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Protistology 1 (3), 120-123 (2000) February, 2000
Protistology
First isolation of a cyst-forming Vannella species, from soil - Vannella persistens n. sp. (Gymnamoebia, Vannellidae)
Alexey V. Smirnov and Susan Brown
Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Soil Science,
St. Petersburg State University, Russia and Culture Collection of Algae and Protozoa, Institute of Freshwater Ecology, Ambleside, England.
Summary
No member of the genus Vannella described to date is known to form cysts. A new species, Vannella persistens, isolated from upland grassland soil (Sourhope, Scotland) has trophozoite morphology typical for the genus, but forms peculiar, double-walled cysts. Cyst formation appears to be a natural adaptation for soil amoebae, although not all species isolated from soil have been shown to form cysts. Vannella seems to be one of the most commonly occuring amoeboid genera in all habitats but remains one of the most difficult among gymnamoebae for species differentiation.
Key words: amoebae, Lobosea, Gymnamoebia, Vannella, systematics, ultrastructure
Introduction
The genus Vannella Bovee, 1965 is one of the most common genera in marine and freshwater habitats (Page, 1980; 1983; 1988; Ariza et al., 1989; Smirnov and Goodkov, 1995). However, so far no Vannella species isolated from soil have been described. All members of this genus belong to the “fan-shaped” morphotype (Smirnov and Goodkov, 1999). They have the same general appearance in locomotion and are rather polymorphic in size and organisation of the floating form. The lack of easily formalised differentiating features makes species distinction amongst Vannella species very difficult (Page, 1988). Currently the genus includes 11 clearly described freshwater and marine species (Page, 1983, 1991), none of which is cyst-forming. This paper presents the description of a new Vannella species which was isolated from soil and which readily forms cysts in culture.
Material and Methods
Strain 3/1Aa/5C was isolated in 1999 from soil samples collected from the Natural Environment Research Council Soil Biodiversity Thematic Programme experimental site at the Macaulay Land Use Research Institute’s Sourhope Research Station, near Kelso in Southern Scotland (grid reference NT854 196). Clonal cultures were
maintained on NN agar with Escherichia coli (Page, 1988). Light microscopical observations were made using an Olympus BH2 microscope. For electron microscopical examination, amoebae were fixed with 2% osmium tetroxide for 30 minutes, washed three times in cacodylate buffer (pH 7.1), dehydrated through an ethanol series and embedded in Spurr resin. Sections were examined with a Jeol CX100 electron microscope. To observe glycostyles, amoebae were fixed in the vapour of osmium tetroxide, dried on grids coated with formvar film, chromium-shadowed and examined with the same electron microscope.
Results
When observed on a glass surface, trophozoites of strain 3/1Aa/5C displayed the “fan-shaped” morphotype typical of Vannella species. The locomotive form (Figs 13) was rather regular, semi-circular or flabellate; more rarely - oval or spatulate. The cells adopted the latter two shapes only temporarily. The posterior end of the body was slightly drawn back in some specimens. The length of the locomotive form was 23-35 |j.m (average 29 |j.m); breadth 23-40 |j.m (average 34 |j.m); L/B ratio 0.65-1.1
When changing direction of movement, the cell was irregular, with some wrinkles on the dorsal surface and sometimes with several small lobes on the hyaloplasm. Some cells temporarily had two hyaline zones. Resting
© 2000 by Russia, Protistology.
Figs 1-10. Vannella persistens: 1-3. Different locomotive forms. 4-5. Floating forms. 6. Cysts, gelatinous cyst wall (cw) is indicated. 7. Nucleus and mitochondria (m). 8. Overwiev of the cyst, cyst wall (cw) is indicated. 9. Cell coat with glycostyles (g). 10. Crosssection of the cyst wall (cw). Scale bars: 10 |im for 1-6; 1 |im for 7-8 and 100 nm for 9-10.
amoebae resembled rounded, wrinkled bodies on the glass surface; some of them were surrounded with a narrow border of hyaloplasm.
The floating form (Figs 4-5) was rather polymorphic, generally of the radial type, with 1-8 tapering pseudopodia of different lengths. The appearance of the floating form varied greatly between specimens and was dependent on the degree of development of the floating form. Some floating forms had only one or two pseudopodia,
which were rather short initially (even resembling the floating forms of Platyamoeba species), but which elongated some time after flotation. More developed floating forms had 2-4 tapering pseudopodia; sometimes several pseudopodia were helical in the distal part. Floating forms which we believed to be well-developed were almost stellate and had 4-8 tapering, straight pseudopodia consisting of hyaloplasm only.
122 • Alexey V. Smimov and Susan Brown
Amoebae of this strain had a vesicular nucleus, 3.5-5 |j.m in diameter, with a single, nearly central, rounded nucleolus, 2.6-3.3 |jm in diameter. Electron microscopy observations (Fig. 7) indicated that the nucleolus was not homogenous; it had several patches of more dense material on a less dense background. The cell coat of this strain (Fig. 9) consisted of a layer of glycostyles, about 110 nm in height. No long, simple filaments were found among them. Mitochondria had a dense matrix and tubular, rarely anastomosing cristae. Glycostyles were totally destroyed in TEM sections and were found only in chromium-shadowed preparations.
On non-nutrient agar, amoebae of this species readily formed cysts after 2-3 weeks of cultivation. Cysts were 13-16 |jm in diameter. Mature cysts appeared to be doublewalled, with a very fine, hardly visible inner wall and a thick outer wall, which seemed to be “gelatinous” when observed by light microscopy (Fig. 6). Electron microscopy (Figs 8, 10) revealed that the inner wall, if it could be differentiated, was extremely fine, resembling a dense glycocalyx-like layer rather than a true cyst wall. There was a fibrous outer wall, also very thin, about 100 nm in thickness. The outer wall was always separated from the inner wall by a distinct space, but nothing was found within this space with EM. Perhaps there is a gelatinous matrix, visible with LM but electron-transparent, filling this space. This speculation seems to be especially reasonable taking into account the fact that this is a soil amoeba - a gelatinous matrix may accumulate water and protect cysts from dehydration.
Systematic account
Features observable using light microscopy (locomotive morphology, floating form) and the ultrastructure of the cell coat (glycostyles) permit us to classify, with certainty, our isolate as a member of the genus Vannella Bovee, 1965.
Attempts to identify this isolate as one of the known species of this genus, based on the morphology of the trophozoite and of the floating form, have failed. We have performed direct LM comparison of this strain with the following CCAP strains of Vannella: V. simplex CCAP No. 1589/3, V. lata CCAP No. 1589/12 and V. platypodia CCAP No. 1589/2, grown under the same conditions. In all cases, clear morphological and size differences between these strains and our isolate were distinguishable. This species does not resemble in size or appearance the poorly described floating forms of putative freshwater vannelliids such as Amoeba velata Parona, 1883; Amoeba velifera Maggi, 1888; Vannella multimorpha Mote, 1968 or Vannella cutleri Singh and Hanumaiah, 1979. Among freshwater species this isolate slightly resembles only Vannella cirrifera (Frenzel, 1892) Page, 1988, but differs from this species by having a much more regular locomo-
tive form, which is only rarely spatulate or triangulate. V cirrifera appears to have a rather regular floating form (Page, 1988) with up to 10 pseudopodia (Ariza et al., 1989, as V mira) and it is not known to produce cysts. Vannella miroides Bovee, 1965 is poorly studied, but based on the description and drawings by Bovee (1965), and on the photographs of the strain which Ariza et al. (1989) suggested to be V. miroides, it is possible to conclude that the locomotive form of this species usually has a much more semicircular outline than that of our isolate. V. miroides is reported to have cytoplasmic crystals, in contrast to our isolate. In addition, its floating form is very regular in outline (Bovee, 1965; Page, 1988, 1991) and has 6-8 pseudopodia (Ariza et al., 1989). Finally, none of the described freshwater Vannella species is known to be cyst-forming.
It is generally believed that, with few exceptions, the marine amoeba fauna does not overlap with the freshwater one (Page, 1988). However, there are some observations which may cast doubt upon this statement (Smirnov et al., unpublished). Also, there are Vannella-like marine species, classified by Sawyer (1975a, 1975b) in the genera Clydonella Sawyer, 1975 and Lingulamoeba Sawyer, 1975, which were never studied with EM and have seemingly intermediate features between Vannella and the related genus, Platyamoeba. Vannella sensilis Sawyer and Bovee, 1979 and Vannella crassa Schaeffer, 1926 are two other poorly described marine species. Anyway, consideration of these species leads to the conclusion that they all have either substantial size or morphological differences from our isolate. None of them are known to be cyst-forming.
The above discussion warrants the description of a new species within the genus Vannella. We named it Vannella persistens, using the Latin verb persistere (to continue), in recognition of the ability of this species to survive in dry soil.
Diagnosis
Vannella persistens n. sp.
Length in locomotion 23-35 |jm (average 29 |j.m); breadth 23-40 |jm (average 34 |jm), L/B ratio 0.65-1.1. Vesicular nucleus 3.5-5 |jm in diameter with a single central nucleolus, 2.6-3.3 |jm in diameter. Floating form rather polymorphic, generally asymmetrical, with up to eight tapering pseudopodia if well-developed, but may have only 2-3 long, sometimes helical pseudopodia, or only several short, blunt pseudopodia with rounded ends. Cysts 13-16 mm in diameter, with thick “gelatinous” coat, clearly visible using light microscope. EM observations reveal that the cysts are double-walled, with clearly separated walls. Inner wall is very fine, outer wall wrinkled, about 100 nm in thickness.
Observed habitat: Soil.
Source: Soil sample collected from the Natural Environment Research Council Soil Biodiversity Thematic Programme experimental site at the Macaulay Land Use Research Institute’s Sourhope Research Station, near Kelso in Southern Scotland (grid reference NT854 196).
Type strain: Deposited with the Culture Collection of Algae and Protozoa, CCAP No.1589/13.
Differential diagnosis: differs from all known Vannella species by distinctive cyst structure. Trophozoites may resemble Vannella cirrifera, but have a much more regular outline than this species; floating form is less regular than in V cirrifera and has only 4-8 pseudopodia. Trophozoites of another similar species, Vannella miroides, have a much more regular, semicircular outline than those of V persistens; they are reported to have cytoplasmic crystals, which is not characteristic of our species.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the UK Natural Environment Research Council, through the Soil Biodiversity Thematic Programme (Grant no. GST 2130). AS is most thankful to B.J. Finlay for organising his visit to the Institute of Freshwater Ecology.
References
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Address for correspondence: A.V Smirnov. Dept. of Invertebrate Zoology, Fac. of Biology & Soil Sci., St. Petersburg State University, 199034, Universitetskaja nab. 7/9, St. Petersburg, Russia. E-mail: [email protected].
The manuscript is presented by A.V Goodkov
