Figurative and motivational bases of Fu with value of person's characteristic Текст научной статьи по специальности «Языкознание и литературоведение»

ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ

FIGURATIVE AND MOTIVATIONAL BASES OF FU WITH VALUE OF PERSON'S

CHARACTERISTIC

Regina Rustamovna Radjapova

Teacher, Department of Contemporary Russian, Faculty of Russian Philology, Uzbek State University of World Languages

Annotation. In article, on the basis of the analysis of phraseological units with value of qualitative and estimated characteristic of the person and his behavior, the fact that value of these FU - usually result of metaphorical or metonymical reconsideration of concrete value of a phrase is shown. In them associative communications between objects and the phenomena of objective reality are figuratively generalized. The research is conducted through consideration of such problems as the historical and etymological elements and prototypes reflected in component structure of the studied FE; a role of words concepts, forming an image in semantics of idioms; a ratio of phraseological units with signs of culture and their figurative basis. The author by means of country specific and linguoculturological approach opens ways of formation in semantics of FU of an image in which an important role in their motivation is played by both words concepts, and not conceptualized lexemes acting as analogs of FU components.

Key words: phraseology, idiom, motivation, phraseological unit, internal form, metaphor, metonymy, lexeme.

The phraseological foundation of a language is represented by words, phraseological units and aphorisms, and, in turn, is a carrier and source of national-cultural information. Of course, the creation of a treasury of Russian folk speech is connected with the history, material and spiritual culture of society. The national originality of the phraseology of any language is manifested mainly in its figuratively motivational foundations.

Therefore, in order to study the processes of phrase-formation modeling, it is necessary to turn to the image, more precisely, the internal form of phraseological unit (real or surreal, fictional), which is reflected in the mentality of the people, national psychology, or the mentality of the people.

It is at this level that the images of the world are formed, gaining consolidation in the language.

In this regard, phraseological units are analyzed from the point of view of ways of forming an image in their semantics, an important role in the motivation of which is played by both concept words and non-conceptual lexemes, which are analogues of components of phraseological units.

Concept words underlying phraseological units go into the category of symbols, because are associated with the personification of various realities of the world around a person - the names of household items, animals, birds, parts of the human body, natural phenomena, etc. Tokens acquire a symbolic reading and meaning due to the participation in the structure of the Phraseological units of tropic means, since they are an integral part of WF and value motivation.

TZ Cherdantseva writes that "many phraseological units expressed by the phrase are trails in the past (i.e. metaphor, comparison, metonymy, synecdoch, etc.), some have acquired a new meaning in a certain context and by virtue of traditional use preserved this value, although their motivation may not be clear to the language researcher" (9, с.9).

Phraseologisms with the value of the qualitatively-evaluative characteristics of the face and characterizing human behavior are mostly motivated; they associatively figuratively generalize the associations between objects and phenomena of objective reality. The meaning of these phraseological units is usually the result of a metaphorical or metonymic rethinking of the specific meaning of the phrase. Let us analyze from this point of view, based on materials taken from phraseological dictionaries of the Russian language of various publications, some vivid examples of phraseological units.

Consider idioms with a specific metaphorical basis:

отрезанный ломоть - a person who has separated from the family, has become independent, has broken his connection with his habitual environment, activity, and habitual way of life (usually said with regret). The metaphorical image of phraseologism dates back to the ancient symbolism of bread, which has gained spiritual value since ancient times: among the ancient Slavs, bread was a symbol of peace, collective, common share, was used during various ceremonies (weddings, christenings, homelands, funerals, seeing off the army, etc. P.).

A characteristic feature of the separation of bread was breaking it into pieces - ломти. Thus, phraseologism as a whole symbolizes the share, fate, fate of a person who has separated from his family or familiar environment, living his own life;

гол как сокол - terribly poor, having nothing. It is understood that some person is so poor that they compare him to an old stenobitnoy gun сокол, which is a completely smooth cast-iron disc, mounted on chains. In the phraseological units of this idiom lies the image of the falcon's weapon, which gives a person an idea of emptiness and poverty, this explains the motivation of meaning;

светский лев or светская львица - about a person (man or woman) who enjoys success and influence in society, in the highest society. The phraseologism image is motivated by a metaphor that likens a person who enjoys success in high society and possesses appropriate behaviors to a lion, distinguished by majestic habits and occupying a "royal" position in the animal world (king of animals);

собака на сене - about who does not use something and does not give others; neither to myself nor to others (it is said with disapproval). The expression goes back to the fable of the ancient Greek fabulist Aesop, who tells of a dog that growls on horses, not letting them in the hay, although the hay itself does not eat. A mean, greedy person is metaphorically likened to a dog guarding what it itself does not need;

пень берёзовый - dumbass, fool. The image of an idiom is created by a metaphor likening a mentally retarded undeveloped person to a birch stump - the rest of a felled tree. A tree does not grow out of a stump; it is an embodiment of backwardness, stagnation and a hindrance to development;

желторотый птенец - about a young, inexperienced, naive person, usually a young man. The metaphor is the basis of the phraseologism image; it likens the resemblance of a recently hatched chick and has not reached adulthood, is not knowledgeable in life matters, a trusting person who has escaped from someone's guardianship, care and is trying to start an independent life, etc .;

пугало огородное - ridiculously, carelessly or tastelessly dressed man, strange, unattractive looking (said with disapproval or with irony). Phraseologism contains a metaphor that likens an awkward, dirty or strangely dressed person to a cruciformly crucified likeness of a human figure in rags for repelling birds, set in kitchen gardens and gardens to protect crops;

золотые руки - a man very skilled in his craft, a master of his craft. In the view of most peoples, gold is a symbol of wealth, prosperity and craftsmanship, as well as a noble precious metal that does not decay and does not oxidize, so the best qualities of a person were considered golden;

кровь с молоком - healthy, flowering, ruddy man. Blood is one of the oldest cultured natural objects, in this phraseology blood acts as a symbol of human vitality, and milk as a symbol of physical strength and health;

коломенская верста - a man of very high stature. The expression arose from an unflattering assimilation or comparison of a lanky man with tall milestones placed between Moscow and the village of Kolomensky, the summer royal residence, during the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich. The motivation for the meaning of the idiom is explained by the fact that a very tall, lanky person is likened to a post marking a mile away on the road;

косая сажень - ancient measure of length: distance from the big toe to the end of the toes of the opposite arm extended upward. A man whose shoulder width was equal to oblique fathom was a very large man in Russia; от горшка два вершка - very short, small stature people (see item No. 86).

Actually Russian expression. About a small, short man, more often a child (горшок causes associations with infancy) ancient measure of length (about 4-5cm). Since we are talking about a person, it is clear that growth is significantly understated. The imagery of this phraseology is created due to the stylistic figure - litoty (from the Greek litotes - litotes - «простота, сдержанность»). The essence of this type of trail in phraseological units, as in words, is that the dimensions of the subject of speech are deliberately minimized.

In other words, litota is a "reverse hyperbole". Some etymologists suggest that initially in this idiom it was not about the pot, but about the spine - another folk measurement equal to two points: коршок comes from корх -fist. Therefore, it turns out a very small height - a little more than a cam. However, this explanation is doubtful, because roll call of the pot tops is found in the characterization of the evil old fairy tale

Сам с вершок, голова с горшок, где явно исключается прочтение «голова с кулачок», ибо речь идёт о большой, а не маленькой голове;

Сам с вершок, голова с горшок, where the reading «голова с кулачок», is clearly excluded, for we are talking about a large, not a small head;

держать себя на вожжах - be able to control yourself. The phraseologism image is created by a metaphor that likens a person's behavior to special ropes or belts - - вожжам that were attached to the harness of a horse and served to control it. The horseman held the reins in his hands and exercised control of the horse with them: turns, movement, stop. Without a reins, the horse is uncontrollable. These controls formed the basis for the emergence of this idiom, which characterizes the person's ability to maintain self-control, control their actions and behave with dignity in any situation;

лити воду на мельницу - to indirectly help, to promote by their behavior, by their actions to someone (usually the opposite side) in something. The image of the phraseological unit is motivated by a metaphor that determines the similarity of human action with the process of мельницы - - a device for grinding grain. Since ancient times, water mills were used in Russia to obtain flour from grain. They were built on the rivers. A stream of water fell on the blades of the wheel, the wheel rotated and powered all the mechanisms of the mill, which, naturally, could not work without water;

воздвигнуть бурю - get angry, persecute. The image of the idiom is based on a metaphorical assimilation of a person's emotional state буре - bad weather with a strong destructive wind. A strong, violent manifestation of a feeling of anger entails a proper reaction, a corresponding response to everything that happens at the time of the act of any kind of activity, and can cause the subject to disapprove of behavior.

Let us analyze phraseological units having the metonymic nature of transference:

голова (котелок) варит - someone smart, clever, understanding. Phraseological units of the idiom are connected with the head - the upper part of the human body, inside which the brain is contained. The brain is

likened to a cauldron in which food is cooked. By the word варить, we understand the actions taking place in the brain. Therefore, when we hear phraseologism, голова варит, we immediately imagine the thought processes that occur in the head: the process of thinking, understanding. Applying the formula как если бы presenting this «картинку», a situation, an image enclosed in an idiom with a «умозрительным взором», we have the following formulation: как если бы что-нибудь (a thought as a certain concrete being) варилось в голове человека;

семи пядей во лбу - about someone very capable, talented, with outstanding mental abilities. The expression is actually Russian. Пядь - a measure of length equal to the distance between the extended thumb and forefinger (about 18-20 cm). If we take this expression literally, then a human forehead, equal to seven spans, would be approximately 140 cm high. The image of phraseology is based on метонимия (from Greek metonimia - lit. renaming) - one of the most common pathways involved in the process of idiom. They are associated with the transfer of the name from one object (object, person, phenomenon, situation, process, time, part of the whole, etc.) to another, which is based on relations of adjacency, the proximity of any signs, properties. In this idiom, the process of identifying the somatic part (лба) and the brain, symbolizing the mental abilities of a person, his intellect, takes place. Лоб as the outer shell of the brain's reservoir, is directly, according to the notions, connected with the volume of intelligence. In addition, the turnover of семи пядей во лбу, i.e. лоб в семь пядей is an obvious hyperbole, where this type of pathway in the structure of the phraseological image provides an exaggerated idea of the subject of speech (or some of its individual properties, characteristics), thereby contributing to the expressiveness of the idiom;

воротить нос - turn away; treats with contempt, neglect. The position of the nose as an outstanding forward part of the face in the image of a turn is metonymically (i.e. by replacing the whole part) denotes the position of the head and body of a person in general. The desire to avoid what causes hostility, squeamishness, contempt and other similar sensations is accompanied by a desire to turn away from an object that provokes such feelings;

лизать блюда - to be serviced, to please, being in full obedience, to demonstrate slavish submission. The phraseologism image reflects the metonymic identification of the simple procedural action of the language on a large, round plate for serving food and that action of a person undertaking such a movement towards someone in order to please, win the favor of a person who, as a rule, occupies a higher social position.

It implies voluntary humiliation, servile behavior as a sign of devotion and complete submission. Here, such features of the object as servility, slavish humility, excessive helpfulness, ingratiation, and that in the Russian mentality are valued sharply negatively, etc, fall under contempt here;

(разводить узоры, разводы) - speak voluminously, verbose, ornate. The idiom is formed on the basis of two images - узор is a pattern consisting of interweaving lines, shapes, and is a combination of colors and shadows;

творить - creatively create; do, commit, implement. The creation of something beautiful, unusual and special requires a rich imagination, a special approach to the depicted, a sea of diligence and patience. Probably, the image reflects a stereotypical idea of the complexity of creating an important component of a work of art -узор. The turnaround arose as a result of a metonymic identification of two procedural actions - the painstaking efforts of the creator to create a significant part of the masterpiece - the pattern, and strange behavior of a person committed like this type of activity - the way of talking: to speak verbose, voluminously, when you can express an idea briefly, with fewer words ;

вола вертеть -speak absurdities, nonsense. An expression of his own Russian, associated with peasant life: in ancient times, with the help of a team of oxen plowed the land. The quality of work depended on the plowman, the drover of the oxen. With proper management of the oxen, a direct deep furrow was obtained. If the oxen are directed in different directions, i.e. to turn the oxen, the land could not be plowed. The basis of the image of phraseological units is the metonymic identification of the unprofessional work technique of the inept plowman-drover, who moves in a circular motion, twisting, turns from side to side the main inventory of his activity - вол and плуг and the appropriate mechanism of its action when conducting verbal communication.

The basis of the images of the following idioms is a metonymic transfer, carried out according to the scheme "action - an instrument of action":

1) приложить (прикладывать) руку - 1) to be involved, to relate to smth .; 2) show zeal; thoroughly, seriously engage in someone or something; 3) Outdated. Beat anyone

2) прибирать к рукам (что-, кого-л.) - 1) subjugate to yourself, force to obey; 2) to appropriate, seize something, take possession of something.

3) накласти лапу (на что-, кого-л.) - to appropriate, to seize.

On the basis of adjacency, here is the name of the action carried out under social phenomena and customs related to the appropriation, capture and possession of something: for example, the act of sale. And the implementation of this process is not feasible without the participation of the main detail of the action - the hand, an important organ of the human body.

Among the revolutions under consideration, units with a specific character of a figurative basis stand out. These turns transmit non-linguistic phenomena, carry certain information, participate in communication with the help of facial expressions and gestures. The basis of such phraseological units is a description of a gesture or facial expression. A feature of units motivated on the basis of gestures is the description and associated symbols. The gesture symbolizes the specific behavior of the person to whom it relates. The meaning of phraseological units is wider than the concept of a gesture, for example: 1) в перси биение - blows to the chest, usually expressing strong emotions; 2) восплескать руками - throwing up arms, strike lightly in the hands under the influence of any strong

feeling;3) око навострити - - look carefully at anyone or at something; 4) воздеть (воздевать) руце свои -raise your hands up in protest; 5) поставить на колени - force submission, completely submit. as a protest.

So, in summary, it should be noted that the application of the linguistic and regional linguistic and cultural approach to the analysis of the figurative and motivational foundations of the above phraseological units provided a number of advantages and opportunities: 1) to interpret the historical and etymological elements and prototypes reflected in the component composition of the studied phraseological units; 2) understand the role of concept words that form the image in the semantics of idioms. In our case, they are represented by tropic means - metaphor and metonymy; 3) to study the relationship of phraseological units with cultural signs in order to describe their figurative basis by correlation with cultural-national codes.

ISPOL'ZOVANNAYA LITERATURA

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КЛАССИФИКАЦИЯ И ХАРАКТЕР УРОВНЕЙ РАЗВИТИЯ КОЛЛЕКТИВА НА ОСНОВЕ

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ Я.В.ПОДОЛЯК

Рулев Максим Николаевич

Аспирант Тюменского государственного университета, 625003, г. Тюмень, ул. Володарского, д. 6;

Rulev Maxim Nikolaevich

Graduate student of Tyumen State University, 625003, Tyumen, st. Volodarsky, d. 6;

Аннотация. Статья посвящена проблеме формирования успешного коллектива, как субъекта военной административной системы, остро стоящей на протяжении долгих лет существования воинских формирований и оставшейся нерешенной до сих пор. Между тем, необходимость правильного построения коллективных взаимоотношений понятна каждому руководителю, обладающему хоть незначительным опытом управления. Одним из самых удачных трудов в вышеупомянутом направлении наверное можно назвать базу, сформированную Я.В. Подоляк еще в конце прошлого века.

Abstract. The article is devoted to the problem of the collective as a subject of the military administrative system, which has been acute for the long years of the existence of military units and has remained unresolved so far. Meanwhile, the need for the correct construction of collective relationships is clear to every leader who has at least some management experience.

Ключевые слова: коллектив, Я.В. Подоляк, автономия, командир, личность, военнослужащий.

Keywords: collective, Podolyak, autonomy, commander, personality, military man.

При построении внутриколлективных отношений руководитель устанавливает мировоззренческую модель и итоговый (идеальный) уровень сплоченности и профессионализма будущего коллектива, отталкиваясь от имеющихся исходных данных на первоначальном этапе знакомства и адаптации новых членов коллектива, а также от платформы установок конкретной управленческой лестницы (старших начальников). Психологические приемы и социометрия помогают ориентироваться даже постороннему человеку в структуре и преимущественном уклоне взаимоотношений членов конкретного трудового или учебного коллектива, а значит логичным шагом будет утверждение и стандартизация психолого-педагогических подходов к построению определенной направленности социальных групп (в частности армейских).

«Управляя подразделением (частью, кораблем), командир сталкивается с серьезными социально-психологическими проблемами, которые он не в состоянии решить административно-волевыми методами». [1, с. 186 ]