJx) yj"ill jjjAJll ^д Ji Uj IgL t(JljJll Jc %33 t%35 t%36 =flUkVl UwjJx) ¿UJl J AAiill Jc _j*jllj Jji—Jll j Ig'aU-j AjjJiAll AAiill Ujj lAД Ajj*^> ^IjI^aII jjSi j (%46=f1 UkVl Uw jJx) AaU-j ^jJi jjSi yi a— t^^JJl _ji'll f1 Uki UwAjjlaAjj .(JijJll Jc %61 '%56=f1 UaVI UwjJx) Jliill ji Sa^jS AAill Jc _j*JJi ^J ^jA'All jjjA igjij yj'ill jjjAJll ^Д ¿^JJl _ji'll Jc AJjgw ^ljlgAll Ujj 1Ад Ajj*^ ^ljlgAll jjSi j AaU-j ^jJiAll Ji Ujj AUwA^jajj t^ljuill J AAill Jc _j*Jll

.J jJll Jc. JUill Jji—ill j IgaUij AjjJiAll AAill _j*Jll Jc Sjaall ^ilS ijj 1лj Aiti—Ji CiljlgAll J ¿^jJl _ji'll fl Uki Uwjjj Jjjiil Ai'illj ;UJU ^jji aj^j yal^Vl jjliJl^ji—J ^JUi ^jg aai tAjij yjll ' 'a'll ^Jj i j^ alajJ AjjJiAjl jjxjJl ^ic ^jA'Aj| jjjAJ ^i A^^jJl _ 'aji'll fl Uki UwjJx jjj 0.01 ^jJux aic AjJI '^j AJ^a

_j*Jll ^ij t(73.81=_) AaUij Ji Ujj ^ij t(183.997=_) yj'ill jjjAJll ^ij t(37.14=_) AjjjiAll AAiill Ujj t(269.51= _) Jlj'll ^i AAiill t(33.15=_) Sa^jS AAii3l ^ic

.(251.70=_) JiS jliJkVl ^ij t(147.83=_) ^Л-ill Jji—ill ^ij t(162.78=_) jljJkVl ^ij ^ljlgAll ^i ¿^jJl _ji'll ^|jjAiJ fl Uki Uwjjj AjJl '^j AJ^a ^jji aj^.jJ A^jJij aaj tSjlgA JS ^i jjSi a^.Ijj ^Jll _ji'll aja—Jl Scheffe's test Ajij^ jliJkl flj^j ^J aai tJiS

jjjj ^iUJl i'll 'l ^iUJlj JjVl 1 Д'Ч jjj 0.050 ^jJ'x aic AjJl '^j AJ^a ^jji aj^.j . 1 Ujj 0Jlgл ^ij yj"ill jjjAJll 0J^gл ^ij ^jA'All jjjAJ 0J^gA ^i ^lUJl I'll ^ll^al ^lUJlj JjVl I'll ^i JjVl I'll ^ljjAiJ flUki Uwyi 1ЛД .^Ij'll ^i AAiill ^ic _j*jJl OJlgЛ Jj AaU-j J| ^ici JjVl I'll ^ljjAiJ flUki Uw yi j t^iUJl I'll fl Uki Uw ^ici Aajl'll ^ljlgAll

^jA'All jjjAJ ^ljlgAl ^ljjAiJll ylaJj yi yi .(2 ^aj Jja^ j^il) ^JUJl I'll flUki UwJJЛ jx

^Jj JjVl I'll alajj (jb'll ^i AjjJiAll AAiill ^ic _j*Jllj AaUij Ji Ujjj yj^aill jjjAJllj

.^lUJl I'll ^Jj ^iUJl I'll a|ajj ^iUJl I'll

jjjj ^iUJl I'll ^ll^al ^iUJlj JjVl I'll jjj 0.05 ^jJ'x aic AjJl '^j AJ^a ^jji aj^.j .2

^ijljJkl ^i ^lUJl I'll ^ll' ^lUJlj ^iUJl I'll jjjj t^lUJl I'll ^ll' ^lUJlj JjVl I'll Uwyi 1лд .JiS jliikVl ^ij ^Jliill Jji—Jllj igaU-j AjjJiAjl AAiill Ujjj Sa^jS AAiill ^ic _j*Jll yi j t^lUJl j ^iUJl I'll fl Uki Uwjx ^ici Aajl'll ^ljlgAll ^i JjVl I'll ^ljjAiJ fl Uki

lдJSj ^jl'll ^ljlgAll ^i ^lUJl I'll fl Uki Uwjx ^ici ^iUJl I'll fi Uki Uw

^i ^ljjAiJll ^SJjI 1 AiS _j*Jll ^ljlgAl jgilaJj alajjj JSj ^ljjAiJll f1 Uki yi yi t(2 ^aj Jja^. j^il)

.^wljall I'll

(2) Jj^

¿tittj JjV) (I ^jl^A jUIV) Jj AjtJ SJ1*A

0M) bjj <4J*J <4J*J bjj j^AjJi >UAJ (li)

AA&21 AAKJ) aASJ)

1^aU*.

iНе можете найти то, что вам нужно? Попробуйте сервис подбора литературы.

JU^)

5 96 80 73 48 61 47 50 1

58 69 69 35 43 47 20 39 2

41 61 56 33 35 46 17 36 3

16.23 11.71 19.27 28.80 21.82 20.84 28.36 28.59 1 ^IjaJVI

13.21 31.03 15.89 24.37 20.48 13.62 19.02 18.61 2 ^jbxxll

11.95 33.73 16.18 19.92 18.45 16.19 16.03 18.51 3

0.91 0.66 1.08 1.61 1.22 1.17 1.59 1.60 1

1.73 1.71 0.88 1.35 1.13 0.75 1.05 1.03 2 ^jbxXl

0.64 1.82 0.87 1.07 0.99 0.87 0.86 1.00 3

66 100 83 80 47 60 40 50 1 Lj'jll

57 80 69 30 40 45 16 40 2

42 70 54 30 33 45 12 30 3

-32 -30 -34 100-0 -13 -20 100-0 100-10 1

100 100 100 100-0 100 100 100-0 100-10 2

-18 100-0 -11 100-0 100-0 80-20 -12 100-10 3

106 100-0 100 93-7 90-10 100

-11 -17

100 100

320 = JjVl и— и 328 =¿1511 и—11 и 344 =¿11511 и—1 и

(3) JJJ*

JjV) ^JO^A ¿е AJLOA UJJ ¿JA Ц-blij Uj jljliV) ¿ij SJI^A j£ J plb^V) AJJJAJ) u^ui)

OMt bjj <JJ*J <JJ*J bjj >UAJ

A^) U A^) AA^) ^JIJJ)

1 ^aU*. J^t

40 85 47 40 20 33 12 10 90

53 100 66 50 27 45 22 35 75

66 100 83 80 47 60 40 50 50

76 100 100 100 67 75 68 70 25

86 100 100 100 77 90 94 90 10

JS Ajj*^ Sjlg^ JS j flUkVl aac J a^.ljJl ^wljall I'll CiIjjAj ^aA Ann-lb ;l*jlj

i JS CiIAIAJ ¿jjjJ (5)t(4) t(3) ^aj Jjla^Jl ^^jii ti^ Jiji ^IIJJAJII Jc Sjlg^

JiS jliJkVl ^ij Sjlg^ JS j CiIjjAjII flUkV AjjJa1I Ai'jJl lg<* JS -l^ij Aj-jJ ^ uJj Л ^wlja SfljaiJ ala*JwVl j* 1 JS CiIjjAj jjj A*wlj Ajaji lijji ^Ьд yi ¿i^jJl Jjla^Jl jx ^ ■ 1AS A*' ^ljlgAll jx SjlgAil ^IaiAjII ylaJj A^jaj -1c JiUj AjjJiAll jJЛJll Jc _j*j1I Jc Sjaallj J a^ljJl i'll CiIaiAj jjj jjiS jliS aj^j (2) Jja^. J AjjjAl yjlj*All _lj—i^J AjjJa1I Aj'JI jjiJ jjj jliJll yi U^^jj t^ljlgAiJ jgilaJj A^ja J yi tAiiikJl ^ljlgAll J ig-g^ljj JJl Jbll i'll CiIaiAj jjj jliSli yi lAS t^ilbllj jbJl jji'll CiIjjAj jjj А-л Jci JjVl i'll CiIaiAj

.^Ibll i'll CIIAIAJ jjj А-л Jci

цл %25 yi J (3) Jja^ jjuji ti^ JS j Cil^jAjll Jc Sjlg^ JS Ajj*^ ^ал A^b jxj

jjjAJllj ^jA'All jjjA jl^Jkl Cilaj^ J jjSli %70 j—i J ylUki ^jlaJjVl JjVl i «'4 CiIjjAj

Jc _j*jJI jbSkl Cilajix ¿jA^ J yl Ukij Sa^jS AAiill Jc _j*j1I j AaUij t_aj—Ji Ujjj yj"jll

CiIjjAj %25 yi (4) Jja^ jx ¿jjjj 1aS .Jbjll Jji—Jlij IgUij AjjJiAll AAiill Ujjj (jb'll J AAiJl J AAiill Jc _j*Jllj ^jA'All jjjA jbikl ^lajix jx jjSli %45 j—i J ylUki aa jbJl i «' Al jbjkl Cilaj^ jx jjSli %60 ^ij AaUij ^jJiAll Ji Ujj ^laJiл jx jjSli %55 ^ij ^Ij'll ^lajix ¿jA^. ^ij lg°U-j AjjjiAll AAiill Ujj jliJk.l ^lajix jx jjSli %80 ^ij Sa^jS AAiill ^ic _j*Jll %45 j—i ^i ylUki aa ^ll^l ^ljjAiJ jx %25 yi (5) Jja^ jx jg^jj .^Jliill Jji—Jli jliJkl

^i jjSli % 60j Jl^l ^i AAiiJl ^ic _j*Jllj Sa^jS AAiill ^ic _j*Jllj ^jA^iAll jjjAJ jliJkl ^i jjSli ^i jjSli %90 j IgaUij AjjjiAll AAiill Ujj jliJkl ^i jjSli %69 j AaUij Ji Ujj jljjkl ^lajix

.JJlj1ll Jji^l JljJkl

(4) f^J Jj*^

b^j <4J*J <4J*J

^Alill A^Iili ^jall

1^ab!. jl^^ll

43 10 49 10 20 30 4 20 90

49 50 57 15 27 35 8 30 75

57 80 69 30 40 45 16 40 50

66 100 80 45 60 55 24 45 25

73 100 89 60 73 65 44 70 10

(5) Jj^

^JO^iA Jt AJJJJA UJJ ¿A l^Ijlaj IAJ JUIAV) j£ U* AJJJAJ) UudJ)

u^)

£JAAA2) JsM) bjj <JJ*J <JJ*J bjj j^AjJi >UAJ O^JAJ)

u^ AAI^J) ui AAI^J) AAKJ) (JJAJ)

1^aU*. ju^i) AaU*.

25 0 37 10 13 25 4 20 90

34 35 46 15 20 35 8 20 75

42 70 54 30 33 45 12 30 50

49 90 69 45 47 60 20 45 25

55 100 74 60 60 65 28 60 10

j^x Sjl^x JS J j^JlL—ij J£S jbl—VI J t в, ^ JS ¿AixJj plL—l jjj ЯЗДс aj—.j ^ax1 AJ^JHJ ;Uixl— (7) '(6) ^j Jjla—11 jjjla Jb J j^JlL—lj ¿jl^xH ^a—j J ^IJAXIAH plL—l jjjj '¿jl^x1l

JS J CiljjXsH plL—ij J£S jbS—VI J JS ¿iixJj plL—i ^jx—x jjj ^IjjjVI Ci^xUx ji (8) ' .^j—VI ¿IJI^AH J j^JlL—ij ^a—j J ^IJ^AJJH plL—l jjj ^IJJJVI jx Sjl^x

¿iixJj plL—i jjj ^IjjjVI pljSj'lj Ял—jx ^IjjjVI CiXiUx jl Jjla—11 jx ^ ' ^ 'Jj

ЯхКИ Jc j AiLij ^j—Л ljjj ^jx^ixH jjjxj jx JSj Jji—211 Sjl^x J JjV '

J ^Ijjxjjjl plL—l jjj ^IjjjVI Ci^xUx jl a—3 J151I i «-Ч ^ij Я1Ь jjii l^iLL AJ<4 Ljjj Sa—jS .Я1Ь jjc Sa—jS Я^КЧ Jc aILIj уjXJl ^j—]| Ljj jx JSj ^'¿L'j 2J<4 Ljj

(6) ¿&J Jj^A

JjV) (I Jt J-JIA.^2j j Sj1^a J£2 AiLLaJ) ^bb^utf) bUi^) ^ЫАДА

J^) JUJJ) bjj AAS2) 1^aU*. ui AAI^J) " J^) bjj AaU*. jJJAJ ^JA^AJ)

- - - - - - **0.15 jjjxiH

- - - - - **0.42 **0.57

- - - - **0.77 **0.35 **0.58 Sa—jS

- - - **0.53 **0.54 **0.34 **0.34

- - **0.56 **0.56 **0.60 **0.37 **0.30 1 ^iL'M 2лКЧ Lij

- 0.08 **0.22 0.058 0.074 **0.28 0.008 ^jljjH 111

**0.24 **0.80 **0.71 **0.79 **0.84 **0.70 **0.55 a!i

0.05 ^jl^x ab Jb* 0.01 ^ji^x ab Jb**

(7) JJ**

^aSli j^II jss ji^auj ciij^i j sj^ jil Aibi^li ^uuiutfi biijjvi оэи»*

JjIaJll ^JUill A*Iill 1^ak'» <Jj*j J A^Iill " jlj^ll <Jj*j A^Iill UjaJl jjj^j Ujull ^Ijl^-

- - - - - - **0.27 yj'jll jjjAjJl

- - - - - **0.15 **0.11 A sU-1 t Qj—ll UjJ

- - - - **046 **0.20 **0.15 Sa^jS AAiill _j*J

- - - **0.15 **036 **0.18 **0.25 J AAiill _j*J Jlj'll

- - **0.19 0.05 0.03 **0.10 **0.17 IgaU-j AAiill Uij

- 0.05 **0.40 **0.28 **0.28 **0.23 **0.24 JlLli Ji—Jl

**0.57 **0.55 **0.57 **0.57 **0.53 **0.63 **0.47 Jill ^JA^All

0.05 ^ji'* aic Jla*

0.01. aic Jla**

(8) Jjj^

^llSll (Jt^Il jis j ^Vl Cilj^lJ sj^ jil A&liJl ^UUIutfJ bljjjVl OSUU*

JjIaJll ^ll AAiill 1^aU'. <Jj*j J A^Iill " jlj^ll <Jj*j A^Iill b^j Ujall JrijAjll jjjAj Ciljl^ aj*Jll

- - - - - - 0.039 yj'jll jjjAjJl

- - - - - **0.33 **0.31 Jl Ujj asu-i

- - - - **0.54 **0.26 **0.23 AAill _j*J Sa^jS

- - - **0.44 **0.44 **0.29 **0.28 AAiill _j*J Jl' J

- - **0.39 **0.23 **0.37 **0.23 **0.13 AAiill UjJ IgaU'm

**0.38 **0.46 **0.28 **0.46 **0.32 **0.21 JUJl Ji—Jl

**0.70 **0.72 **0.68 **0.61 **0.74 **0.59 **0.38 Jill ^JA^All

0.05 ^jJ^x aic J

a*

iНе можете найти то, что вам нужно? Попробуйте сервис подбора литературы.

0.01 ^jJ^x aic Jla** gjmll A^flU*

AjA^bjJ Ixj ^IJJAIJJI Jc SJJSAII Sf ijll US ^ic LiS bUbl AjJIaJjVl Ai^jAll ^1а1*л yV Ij^i

SfljaJl yal^ -ji*J Jj^. ^iliill -ji*JJ AAl*Jl AwUjJl jc jal^all ^gjAll ^ilJS '^gj^j Jcj t^ljjjaJ jx JJl _j*jJI CiljlgA Jc _j*Jil Ajiji—J Awlja fljA.lj Cuts aa 4j—_jll yj tJjVl tji'll ^ijj

HAJJ

AAala ^¡ij -lakJwlj AjJIaJjVl Ai^.jAll ciiaiaj Jc sjjsa1i Sfljall US J _j*jji CibjjaJ Igic jSj

'(1992 Jl A^iljj j^jl) AjJl^Jl A^ljjll J -Jkl^Jl jbSkl PUj J IgjJc jxjci Jll CiljlgAl

jjxjJl Jc ^j*jJl J ¿l^jJl ^ji^aJl ClIjlXj Ijj—jJ jJl Clljjx^aJl ^JjJ - jiJu Aj^LJl jli lj1 LJ.nl ix AjJl^Jl Auljjll ^JUj ^Jj Jj Ail^j 'ojjSAl IjJj jiJijj ^j*jj| CiljljX

yJjjXll t a.Al jja^j (^jJ ^j*jj| Clljlj^ AjXJ jj^. jjJJ ^lluljjJ jx Aj^LJl AjJc J^a^J jl .CiljljAl ^jjjJ Jj^. '^¿jt-jjH ^^tj -jjsj Jj Ail^j 'Jijjjvi ¿ill^Jlj Jl^Jlj JjVlj jjjX jlAkl ^iljjix ^ J jlikl JS JjVl '*«■ Al ciijjxj jl AjJl^Jl AuljjJl ' ^ 'jj^J jl

^jjjJ jl j^H Ijjj Jll CilX^Jl jjjaJ J A^j*^ jJ— JjVl '*«■ ^ll CiIjjXj jl yl ^ja^aJI

jjjxJ SjlgX JjVl '*«■ ^ll ciijjxj jliJj A^.jj uj jliJ ^ua jl jjjJ ias .jjjJl ^ij Jc jl j^h A^UJl ojjSJl J JjVl i ^IaiXj jjj jjjs ^jliJ ^Ua jlj (28.59 = ^Ij^j^l) ja^aji

ciiuijjji ¿¿s A^jjjJl oja .(16.23=yj1j*X1l ^lj^j^l) ajj3<^!i jj^jJl Jc ^j*jJl Jc (1989) ^Jlij 'Bradley and Bryant (1983) ^jljjjj Jjljj ^j^j ^Lj ^^ .AlA^Jl ^^jjij cj^JJj^j 'Liberman and Shankweiler(1985) jJjIj&IAj jtxjAiJj 'Kamhi and Catts Tunmer, (1988) JjJ^jj 'jL-jjAj jXjdj 'Lundberg, Frost and Peterson(1988) jj^jJ^jj (1986) jxljljjj 'Wagner & Torgesen (1987) jj^jjJj j*Mjj Herriman and Nesdal SjjSJl J jjx^jJI uj AjjjiJl ^jjilJ ^^jjjJI jj^aJI Ac ja^aJI ^Ij^VI ^ljjj jl Williams ^lii ^i A^JI^JAJI ^IJ^VI ^Jj yJjJ AjajxA SjJa ^IJ^VI ^lj^j jj^j l^jjc ^Jjj 'S^ljUl

.asju'^h A.*lJl ^Iajjj^! jaiaji ^JUjj

jl ^Jj Acja^aJI ^Ij^VI u^j j^^xJJl ^i JjVl ^^ll ^IjaaJj igg^ljJ ^jJI ^Ijjt^'I ¿^jj Jsj ojl^Vl jJ^Jj .^JX^AJI JJJAJ ^lc ^IJJJJJ AJI ^I^JJ^J V JjVl ^^ll ^IJJAJJ jjl^Jl dp IjSil Lewkowiks and (1979) jlj j^jjj^jlj March and Mineo (1977) jj^^j ^Jjlx ^Uljj jl ^Jj jl ^jj^i jS William (1980) j-l^ljjj Wallach and Wallach(1976) ^JVljj ^JVljj Low Jc jj^^jJl ^jjJj jlj Spljill -l^ ^JjVl J^ljxJl ^i o^ljSlJ jij^vi j^x J^l ja ^ij^vi ^j^jJI jl yl .SpljiJl -l^ Ai^j^ ^i SpljiJl Ajl^c ^i ^l^jJl ^Jj yJjj jl ^jl^ ^Ij^VI ^lJ^VI jj^xJ ^lc JjVl A^lk. ^JjVl ^ji^aJl ^IJJ^JJ ^JJJJ Sjjj^ ^lc J^jJ

jj^ljjjJj jjxljjjJj ^l^ljj ^juj Jii Ajil^j ^ijjjjj jijcij -jiJ jl a.^ixah Jcj 'A^ja^aJI

jjjjjj Fox and Routh (1975) ^jjj ^^jij Calfee,Lindamood and Lindamood (1977) (1976) ^j^iJiAj Liberman (1973) jlxjjjJj Rosner and Simon(1971) jj^jl^j jSjjjSjJ ^xlSj .Acj^^xji ^ij^vi ^ijjij Jl -l^^Jl ^^tj ^lc jj^^jji ^jjjj AjjUxjHelfgott u^xj Xc j^^xji ^ij^vi ^ljjj ^ijjjjjji ^Ijjl ^^tj ^lc J^Jun a.^jis jijcij Lewkowiks (1980)

Jklj u- ^j^ ^lc ^j^l yl A^khj j^h jjj A^jljAJl ^ijaxjjji l^^ljkl^l

^ljjj 'A^kh Uuj ^j^ji ^jj ^lc jijjJ^J jl ^j^ji jl j'jjJ ujJxl^ jl ^ljjj 'Axl^Jl

aaj^ji jj^JJ ^3Jl ^ij^vi J^aS 'AX^Jl u^ jjkVlj j JjVl ^j^ji J^aS 'a^j^^xji u^ AcjX^XJ aji^juvi yl ^ij^^i ^^j 'AX^Jl ij*^ jj^JJ ^3Jl ^ij^vi JJc 'AX^Jl ^i i^jjjjj j ^lj^vi J^.1 uc A—iljJl ojjj^ji AX^Jl ^^j 'Ijjj^j ^jji A ^Kll j ^Jc ^j^lj ^Jjj ^ij^vi -J A.Xl£ ^iau 'J^.lj ^j^ iaaj^.1 u^ ujJl^lxJx ujJxl^ ^ixu J*J ^jj^aji ^j^ji JJJ^J 'AX^Jl u^

.IjJIj^l J^l Jljjj A^Kll j^j

jjjxjJl jbo—l ¿lajax jx %40 J j^U^l aa JjVl ^^Jl ¿la^Jj jl AjJl— A^iljaJl

f^j jJJ ^j^.'Jl jjjxjJl jx y*> (%67 = ^j'"jJl) ¿ix^Jl f^j ujj yj^.^l jjxJl jl Ujjjj 'yj^.'Jl

Sa^Jl Igrxj _jj—Jl f^j Ujj yj^.'Jl jJJxOJl jlj (%51 = ^j^ijJl) ¿UaJl SjxAj Sa^Jl _jj—Jl

¿x A—j2''Jl oaA ^ijjj .J^JxJlj J^aiXl IgJx^jJ _jj—Jl jJJ yj^.'Jl jjJxjJl jx y*> ^il ¿UaJl SjxAj aac jix jjj AjJI . AJ^a ¿la lajji ^Ua jl Santa (1975) UjU ¿a—j aj .Aajl^Jl ¿UljaJl ^Jljj ^jJl rlUiVl aac j ¿ixsJl ujj jjjXSJl Jc Ijjjaj <jjaJl yajgxJl ^^Jl ajx^j 1$j£3jI ¿Jl f.lUiVl

Aa^rJl jij JjVl AcxJl ^Jl^J jKUVlj _jj—Jl ujj yj^.Jl jj^XSJl Jc ljjjaj jjaJl a^^jJl 1$j£3jI Ujj Aa^*Jl jx jjSl ¿ixSJl Jc _j«jJl Jc SjaaJlj ¿ixSJl jjj yj^.Jl Jc SjaaJl jjj

¿la^xj yja3 ji Jc laJ ._j«jJl Jc SjaaJlj Jl£UVlj _jj—Jl Ujj yj^.Jl Jc SjaaJl

jlul lx£ -^lXlSJl jJJ jjxJl fJaJ jV 'AjJlri jj£l ¿ix^Jl jjJ yj^.Jl jJJxJl Jc JjVl ' *<»■ ^Jl jx Ijjj£ jV lj^j jj—Jl jjxj ¿Jl ¿lxXl fl* Aax— Sjj^j -Travers (1973) jjiljj

jj—JJ SjjXXJl ¿lxmJl AX^lJ SjjXXJl ¿l^Jl ji ¿U^rJlj ¿l£j—Jl _jji—Jl j ¿ix£Jl f^j ujj yj^.Jl jjjXjJl Ajj*^ J y.^Jl ¿—jj aa j _jj>—Jl jJJ yj^.Jl jjxJl Jc ¿LyjaS Aji Jc yjj—J V JjVl ^^aJl ¿lajXJj ^Jc jjaXJl SpljaJl ^Sac ^jo^j al '^Ja yJUjj Ajjj*JI Aala^Jl ^l^j jjj .(1992 ^j-Jl) AajiixJl ¿lXJ£Jlj

(_j _j _j) Jjx t_flj—Jl J jl ^j—Jl ^ji ^aiJl ^Aj t_flj—JJ ^aiJl aac ^i ^ai ^JQiJj f^jJl ^i

aac ^Jj Ail^Vlj <2—J jl Jl ^ji ¿UaJlj J^jJl SjxAj Sa^Jlj jj^^Jl ¿Ix^cj Jl Ail^jj

.l^jJj olaaj^l ^Jc SjaaJl y^Q^J jl ^aJl ¿lx^Jl jx ajJJ ^aiJl j^jioJlj Sa^Jlj ujjjjJI ¿Ix^cj AJjjUJlj Sjj^aJl ¿l£j—Jl ^jj jl A^iljaJl oaA ^JlOj ¿j^^l :1jJIj _jj—Jl ^Jj jlj l^aU'j ^xlj^Jl ^Jj jx ¿^jJl _ji^aJl ¿lajxJj ^Jc y*^l l^aU'j Sjx^Jlj Jj^^Jlj ^JUj ¿x A—jaiJl oaA ^ajjj .l^aU'j J^aixJl l^r^jJ Jl ^Jj jx l^aU'j J^QxJl l^r^jJ

Jjx ^jlaJlj JjVlj yaj^xjJl ^^aJl ajx^J jx ¿liyc ^Jc Sajac ¿l^lja ¿jlul ¿j— 'Aajl^Jl ^j—.Jl

^JjJJj ^JjlAj jaj^jjlj jJjIj^jluj jlxjjjJ 'Durrell and Murphy (1963) ^ijJxj Jjjja A^ilja Coleman (1970) jlxJjSj Liberman, Shankweiler, Orlando, Harris, and Berti(1971) ¿l£j—Jl Splja fl^ ^i jj^—ljj ajx^Ul jl Williams and Knafle (1977) Jiljj jxlaJjjj

.¿l£j—Jl Splja ^i jjSl jj'Uij ¿j— '^xlj^Jl jx Sjx^Jlj jj^^Jlj jjj'jJlj Sa^Jlj jijioJl ¿Ix^cj AJjjUJlj Sjj^aJl ¿l£j—Jl ^jj jl ^i y.^Jl aj^ aaj J^QxJl _jj—Jl ^Jj jl j l^aU'j ^xlj^Jl ^Jj jx ¿^jJl _ji^Jl ¿lajxJj ^Jc y*^l l^aU'j

^^Jl yla£ ^i <aU'j t_Aj—Jl ijj ¿Ijjjaj jl ^Jj l^aU'j J^aaixJl l^r^jJ Jl ^Jj jx y*^l l^aU'j

SaxJlj Sjx^Jlj Sa^Jlj Ujj'oJI ¿Ix^c ^jjj 'l^aUij jj^^Jl Ax^cj Sjo^aJl ¿l£j—Jl ^jj ^IaI—j aa JjVl

.J^^VI ^Jc ^Ja ^Jc uJJaJJ V ¿iaJxJ2Jl jl yl '(1992 Jl) l^aUiu ^Jc j^jj Vl AxJ*xJl ^Jc 'JjVl ^^aJl ajx^OJ Ajjj*Jl AiJJl . ^jjaJ aic <jl ^Jj SjIUVI ja—J j (1972) jJjJxl^ a—j aai. l*x j _jj—Jl ¿lj^l ^Jc j^jj jl ^».'j 1xjjj '^ai _jj—Jl fJ^ jx JjVl ^^Jl ajx^j ^Jc J^^l _jj-Jl plx^l fl^ jl Jenkins (1972) ji^ij-jSamules

jJjJxl^ a—jj }_Sjj—Jl plx^l fJrj jx jJ^l SpljaJl fl^ Jg^J __Sjj—Jl ¿ij^al fl*j jlj __Sjj—Jl ¿ij^al

(1969) ^^Ixj jl a—jj .¿IxJ^Jl Splja ^i fAacl^j fJ _jj—Jl plx^l ^Jc JjVl ^^Jl ajx^j yjjaj jl ^i fAjlal jl£ l*x j _jj—Jl ¿lj^l ^Jc 1.jjaj ljaJj jjaJl JjVl ^^Ji ajx^j jl Ohnmacht

bjjaJ ijsij jjjJl f lai jx J^il -gillj ^uiill jjjAJj tword knowledge ^lAill AiJ*л ^шил Jc Jl flAwi yjij*j jj^ll jjjal*Jl jj^jll ^jjaJ yi j 'i'j^ a^jj .^ai _jj^Jl f1Awi Jc

.^jwi Sjj'j -aaJj SfljaJl ^lajix ^l^JSl J*^. Jl Cilj^i JjVl i'll CiIjjAj Jc t > * AaU-j ^jJiAll Jl ^jj Sjlg^ yi AjJl—Jl AwljaJl ^jUj ' * jg ^i ;l*jlj SjaaJl jj^JSl aa ¿i^jJl tji'll CiIjjAj yi J*j 1^Д .SjajS AAiill Jc _j*jJI Sjlg^ jx ¿illjJlj jil3.llj а^д iiJAJj .Aaaj AaU-j ^jJiAll Jl ^jj jc SjaaJl j^ili yi Jia SajiLi AAiill jc _j*JJi jc ^jx^J yi Guttentag and Haith (1980) ^¿¿j ^UiJj^ a^j ^¿a tAbUill ^j—ill ^iUi jc A^jJjJl CilAill Sflja jc SjaaJl ijj^Jij yi Jia Aill Sjj' Jl Sflja Jc SjaaJl iji^JSl aa JjVl i'll ^ic jJVl _j*JJl ^ic SjaaJl yi Laberge and Samuels (1974) jlJJAlwJ ^jjjV a^jj .Aaajj Acj^i .SfljaJl -i*J AIajix j ^lij Acj^j AjjJiAll CilAill Sflja jc SjaaJl Ajaj ji Jia Ы jaj _jj^-ll ^ic _j*jj| jx ¿l^lll tji'll ^bjAi ^ic t > * AaU-j ^jJiAll t_aj—Jl ilj yi J ^j^ll aa j

aAJ*j jj .^ijjAiil SfljaJl yalix -ji*J j ^jJAll J—a^l jj Jljuill j AAill jc _j*JJij Saji^ AAiill Sa^jS AAiJl Sfljai iaJjjJJl Ajiji—Jll Ajiill AsjjUII Jc CiljiAiil Sfljall yal^ -ji*J j JjVl ^US JS yjiJJ Ajlaill jj .A—Jill aSj—j AiiAJl Aii^ill ^Uiill jx Sjji^a Acja^« -jaaJj iajjj oaJiiA Sjj'jj AijiLi AAiS JS yjiJj (jja t^jj) Jix _jj—Jl jx 1да*1 ji 1 g ija 1л J'JJ ^ _jj^ jx AAiS t_jA. JS ^j^ ji -wl jSj yja Sa^jS AAiS JS Sflja ^ljjAiJJl -1*jjj tlgjic AJlall Sjj'llj ylijA. igji J'Ji Ajj^j ^lAiS Sflja ^ic jjjaJj -j tAAiill J^— jx AAiiil AijiAll Ji ^ic jij*Jj -j A1'Ja1I igJjj'j AjjJi^ AAiill _jja.j 0JA AAiill Sflja ^ic ^Ijja1jJI ^jjaJ -jjj .i ^i^j (ija) JJx

J^—. jx ijxj ijxjj lijA. lijA. jJAJ^lJ _jj—Ji -jaaJ —JJj .Ai^aiiAjl IgJjj^aj ЛJJJiA Axiill

_jja. ^alj ji aSja. ji ylS fljw ^ai aja^ a^.lj ji jxj ^ic yji—J ^lAiS

ji t_aj—Ji —wj ^ic jij*Jjj Sa^jS AAiiJl ^ljjAiJjl ijaJ yi a*jj .^ljjAiJil AаJJlA yjiJi AAiill jJЛJJ

yi ^jw jjxjj _jja jx yjiJJ jjJl Saja^Jl ^Ixiill jx ajjx Sfljaj jAaj tAxiill J^.— jx aja^Jl jAJJl jjJAiS jx AiSjj'a JA^. Sflja ^ic jjjajj lAS .jj'lij Aijilx ^lAiill оЬд yjiJ Vj lgjAi*J AAiill ^ic _j*JJi ^ic Iwlwi aAJ*j ^|jjAiJiJ SfljaJl -ji*J yi yi .lgAi*J ^jw ^JJl ^lAiillj _jj—Ji jx Jlj Ji aa SjjAijJl yjiJ yi Jja lAaa jj^jj _jj—Ji ^ic _j*Jll ^Jj JaJij -j oaJiiл

^lл^.*JlJ ^ISj—Ji j il SjjAijJl —i*J JAJij V jj t1gjic ^J^l _j*jji ^ic SjaaJl ^i^JSlj ^lл^лJlJ

.jjsa1i Ajlgi ^ja Vj

JjVl i'll ^ljjAiJ ^ic ^t^i Jlj^ll ^i AAiill ^ic _j*JJi yi Ajll—Ji AwljaJl ^Jui ^jg^i ^t^i oaJiiл AAiill ^ic _j*JJi yli ^luJlj ^iull jji'll ^jl^x ^ic toaJiiл AAiill ^ic _j*JJi ^ijJJ yjjj ^a—j aai .Aajl^ll ^IwljaJl ^JUi Ijjj^ A—jJiJl оЬд ^ilJj .Jlj^ll ^i AAiiJl ^ic _j*lJl ji ^ijaVlj jil*All _jja Sflja ^ic ijjjaJ jjjll JjVl i'll yi Ehri and Wilce (1980)

^jliAll —wjJl ljAi*J aa t^lAiill ^iJ ^ic yji—J JA— ^Jj lj*AJwlj (ijbw yjaj oaJiiл Sjj'j yi) AAJla AiA—Ji Jljw ^i ^ijaVlj Ji Sflja ^ic ijjjaJ jjjll JJA^JJl jx J^il Sjj'j ^lAiill ^iJ ^Uij AjiUJl AcjA—All jx jjSi —JljaJl ^i ^lAiill Sflja ^i flU—i ^JjVl AcjA—All ^iJjl ^JA

jx jjSi IgaUij AjjjiAll Ji jjj Aa^rJl Jja Aj^iJ ^Jj^l AcjA^All ^SIj ^JUJljj fliSi AAiiJl —wj ^i Saj^.jAll jJljUl yi ^JjVl AcjA^All ^ic yl£ ^ja .AjiUJl AcjA^All

.^lAiill ^ic _j*JJi AJjl—л ^i A1AaJI Jljw jx AjiUJl AcjA^All alilwl lAjjj tlglUi -gljjl—л

^al^x aSjjL jl JjVl ' °—4 ^lajxJj Jc J Я^КЧ Jc _j*i1l Ajj*^ J ynXl .jj aa j

Jx—. Splja Jcj Sjjijx Я^КЧ Splja Jc f^il axi*3 jjaXl J 4*jix1l JjVl ' —¡|jjxJi1 Splji1l

Ajl^j yja Vj J—i* Jc Sjj—a Splja J —iljjxJi1l lajJ Vj 'Lai jjixJS jx Я3j£x Sjj—a

Jli1bj J—i* Splja Jc jjjaij JjVl ' ji ^l Jt а—И Ajl^j ¿x

jli '¿11511 j J151I ' а—И Jc Ы •4Jx—jl ^Ij' J 4ij1lx1l jjc Jc _j*i1l Jc jjjajj

^ji—j JSj 'AJjjL ^j—3 jx I'l'l AjjSx ¿^I51lj j151I jji—1l —llx^ Jc Sjjix1l Sp lji1l yiS jjc —UK1I Jc _j*i1l J jaxi*j —I.mJs1I jli 1л1 'Jja jx l^jplja Jc —ilAjxJi1l yja2 —IxJS Jc jxj1l j—Ч JjJ—i1l aclja jx 4ixJ*J lx ^laii'l ¿j Ail—j '^j—i1lj JU^I ^Jc 4ij1lx1l

axi*j —UK1I ^Jc _j*i1l ^Jc Sjai1l jl ¿j Rumelhart (1976) —jWJxjj jl^l Uaj .(AiLjj yjjix1l

^i Saj—jx1l jjlji1lj —UK11 Sjjxx1l —IxXl ^lail'l ¿c

—iI^jxJj ^Jc ^i Я^КЧ ^Jc i_aj*i1l Ajj*— ^i .jj aa 'Я*1х11 ^Jjai1l AsjjL ¿j Ail—Vb

—bjjaJ AjliS ^ac ¿j ¿11511 j jIUl —iIajxJj ^Jc Sa—jS Я^КЧ ¿c _j*l1l 4jj*—j 'JjVl ' а—И yliS ^i JU^I ^i 4xK1l ^Jc _j*i1lj ^3l51l jji—Ч ^jUS ^i Sa—jS ^Jc _j*i1l ^Ijjxjj yjjai1 ^111 ^ljjjai1l aa*1 4jjjx1l jl (1992) 1l A'lja jx jjjj aSi .JjVl

Sjl^x lxl .^1ljS1l ^Jc %2 '%9 '%5 ^iJj aa Sa—jS AxJUl ^Jc _j*i1l ^Jc ¿Hj1lj j JjVl 1l '%26 ^31511 yliSj '%12 JjVl yliS aii ^i 4xJS1l ^Jc _j*i1l

^|jjxJi1l Sjaa Ajxjj jx ^'I'Vl jj ¿j—j .^IjjjajU ^jx—x1l jx %51 ¿11511 yliSj j jliJ^lj 4a^L1lj j^ Я—.ja ^ljjxJi1l Jj—j jA AjjiSxH jjxj!l ^Jc _j*i1l ^Jc

Sjl^x ¿11511 j ^3l51l 1l ^jliS ^i _j*i1l ^IjjjaJ jli 1Ы 'l^ijjj jji AjjiSxH Splja ^i ^i Я^КЧ ^Jc _j*iU ^ljjjai1l aa*j Ajjlix jx I^s— Sa—jS Я^КЧ ^Jc _j*i1l

^Jc yjjai1l AjliS j ^i Я^КЧ ^Jc _j*i1l jx Sa—jS ^Jc _j*i1l jlS 1Ы

.Sjl^x1l ^Jj

^Jc jjjjl^x ^a—j l^aU'j Ajji<x4 Я хКЧ Ljj Sjl^x jl 4^11—11 A'ljaH ^j^^l

^Ijjxjj ^Jcj ^3l51l U—4 jx JjVl U—4 ^Ijj^Jj ^Jc Sjl^xH оЬд jlj ¿^51l _ji—4 ^Ijjxjj

^Jc ^jj—l Aijl^1l ^I'ljaH ¿x Я—jil1l олд ^iSJj .¿11511 1l jx U—4 8-6 j' ^i jjx^i1l Sjaa ^Jc _j*iU Bradford (1954) ajjialjj IaIj—I A^lja ^ii .^Jj—1l JjJ—i1l ^a—j ^дj Я^КЧ ^i JjVl _j—1l ^Jc _j*l1l ^l jx t—iixjjj—1l J—i ^Jc ^Iji'

jj^1l jl (1964) ^jjj a—jj ^i 1—1—3 j5Sl jjS^I jjx^21l jl a—j j—1l JjJ—i1l

a*j —lxJ^1l Splja jj*jLi^j V —Ij'' 9-5 jjj ^JS*1l ^Ajxcj —Iji' 7-5 jjj ^'xjH ^Ajxc ^jljij jx j^1l jl*— ¿Li^j .I^jjI^jj IjL'jj я хКЧ Ajlaj ^i jl _jj—1l jx lAajj—J

УJiixjl jxj1l Ljj ^l) ^Jj—1l JjJ—i1l ^Jc yjjai1l aa jx ^Jc —lx!S1l Splja

jja—j 9-7 j' jjj jl Levin and Biemiller (1968) JiJxJJJ jjij1 a—jj .(JjLix1l —j—11j jLi1l jx jj^i Jal jjaL'4 a—l jj^j lxa'c jjiLj1l ^xlj—1l Splja ^i j5Sl jjlL—jj jjSI Ajj*— Ajlaj ^i 1l jj^j lxa'c Jal jj^J plL—l jl la—jj .ILjI Sjj—j jIjsj lxS 'j—Vl

jc Я хКЧ ^jj— jl Lee (1957) A'lja —jl^lj L'j 1l jj^j lxajc

aJjiix

Splja pf5l ¿a—j LJiJ1 yj' 'SpljS1l Ajj*— ^i l^jJj Ijj' ^j! p^x^l aclja

.^j*x1l JJ—J]j ^Ij' a—jj V

^^jll _ji'll CiIaiAj jc IgaU-j Ajjl£All AAill ^jj Ciljlg^ t > * yi AwljaJl аад ^JUi ^jg^ij -^ill j J^jJIj «^Uall ^ic _j*JJi t_jj—Ji ^a tlgaU-j AAiill J—la Sjj'Sa1I il^l ^jj

^jj tlgaU-j AAill J—la SjAgJl ^jj tAjjJiAll UjjAjj AAiill J—la Ai*^All Cilj^Vl -^jj tJ'lAll jc _j*lJl tAjaU-j ylaUi a1 yill -jij—Ji ^jj tAAill j SajljJl Ji _j*J tAaUjj AAiill j—l jjjilJl jc A^awjj ylAwj a1 yill -jJj'll ^jj tlgaU-j AAill J—la SaAll ^jj tAAiill j Aijj—All Ji

.jJljJll

^IaiAJ jc A*jUJl AajaaJl ^ljlgAll j igaU-j AjjliAll AAiill ^jj Sjlg^ Ajj*^ j ^n^ll aa j tAajaa Ciljlg^ 6 Jc JjVl i'll ^US jSj ¿ua tCilijAiJl olailJ yill ^jjalJl AjliS -ac ¿i^jll _ji'll aJj Aajaa CiljlgA 7 Jc ¿illill i'll ^US jSjj tAajaa SjlgA 13 Jc jillll i'll ^US jSjj .Ljj ;AJllil AajaaJl Ciljlg^l CibjjalJl (^iUIaJ JjVl ^US ji .AajaaJl Ciljlg^l jx IjjiS CibjjalJl

J| jUi tlgaU-j SaAllj SjAgJlj Sa^llj jjjilJl ^jj tlglUij yjimll Aa^cj Sjo'SJI CiISjaII

j^j JaIj jxj j i «il—j jJ| CiUiill jjj jjjAJJi tAiil—All ^^ljAJl j SjAgll jUi tAAiill jx JjVl

jc _j*JJi ;AjJUJl Aajaall ^ljlgAll jj'll Jji—lll CibjjaJ t^Ul^J tjljll i'll ^jIua jcj Ji a*j ^^ij'll Jjx) AjjliAll UjjAjj CiUiill j Ai*^All ^ij^Vl ^jjj t^jliAll -^ill j J^jJl J| jc _j*JJi ;jj lA ^lijjaJJl CiIaIaj t^lllll i'll ^^icj .(jaJI -V a*j -^Jlj Aj^Auill jljj jgl-a1I J*ill j—i il^l t"AjlAM AaIS Lwj il^l ;Jja) ^UiJ Vj Axiill _jja jA^

SjAA tyjjAll ^j'jAll —^Vl J—l ^i ilVl t"jjAc" AAiS J—l jijJl t"^ilji" AAiS ^L^J jljJl tAclA^jl ^IaI^Jj .("—wl tflijAlM Jjx flAw^l ^i J^jJl SjAA t^J^Hl J*ill jA JA^l J*ill J—l j J^jJl

^i J^jll SjAA tAiA^jll ^i J^jJl SjAA ;jjx) ^liJ Vj ^U-J ^jJl ^ij^^l ^ic _j*jji SjlgA ^IjjjalJl

'"liA" SJl^Vl f^l ^i AiJj—All ilvi t"AJl" aa1S ilvi tjjAic jJj ljj "Ajjl"J "jjl"

ijj*jJl Ji j J^jJl SjAA t"yill" j US JjAll flAwi ^i -^Jl tljUS" ^'-ll AJIa ^i jjjiill ili lAS Sj^iJl yjjj ^i'Jl |jj yjiJlj AjgliA aa1S JS ^i yjjJl '"aljil" ^i lAS jaJI -V Ajic ^i—a —^l JS ^i |jj yjillj AjgljA AAiS JS ^ij t"^:^ "AjlajJl yjij '^i'Jl ijj yjillj Ajgi-^ AAiS JS ^ij t"(jjl*Jj" ^i AjAwjj ylAwj AJ ^jiJl —jJj'll ^jj jj'll Jji—ill ^Ijjjaj ^IAI^J lAS .("l^i" JJX "li" _j ^i'Jl JlJ t"Aj^J aJ" ^i lAS AAiill J—l flgJlj t"fljAA Sjlj^ll" ^i US fU ^UiJ AUaiAll aLjjja1I fUJl ;Jjx) ^i lAS Aiil—A ' _ '"'iJ j Sa jaAA ji j ^U-J —w^l a*j AclA^ll jljj J*ill ^i Aji^Vl jljJlj J*ill a*j AclA^Jl CiIaI^jj .("jjjiJ"j "y" ^liJ yjiJl tA^j^jAll fUJl aLjjjAJI fUll t"AwjaAll jAi*A tjcaj tljjJS" _j*JJij taAlj jAjj JAIJ ^j^ ^i iii—J ^JJl ^lAiill ^ic ^ljjAilJl ^jjaJ jj'll Jji—ill ^IjjjaJ Jjx) AjjliAll lAjjAjj ^lAiill ^i Ai*^All ^ij^Vl ^jjj tfjjsaJI -^ill ^i J^jJl ^ic

.(jaJI -V a*j -^Jlj Aj^Auill Ji a*j ^^ij'lljSaa^All ^^ij'll Jji—ill) AaU-j ^jliAll jxjJl ^jj Sj1gA A^aAi ^Jj ^jl^i aa ^Iwljall jx aja*Jl yi ^Jj Sjl^Vl ja^Jj Awlja 322 A*^Ijaj Awljaj Hammil and McNutt (1981) ^Iaj JjaIa -IS aai .( jjj'll

^jwjJl yi la^ji tSfljaJlj AjjSJI as^*JI ^ljjiJAll j'—l j lAlc jjS^J ^aA ^ic Aj^ljjjl

^JUi ^jl^iij .0.17 ¿ij aa ^Jj'll Jji—l4 ^ic SjaaJl Sfljall jjj ^lwljall ^iJ ^i ^IjJjVl jAjJl ^jj) jj'll Jji—ill ^ljlgA jjA^JJi ^jjaJ ^ic jSjj ^JJl SfljaJl yi ^Jj ^j—i ^Iwlja

jUi ^ic jjA^jJl Sjaa Ajxij ^Jj ya^j Aijix

Sjj'j Sf

ijsji -ji*lJ ^JjVl jaijaii ji (AaUij ^jliAll

jjjjl'j ^jJjJ a—jj .ЯК11 яiJJLjl ^laii'lj ^*х11 ^Jc jSjJ J1I ^aUJI jx J—il Sjj— —UK1I

yjjaJ jl Hartlage, Lucas and Mai (1972) jjxj ^ajiijUj Potts and Sapino (1968)

—UK1l jL3 ^Jc SjaS1l jjx^i1l pVjA yUiSI ¿j ^al aa ^Jj—Ч Jji—1l —ljl^x ¿c JjVl

Splja ajc J—il Sjj—j —¡IxKH ^Jc _j*j1I ^Jc SjaS1l ^jUjSI ¿jj 'Ajj^—1l SpljS1l ^i 1—j— — ISL3

^jx^J yjjaJ jl Foorman, Francis, Novy and Liberman (1991) a—jj .Alxl— Splja —a—jj .p^xVlj Spl jS1l ¿c ^ jaa jx alj aa AajLixH lgjlj—Ь AjjiSxH jjxj1l Ljj ¿c JjVl U—1l (AjJjI—1l aSjjL1I) 1l JjJ—i1l aSjjLj —UK1I Splja ^Jc IjjjaJ j^1l jjx^i1l jl Barr (1972) jlj aSjjLHj —l^JSil Splja ¿c IjjjaJ jj!1l jjx^i1l jx Aijj£ —1xK.1l Splja ¿c Sjaa j5Sl Ij31£ —¡IjjxIj ¿c _j*i1l —ljl^x y*—l ^д JjJ—i1l ¿c SjaS1l jl ЯД—Jl A'ljaH ^jli3 —jLl ;l*jl' U—1I ¿c SjjSXl SpljS1l yiS jl jj 'Sjl^x1l ^ ¿c yjjai1l ^ac ¿j yjXl aj*j aa j .¿^51l _ji—4 '—lAjjaJ AjI SjlgxH ¿Ш1 ¿1l51lj (_д1411 Jja A^aSH A*jUl) ^jl51lj JjVl

^Jlij jjJiJj ._j*l1l —ljjjai1 ¿S1l ^jx—x1l jx %14 (_д1411) ^jl51l U—1I yUS l^J '^j*x —lj Sjj*— —la—j ¿j 4jjj*1I AJ<4 AJj—j yl '¿Uj1I Jji—i1l ¿c yjjaJ jl ¿j ¿j—j1l yjjaJ jSx ¿j ¿j—j1l —jl^l lxS '4jjJSx1I —1xK.1l ¿c _j*i1l 4jJxc Jgun jl jx Hansen (1966) j^jlA —x1i ¿j— .¿liJl Jji—i1l —ljl^x ¿c JjVl jx piaijl AjJIaijVl aI—^^I ¿c Jai1 —1xK1l j—ljl ¿j j ¿11 —1x^*1l ¿c _j*i1l ¿c ¿laiVl JjVl 1l yjjaij —|j la jji ^Ua jl A'ljaH —j^Ll j 'l>jjc j Jj—ii1l Aij— jl plx'^1 Aij—j J*i1l jxj ^i Ajjjj—i1l Ac jx—x1l ^11—1 ALjI—1l Ac jx—x1l j Ajjjj—i1l Ac jx—x1l jjj AjJl——j jjj я jji ——j —lj lajji ^Ua jSj jS1j '—lx^*1l ^Jj ^Jc _j*l1l ^Jc SjaS1l ^jSj jlji—l ^Jc _j*i1l ^Jc Sjaa jlji—V ^'ijSx ^l ^ail^j j SpljS1l ^Jc яxl*Jl SjaS1l ¿j— jx jjicjx—x1l

iНе можете найти то, что вам нужно? Попробуйте сервис подбора литературы.

.AjjiSxH jjxj1l

_j—1l Ljjj jjjxi1lj ^jx^x1l jjjxJ —ljl^x1 —ljjxJi1l jliJj jl jjlji1l Jji—J —Jj Ll ;Ijxlj ^3l51l jx alajj Vj ^31511 JjVl 1l jx alajj Jl^l ^i 4xiS1l ^Jc _j*i1lj aSLaj уjiSx1l Gibson et (1962) ujj—'j Uj^J— —a—j ¿j— .4sj1^1I —I'ljaH ¿x Я—jij1l олд ^iSJ j .¿1l51l ^Ijjj a—j lxS.j^1l ^i IjjjS IxJS Jsj AjjiSxH jjxj1l jjj jjjxi1l ^i jjx^21l plL—l aac jl al

jjjxi1l —Ijji^x ¿jx— ^i jjx^i1l plL—l jl Rupley, Ashe and Buckland (1979) a3^Sjj ^ij (1990) j^jj ^jjxj jl—ji —xlaj .^'IjaH 1l ^i ^SJjl 1xJS JSJ —lxjij—1l jjj ^Jc SjaS1lj _jj—1l jjj ^j—j1l jjjxi1l ^Jc Sjai1l jjj Aa^*1l A'ljaj Feagans and Merriwether Ua—ji 'AjJIaijVl aI—jx1l —l j'' ч jjc 1 "lj a jJJ—l.Jлjl jjL'jjx1l Jj^a-l1lj SpljS1l

aa 4*j1^1Ij j' ^i ^j—j1l jjjxi1l ^i —^Sux jx jjjl*j ljjlS j Ij'lja jjj—lix1l jl

jx ^Ajjij 4jjlix AjjIaijVl 4I—jx1I jjc li*— ^l*1l j Splji1l ^i ^Ajlal alajl

.yj—jH jjjxi1l ^Jc SjaS1l ^i mt— jx jj3l*j V jxx jjL'jjx1l j Ij'lja —I'ljaH ¿x I—jl ¿iij l^ji '—ljljx1l ^jj ^i ¿11511 j ^3l51l jj°—4 —l^jxiJ aj^jHj lxl ^j—j yajjxi1l M—1l ^i jjx^i1l jx Acjx—x jlji—lj Doehring (1976) ^3 jja ^xla ¿j— '^j—Vl '—lxiS1lj _jj—1l ^Jc _j*i1l jx 4i3iix Icljji yiLiJ jx Acjx—x ^i yjjl51l ^jl^l

.^3l51l 1l ' ^ ^i ¿a—J —lxiS1l Splja ^Jc Sjaa ^i A^^JjH —ljjLi1l jl —a—ji

¿i^jJl ^ljlgAJl yi jj ._j*lJl CiljlgA jAjgJl J^iLslJl ¿A IjaUi* Aajj-JI оЬд yli t-aaj lA jj Ail^j JaIjA1I j ji Sfljall yaljx —i*j j fJill Jia CilijAlJl Igjic ^ijalJ jll AjajgAJl ^ljlgAll jx jjVl jj"'lij —lj SfljaJl yaljA —i*j jx jjVl a1aja1i j JjVl i'll CilijAJj tSfljaJl yaljx -i*j jx jjVl yi-j ^gi-J ji j'll yiij iajj jJl CilAill jjj ljclAw jjjAll j (ji—ll j Acj^ll j Ai jjAll j Aa^LJl a*j jc Ua-ll yliAj il Ua-ll aacj AAill Jj^ jj AajSa Sjj'j oliliVl jj yjjll yii Jc ji j'll yji^llj Sa^ll CiU^cj Sjj'allj AijjUll ^ISj—Jlj il Aiil—All ^l^jVl Ujjj ^ll ... Ji ^lijAJ jc ^lllllj jljll jji'll ^lijAJ Ciajij lil tlgaU-j Aiji—All il^lj SjAgJlj SaAllj jjjilJlj ¿illjll j jljll jji'll CilijAJ y jl^J j ^i^ll ¿ajj aa j Sjj—Ji JAl*J A^jli ^ljlgAll ^iJ j JjVl i'll j Aiil—Allj Agjl^JAll flj^Vl jjjAJ jc jgjjaa jjj tAjjliAll il jgilajj jj ^ljlgAll ^iJ j jc _j*lJl j ASallj Acj^ll jgjl^JSl jj Ail^j .SfljaJl jc ^jjalJlj Sjj—Ji ^ljj t^ilAill SjaaJl j JjVl i'll jc ^lllllj jlill jji'll CilijAj (jjii ^jw ¿Ajj aaj .Sjo—Ji JAlc '. Ji

jc jjjaljj JA^. jx AijiA Ajjoi ^^j'J SfljS jc jjjalj jgiV t^lj^ll j AAiill jc _j*ill jc jji'll jjj SjJi'Aj AJ^a (jjji ajaj -ac ^jw lAi .Ajwl -All AAiillj A1aa1I j jl—ll yliAll fJA ^wljAll ^i*All AAiill jljl—l ^i AiA^Jl ^Ijw jx Salilw^l ^ic ^lijAilll Sjaa ^Jj aj*j aai ^lllllj ^il^l

.-lgAll aiA J^x ^ic jjjalj JjVl i'll ^lijAiJ lAi t^lj^il AjjliAll AAiill Ujjj tSaAjS AAiill jUi ^ic SjaaJl ^i A-aj^j yill i'll ^ic JS ^lijAiJ ^jij lAi ^ljlgAll jx ^ljlgAll aiA yi ^Jj ^i^ll ¿ajj aai -lc Jiuij _j*lJl ^ic SjaaJl j ^Jlijll Jji—JJl j IgaU-j ^ic ^jjalJl SjjSj ^lajiAll jx ^lijAilJl Aij'—j UjJjJ SaAjS AAiill ^ic _j*lJl ^ic SjaaJli .AAaalAll i'll ^i jjaJjl 1AiS alajj SfljaJl ^i jgjjj—j ^lajiAll jx ^lijAiJjl Aij'A yi ^Jj Ail^j .SfljaJl ^ic _j*JJi J^x AajSaJl ^ljlgAll jA SjjiS Acjaaa -■ igaU-j AjjliAll AAiill Ujj SjlgA lAi .^wljall _JTJJ|J tlgijAj ^jliA IgJ yjJj jU-j ^jjl j^^l ^ic _j*lJlj tijaJ Vj yiiJ ^JJl Ji .¿ll...AAiill ^i SjAgil Aiil—All ¿^ljAllj tylaUi IgJ ^jJl ^lAjij—Jij ylAwj IgJ ^JJl ^lAJJj'll ^ic t^wljaJl i'll ^i ^lijAilJl ^ajjl lAiSj tljAjjaj ^lijAilil 1 g aj1tJ -Jj liJ ^ljlgAll оЬд yj ^jaj

SajjAll AAiiJl ajjAJ yi ^Jlijll Jji—lll ^ic Sjaail Aj^iJljj .jgSiA alajlj ¿'wglll acljaj jglij*A ^alajl SfljS ^ic jjjalj Vj ^lliJl ^i SajAA ^lAiS SfljS ^ic JjVl i'4 ^lijAiJ ^jalJi SaljjJl ^jja jx ^ll^l i'll ^lijAiJ Jjij ¿ajjj .SajjAllj SajAAll AAiill jjj jjjAJJl jx jgiiAJ AajJ ^Jj SajjA ^lAiS SjaaJl ^i Aaj^j yill i'll ^ic JS ^lijAiJ Jjij lAi .Sjj—Ji JAlc ^Jj ^il^l i'll ^lijAij ^ic AjIaVI j* Ui^Jljill ^lijAilJl aac yi ^Jj ¿ajj aai t-lc Jiuij AjjliAll jjAjJl ^ic _j*JJi ^ic AAl*Jl yill i'll ^Jj jj*A ^wlja jA alajj yi ^ijij A—j— ■ ^ Ajl^j jlji—Vl ^lajiA jx Sajix Aji ^ic .Ajwljall _ji'll ^i jjaJjl 1AiS IgJ ^lijAilJl ylajj alajj yi ^ijij ^ljlgA yjaj jljl—Vl yV tAjij jjJij ligi tSjlgA JS ^i Ig-gAljj ^JJl AjjT'll A^ja ^i JAIJII i'll ^lijAiJ jjj ^JA jx lAi

alaclj lgAljSj Ajlaill iiA Ajjja Sjj'j Sj1gA JS ^i ^lijAiJil AAi*All _l^JSl Sjjj^ ^Jj

yi jiAjj .SjiiAll A1ajA3I aiA ^i ^lijAilJl fVjA ^aJ jj'all ^aIjJ AaJI*a1 Aja^c ^lijjaj jij JliLVl JliLVlj A^l—Ji A U^jAllAjil^Vl ^Jill SfljS ^ic SijAiJ JS AAi*All

IgJfljSj ^Jill jiji—i AjiAc ^i ^lijAilJl AjAjlj -jSJj ^jIjSJI ig^^J _j*lJl ^ljlgA jx SjlgA JS jjj AJlaj ajajx Aj^ljJjl AS^c ajaj AjJl—Jl Awljall ^JUi ^jg^i ;l*wU ^JUi ¿A AAjliJl aiA JiiJj ._j*jJI ^ic AaI*JI SjaaJlj _j*jJI ^ljlgA jx SjlgA JS jjjj ^ljlgAll ^Sljj

322 4*—ljxj A'ljaj Hammil and McNutt (1981) —13 ^Uj JxU fla aSi .^j—Vl —jUjJ jl l a—ji 'SpljSHj 4jjs1I АЗД*11 —lj j Ixlc jjj^j ^ax ¿Jc —jj—l AjLbjjl A'Ijj

'AjJI—_jj—1l 4ij*xj 'JjL'^4 —j уjiSxH _j—1l Ljj J5x AjjiSXl А*ЛЬ A'SUlJl —ljaS1l J5x SSjL'Jl 4*J1l —ljaa ¿Ijj 'SpljSHj Igiljjjl Sja ¿j— jx JjVl ^ISXl ^i ¿Ij j—lj _j— jjj jjjxi1lj Я*—■ljxj Kavale (1982) JlilS ^laj .^31511 ^ISXl ^i Iajjcj —1xjJj—1i jjj jjjxi1lj —Ixjjj—1i SjSll1lj jjjxi1l jl a—ji .SpljS1lj ^Ijj^I Sjl^x jjj АЗД*11 Jj— A'lja 161 ^^IjtI'Ij

a—jj .41la AjLIjjjVI Aa^*1l ^Jj jlj 'AjjiSJl jjxj1l ¿Jc _j*j11j ILIjjjI —ljjii^.11 j5Sl Ixa Ajj—1l

j-jjj— —I'ljj —a—j ¿j— .Ajjlji1l —iljlj-Xlj ^Ijj^I jjj Aa^c ^1920 jjj—b1l

Я—jj ^1*11 ¿ljS1l Jj——i1l jjj Ajja Aa^c Monroe jjjjxj Olson (1968) jj^jlj Goins (1958) jljjjj ¿aljjj '^i1l£j '¿jjj ^Sji —I'ljj ^jU3 —jjLlj .yj—j4 ^Ijj^I ^i 4jiS1l Jjxii1l aj—j Beech and Harding (1984) ^jUj ^jjjj jjjISj j^jij jijljS3l^j jlxjjj1j —j—iiAj SpljS1l ^i U*—1l jl yl 'SpljS1l ¿Jcj SpljS1l ¿ic SjaS1lj —Ixjjj—Ч jjj Ajja AjLljjjl Aa^c

. —IxjJj^Xlj —l j—Vl ¿Jc SjaS1l Я—— Sjj—j Aa^c —IjI^x jx AJSi^x Sjl^x j"j*°j jlji—Vl plj—l jx pj— JS jl ¿Jc JaJ ASjUi1l Я—jij1l jli '^aSJ lx Ail—j

jjJjaa jli _j*i1lj ala*i'Vl —IjI^x ¿Jc jjjaij —l^jxiiH —3l£ ljjj '_j*j1Ij Spljii1 ala*i'Vl

jjulj' lx Sjlgx ^i jAjx3 jl yl '—Ijl^xH ¿jx— ^i alajJ ij' AjjiSxH jjxj1l ¿Jc _j*i1l ¿Jc Axl*1l jbi—l ¿Jc aj—1l jljl—Vl ^jj^ JljLjl Я—jij1l олд jjJiJj .^j—l Sjljx ^i jAjx3 ¿x yj— jl^l aSi _j*i1l —|jl^x ^lji1 Aaa1l ¿j— jx A'ljaH олд ^i _j*i1l

jl ^ijjj '—ljLjx1l ^a—j ^ljS1 Я—11— jlji—Vl plj—l jjSJ ¿i— Ajl Hayward (1968) ajjjjU jjj LljJjVl Jxl*x jjSj jl ^¿jjjj 'lx a— ^j—Vl plj—Vl jc jlji—Vl plj—l jx pj— JS jjSj ^jSJ plj—Vl ^JJ —3lS 'I—iijx jlji—Vl plj—l jjj LljJjVl Jxl*x jlS lxJS yl '0.65 jx Jal plj—Vl jli 1Л1 .^j—Vl —IjI^xH jjj J—laJ jja Ajj*x Sjaa pj—1l —lajix ¿Jc AjI—Vl yiLiJ AiSi^x —ljl^x SpljSi1 ala*i'Vl —ljljx ¿jx— ¿Jc jSjJ jl AjjiSxH jjxj1l ¿Jc _j*i1l ¿Jc —ljjxii1l yjjaJ A^xc _j*i1l ¿Jc SjaS1l ^i —ljjxJi1l jx3 ¿Jc Iji' j^jj' jV 'ljjx IjI JaI—jj Vj A—jaH ^ijj _j*i1lj

js^j ajjjsx1i jjxj1l ¿Jc

APPENDIX 1

¿all ^ala

j* urn j _*JI ¿ijg ji—i

s^ljS jU£l

^JUJJVI ¿till J ^till J JJVI Jfl

AjJjx^ilt AJJJXJ) 4£1AA1L

«*

^jaJ( iau^ UJJ .J.i __

— -¿jti

< i Lj yj^Sil ^i^JI J-_jj jl^i.1

. <_»j >]J vJj-aJI J>a. ij^lj ^ 9 @ 11 - ■■ С J- : ^ jti-a

(M и J © J : t JL!u

-S © : Г Jll-

- ( Э • * a ** j : i Jl*L. j

Ji j j j Л

J a d л

j j .г

u" * j л

1 и * d" .0

— t - л

эй - — -a .V

Ajjj*ll aILAHj AjjIaJjVl opljall —Ijjjaj ^ -(1992) •a*' UJJ ll .1

Aj^iojlj AjjjjJll ^jl*ll AjJAjxx—jl cJj*' Axxl— AjJ

pl^—l ^jjsjj Jjl—2 .(1986) all— cyjx*Jlj jlj— c—ijij—j ^jaijj] cAlb— .2 -01'7 Ja*ll c3 akJl cAjJjj2ll .jjjVl ^i Ajjlajj^l AkjJl jjx^jl y1*j1'Vljo»ljall

.101

JjVli^Jl j ajUHij opijaJl y^j ЯК^ы ^aj -(8791) ujj^j ^ .3

.^bjl .jlJLVl

^jlj^ll j jl^ll ' AiiSlij spijs1i ^ji^ix a^ijj .(-1891)_ .4

Ojljj :^ljjJl ^^bjll ajjjaj ajjijjjvi :oPlj£lb1e ^^IjjJl Ajjjx j ajjijjjvi a1aj.1i Sjja ^¡ba -(5891) ^y* u^ tjlLlw .5

• 541 -301 tjj*w ¿O a*.iaj ajjjjii ajK aia. :ajjjjj CiUj .Ajjl^j. A^j

^j! Ajji^ll SpljSli j yjilll jjbill (8891) -j!'" t^^bjjJlj ^jaaa AlSe tyjl.—ll .6

a1a.1i .¿pjVbi jjji ajjj. ^jij. j yjjUll jbllj yjljeVi ¿l^llj ^jijjjvi <^ui1iaj1l

■711-99 t71 t 5 Jl^xll tAjJjjill

^axajjULvi A^jajl j aa^cj a—:opljS3l j jktill -(7591) yjja ^ .7

• All^illj j—^ ajjs. :SjAtall .^jjjaj

-lie jb :<^bjll .a^^cj a—SpljSli j jktill .(7891) ajjjj t ^.ll .8

•^-jjjjll J jAill ^J^ll

BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES

1. Allington, R. & Strange, M. (1977). Effects of grapheme substitution in connected text upon reading behavior. Visible Language, 11, 285-297.

2. Anderson, P. & Lapp, D. (1979). Language skills in elementary education. (3rd. Ed.). Macmillan Publishing Co.

3. Barr, R. (1972). The influence of instructional conditions on word recognition errors. Reading Research Quarterly, 7, 509-529.

4. Beech, J. & Harding, L. (1984). Phonemic processing and the poor reader from a developmental point of view. Reading Research Quarterly, 19, 357366.

5. Biemiller, A. (1970). The development of the use of graphic and contextual information as children learn to read. Reading Research Quarterly, 6, 7596.

6. Bradford, H. (1954). Oral-aural differentiation among basic speech sounds as a factor in spelling readiness. Elementary School Journal, 54, 354.

7. Bradley, L. & Bryant, P. (1983). Categorizing sounds and learning to read -a causal connection. Nature, 301, 419-421.

8. Bruce, D. (1964). The analysis of word sounds by young children. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 34, 158-170.

9. Burmeister, L. (1983). Foundations and strategies for teaching children to read. Addison Wesley Publishing Co.

10.Calfee, R. C. (1977). Assessment of independent reading skills: Basic research and practical applications. In A. S. Reber and D. L. Scarborough (Eds.) Toward a psychology of reading. Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence /Erlbaum.

11.Calfee, R., Lindamood, P. & Lindamood C. (1973). Acoustic-phonetic skills and reading-kindergarten through twelfth grade. Journal of Educational Psychology, 64, 293-398.

12.Chall, J. (1983). Stages of reading development. McGraw-Hill BookCompany.

13.Clark, M. (1970). Reading difficulties at schools. Penguin Books.

14.Clark, M. (1979). Reading difficulties at schools. London: Heinemann Educational Books.

15.Cohen, A & Schwartz, E. (1975). Interpreting errors in word recognition. The Reading Teacher, 28, 534-537.

16.Coleman, E. (1970). Collecting a data base for a reading technology. Journal of Educational Psychology, monograph, 61, 1-23.

17.Cunningham, P. (1985). First grade' simultaneous use of context and initial consonant cues to decoding unfamiliar-in-print words. Reading Improvement, 22, 132-137.

18.Doehring, D. (1976). Acquisition of rapid responses. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 41 (2, Serial No. 165).

19.Duffy, G. G. & Sherman, G. B. (1977). Systematic reading instruction. (2nd ed.). New York: Harper & Row.

20.Durkin, D. (1983). Teaching them to read. (4th ed.). Allyn & Bacon Inc.

21.Durrell, D. & Murphy, H. (1963). Boston University research in elementary school reading, 1933-1963. Boston University Journal of Education, 146, 3-53.

22.Ehri, L. & Wilce, L. (1980). Do beginners learn to read function words better in sentences or in lists? Reading Research Quarterly, 15, 451-475.

23.Far, R., & Fay, L., Negley, H. (1978). Then and now: Reading achievement in Indiana (1944-1945 and 1976). Indiana University: Indiana.

24.Far, R., Tuinman, J. & Rowls, M. (1974). Reading achievement in the United States: Then and now. Indiana University: Indiana.

25.Feagan, L. & Merriwether, A. (1990). Visual discrimination of letter-lik forms and its relationship to achievement over time in children with learning disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 23, 7, 417-424.

26.Finch, F. & Gillenwater, V. (1949). Reading achievement then and now. Elementary School Journal, 49, 446-454.

27.Flood, J. & Lapp, D. (1981). Language/reading instruction for the young child. Collier Macmillan Publishers.

28.Florida, Jacksonville. (1972). Summary test results: achievement test grades 1, 2 & 3. Test and Measurement Unit, Research and Program Evaluation Section, Duval County School District Board.

29.Foorman, B., Francis, D., Novy, D., & Liberman, D. (1991). How lettersound instruction mediates progress in first grade reading and spelling. Journal of Educational Psychology, 83, 456-469.

30.Foorman, B.R. and Liberman, D. (1989). Visual and phonological processing of words: A comparison of good and poor readers. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 22, 6, 349-355.

31.Fox, B. & Routh, D.K. (1984). Phonemic analysis and synthesis as word attack skills: Revisited. Journal of Educational Psychology, 76, 6, 10591064.

32.Gibson, E., Gibson, J. & Pick, A. Osser, H. (1962). A Developmental study of the discrimination of letter-like forms. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55, 897-906.

33.Goins, J. (1958). Visual perceptual abilities and early reading progress. University of Chicago Press: Chicago.

34.Goodman, K. (1965). A linguistic study of cues and miscues in reading. Elementary English, 43, 639-643.

35.Goodman, K. (1970). A linguistic study of cues and miscues in reading. (3rd ed.). New York: Harper and Row.

36.Guttentag, R. & Haith, M. (1980). A longitudinal study of word processingby first grade children. Journal of Educational Psychology, 72, 701-705.

37.Hammil, D. & McNutt, G. (1981). The correlates of reading: The consensus of thirty years of correlational research. Pro-Ed: Texas.

38.Hansen, I. W. (1966). First grade children work with variant word endings. Reading Teacher, 19, 505-511.

iНе можете найти то, что вам нужно? Попробуйте сервис подбора литературы.

39.Hartlage, L.C., Lucas, D. G. & Main, W. H. (1972). Comparison of three approaches to teaching reading skills. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 34, 231232.

40.Helfgott, J.A. (1976). Phonemic segmentation and blending skills of kindergarten children: Implications for beginning readingacquisition. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 1, 157-169.

41.Hillerich, R. L. (1977). Reading fundamentals for preschool and primary children. Charles E. Merrill Publishing Co.

42.Ives, J., Bursuk, L. & Ives, S. (1979). Word identification techniques. Rand McNally College Publishing Co.

43.Jenkins, J., Bausell, R., & Jenkins, L. (1972). Comparisons of letter name and letter sound training as transfer variables. American Educational Research Journal, 9, 75-86.

44.Juel, C. (1080). Comparison of word identification strategies with varying context, word type, and reader skill. Reading Rsearch Quarterly, 3, 358-375.

45.Kamhi, A. & Catts, H. (1989). Reading disabilities: A developmentallanguage perspective. Boston: College-Hill Press.

46.Kaluger, G. & Kolson, C. J. (1978). Reading and learning disabilities. (2nd ed.). Columbus: Merrill Publishing Co.

47.Kavale, K. (1982). Meta-analysis of the relationship between visual perceptual skills and reading achievement. Journal of Learning

Disabilities, 15, 42-51.

48.Laberge, D. & Samules, S. (1974). Toward a theory of automatic information processing in reading. Cognitive Psychology, 6, 293-323.

49.Lee, W. (1957). Spelling irregularities and reading difficulty in English. National Foundation for Educational Research.

50.Levin, H. & Biemiller, A. (1968). Words vs. Pseudo words. In H. Levin, E. J. Gibson & J. Gibson (Eds.), The analysis of Reading Skill. U.S. Department of Health, Education & Welfare.

51.Lewkowics, N. (1980). Phonemic awareness training: What to teach and how to teach it. Journal of Educational Psychology, 72, 686-700.

52.Lewkowics, N. & Low, L. (1979). Effects of visual aids and word structure on phonemic segmentation. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 4, 238252.

53.Liberman, I. Y. (1973). Segmentation of the spoken word and reading acquisition. Bulletin of the Orton Society, 23, 65-77.

54.Liberman, I.Y., Shankweiler, D. (1985). Phonology and the problems of learning to read: an unnatural act. Bulletin of the Orton Society, 30, 179196.

55.Liberman, I. Y., Shankweiler, D. Fischer, F., Carter, B. (1974). Explicit syllable and phoneme segmentation in the young child. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 18, 201-212.

56.Liberman, I. Y., Shankweiler, D., Orlando, C., Harris, K. and Berti, F. (1971). Letter confusions and reversals of sequence in the beginning reader: Implications for Orton's theory of development dyslexia. Cortex, 7, 127142.

57.Lien, A. J. (1976). Measurement and evaluation of learning. (3rd ed.). Wm. C. Brown Company Publishers: Dubuque, Iowa.

58.Los Angeles Unified School District. Summary report, primary reading testing program, May 1971. Report No. 317. Measurement and Evaluation Branch.Los Angeles Unified School District. Summary report of primary reading testing program, May 1972. Report No. 323. Measurement and Evaluation Branch.

59.Lundberg, I. Frost, J. & Peterson, O. (1988). Effects of an extensive program for stimulating phonological awareness in preschool children. Reading Research Quarterly, 23, 263-284.

60.Malmquist, E. (1958). Factors related to reading disabilities in the first grade of the elementary school. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell.

61.Marchbanks, G. & Levin, H. (1965). Cues by which children recognize words. Journal of Educational Psychology, 56, 57. '

62.March, G. & Minoe, R. (1977). Training preschool children to recognize phonemes in words. Journal of Educational Psychology, 69, 748-753.

63.Miller, V. & Lanton, W. (1956). Reading achievement of school children -then and now. Elementary English, 33, 91-97.

64.Monroe, M. (1935). Reading aptitude tests for the prediction of success and failure in beginning reading. Education, 56, 7-14.

65.Morris, J., Capy, L., Alegria, J. & Bertelson, P. (1979) Does awareness of speech as a sequence of phones arise spontaneously? Cognition, 7, 323-331.

66.Ohnmacht, D. (1969). The effects of letter knowledge on achievement in reading in the first grade. Paper presented at American Educational Research Association meeting in Los Angeles. ERIC Document Reproduction Service ED 028 913.

67.Olson, A. (1966). School achievement, reading ability and specific visual perception skills in third-grade. Reading Teacher, 19, 490-492.

68.Olson, J. P. & Dillner, M. H. (1982). Learning to teach reading in the elementary school. (2nd ed.). Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc.

69.Potts, M. & Savino, C. (1968). The relative achievement of first graders under three different reading programs. Journal of Educational Research, 61, 477-450.

70.Pratt, A.C. & Brady, S. (1988). Relationship of phonological awareness to reading disability in children and adults. Journal of Educational Psychology, 80, 3, 319-323.

71.Rosner, J. & Simon, D. (1971). The Auditory Analysis Test: An initial report. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 4, 384-392.

72.Rupley, H. Ashe, M. & Buckland, P. (1979). The relationship between letter-like forms and word recognition. Reading World, December, 113-123.

73.Samuels, S. (1972). The effect of letter-name knowledge on learning to read. American Educational Research Journal, 9, 65-74.

74.Santa, C. (1975). Visual discrimination and word recognition. Reading Improvement, 12, 245-250.

75.Smith, H. & Eaton, M. (1945). Analysis of the proficiency in silent reading of 15206 sixth grade pupils in 648 schools in Indiana. Bulletin of the School of Education, Indiana University, 21,6.

76.Stanovich, K. (19860. Matthew effects in reading: Some consequences of individual differences in the acquisition of literacy. Reading Research Quarterly, 21, 360-407.

77.Travers, R. (1973). Educational psychology: A scientific education for educational practice. New York: MacMillan Co.

78.Tunmer, E. & Nesdale, A. (1985). Phonemic segmentation skill and beginning reading. Journal of Educational Psychology, 77, 4, 417-427.

79.Tunmer, E, Herriman, M. & Nesdale, A. (1988). Metalinguistic abilities and beginning reading. Reading Research Quarterly, 23, 134-158.

80.Vernon, M. (1957). Backwardness in reading. Cambridge University Press.

81 ._(1971). Reading and its difficulties. Cambridge University Press.

82.Wagner, R. & Torgesen, J. (1987). The nature of phonological processing and its causal role in the acquisition of reading skills. Psychological

Bulletin, 101, 192-212.

83.Wallach, M. & Wallach, L. (1976). Teaching all children to read. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

84.Williams, J. (1979). The ABD's of reading: A program for the learning-disabled. In L. B. Resnick & P. A. Weaver (Eds.). Theory and practice of early reading (Vol. 3). Hillsdale, N. J.: Erlbaum.

85.Williams, J. (1986). The role of phonemic analysis in reading. In J. Torgesen & B. Wong (Eds.), Psychological and educational perspectives on learning disabilities. 399-416. San Diago: Academic Press.

86.Williams, J., Blumberg, E. & Williams, D. (1970). Cues used in visual recognition. Journal of Educational Psychology, 61, p. 310.

87.Williams, M. & Knafle, J. (1977). Comparative difficulty of vowel and consonant sounds for beginning readers. Reading Improvement, 14, 1, 2-10.

88.Witty, P. & Coomer, A. (1951). How successful is reading instruction today? Elementary English, 28, 451-478.

Information about the author

Ph.D., Professor Reima Saado Al-Jarf King Saud University Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia reima.al.jarf@gmail. com

i Надоели баннеры? Вы всегда можете отключить рекламу.