CC BY
0UDC 631.8, 620.3
FERTILIZER BASED ON GRAPHENE OXIDE NANOLAYERS AND NUTRIENTS
FROM ORGANIC WASTE
AKBAROV NIZAMI ALISAHIB
Associate Professor of the Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Ph.D. ,Azerbaijan State Pedagogical University, Azerbaijan, Baku city
GULIYEVA NARMINA ARTUROVNA
Teacher of the Department of Chemical Engineering, PhD., Baku Engineering University,
Azerbaijan, Baku city
Abstract. A new generation fertilizer has been developed based on organic substances and their derivatives, which substantiates the ecological purity and biodegradability of this fertilizer in the soil, the main components of which will be chitosan-banana peel-graphene oxide (CS_GO@ bp) nanolayers. A new carrier platform based on graphene oxide (GO) layers has been developed, which can provide a high loading of plant microelements with controlled slow release.
Key words: chitosan, graphene oxide nanolayers, fertilizer, banana peel.
Traditional with fertilizers connected environmental concerns and less efficiency more promotes the development of modern fertilizers with slow release and better performance . Biopolymers such as chitosan are a group of biostimulants that have been reported to have beneficial properties and a number of applications in horticultural crops. Banana is one of the most popular fruits all over the world. In addition to its taste and nutritional value, it has a special feature - banana peel helps to solve environmental problems. Although they look like a yellow coating around the fruit, they are actually a very rich source. The chemical composition, vitamins, minerals and other useful substances of the banana peel are very diverse. The use of chitosan and banana peels in combination with nanomaterials such as graphene oxide provides extensive benefits for soil nutrition and nutrient retention while maintaining soil moisture. Environmental pollution is one of the main reasons for the use of graphene oxide, because when it is used, most of the fertilizer is absorbed by the plant. Economic losses are reduced because the graphene oxide composite material used binds more joints and contributes to long-term performance.
In particular, chitosan is produced after deacetylation of chitin and has been the focus of research in recent decades due to its interesting effects on plants. Sea products from the shells is produced commercially and its main use is to protect plants from pathogens because it can stimulate the production of defense molecules against pathogens. It is considered an environmentally friendly and multi-purpose polymer with wide application in various fields such as promising decontamination material, agriculture, cosmetics, food, paper, pharmaceutical and textile industries, and can be combined with many other polymers and elements.
Biostimulants have also been reported and mainly associated with increased photosynthetic activity, tolerance to drought, salinity and extreme temperature, and increased antioxidant enzyme activity. On the other hand, more than 3 but less than 10 saccharide the remainder which is oligochitosan (N- acetylglucosamine and either glucosamine ) of chitosan chemical and or obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis [1,2].
Chitose can have several uses, which can be summarized as follows:
Protecting the germination of seeds and stimulating them by covering them;
Stimulate plant growth and development;
Act as resistance elicitor through induction of plant defense mechanisms;
Reduce the negative effects of abiotic stress;
Improve soil properties and prevent leaching of nutrients;
Chelate heavy metals;
Increase productivity and quality of agricultural crops; Improve food shelf life through post-harvest processing.
However, considering that chitosan is a biopolymer composed of compounds with different degrees of deacetylation and polymerization, there is a large variation in the composition of
commercially available products, which may cause different effects on plants [3].
Figure 1. The structure of chitosan.
In addition, chitosan is used to mitigate the negative effects of water stress and increase the shelf life of garden crops such as basil, lettuce, spinach, tomatoes, peppers, and others. In the case of basil, it can improve the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity in drought-stressed plants, and foliar application of chitosan lactate can help the accumulation of bioactive substances or increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes, as well as enhance photosynthesis and plants. increase. Another study reported that the application of chitosan could promote plant growth from artichoke seeds and lead to a significant reduction in fungal infection. It is possible that chitosan participates in the synthesis of defense response enzymes or stimulates phytohormones in cucumber plants. In common bean, conventional or delayed tillering increased yield and the use of alginate/chitosan nanocarriers effectively increased leaf area and levels of chlorophyll and carotenoids. Chitosan nanoparticles were also effective against foodborne pathogens and improved the shelf life of fresh bell peppers. Nanocomposites can improve both nematicidal activity and systemic plant immune response in the case of eggplant, and loading nanoparticles with indole-3-acetic acid enhances the growth of hydroponically grown lettuce plants [4]. Nanochitosan traditional of fertilizers efficiency can increase and increase the net return per application in onion, and chitosan/polyacrylic acid hydrogel nanoparticles stimulated the yield, plant growth and nutrient content of onion bulbs. Foliar application of chitosan at a concentration of 100 or 125 mg/l can be applied at early growth stage to achieve higher okra yield, and extracts of Ascophyllum nodosum and chitosan combination basically jasmonic acid and salicylic suppressed pea powdery mildew by acid modulation. through up-regulation of signaling pathways. Application of chitosan can significantly increase fresh and dry weight of roots in potato plants, and foliar spraying of chitosan with humic acid can lead to the highest yield of tubers and crop components. Chitosan (75 mg/L) and oligo-chitosan (50 mg/L) can enhance plant growth and develop defense mechanisms for drought resistance in potato , as well as enhance resistance to pathogens. Similarly, the treatment of tomato plants with chitosan had a positive effect in the fight against pathogens, and the combined application with salicylic acid increased fruit yield. Chitosan combined with chelated copper was more effective in activating pathogenicity-related enzymes in tomato culture than chitosan or copper alone, while application of chitosan + compost + arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi improved tomato growth.
Figure 2. Chitin and chitosan in agriculture.
It is also necessary to mention the use of large amounts of banana peels left as waste in juice factories. The chemical composition of banana peel can vary depending on the ripening period of the fruit, the type of banana and the geography where it is grown. However banana of the shell potential should not be limited to these foods [5].
-
fig. 3. Dried banana peel.
The method of obtaining fertilizer from bananas [6]:
It was determined that increasing the amount of fertilizer has a strong effect on the germination rate of vegetables. In the first week without fertilizer, this ratio was 14%, but after adding just 4 ml of banana extract, this ratio reached 54%. A further increase to 8% increased the germination rate to 80%. The highest value of the ratio - 98% was obtained using 16 ml of banana fertilizer.
The experiment was repeated for another plate. The results were about the same. While the germination rate was 25% in the first week without fertilizer, it reached 93.1% after using a maximum of -16 ml of extract.
Next, we decided to use graphene oxide nanolayers for the best storage of water and nutrients between the graphene oxide layers.
Due to its long list of useful properties, graphene oxide can be an effective "container" for fertilizers. The most important feature of the material is that it can slowly release nutrients needed by plants into the soil [7,8].
fig. 4. Graphene oxide as an effective "container" for fertilizers.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Based on the above, it has been proposed to design a fertilizer based on a biopolymer such as chitosan, because it is useful which has properties reported and gardening in plants one row which has applications biostimulants is a group . Also , potassium and banana, one of the most popular fruits in the world and around the world, has been chosen as a carrier of other useful elements, banana peel is an organic waste with great potential for use as a fertilizer. Apart from its taste and nutritional value, it has a special feature - banana peel helps to solve environmental problems. Although they
look like a yellow coating around the fruit, they are actually a very rich source. The chemical composition, vitamins, minerals and other useful substances of the banana peel are very diverse.
The use of chitosan and banana peels in combination with nanomaterials such as graphene oxide provides extensive benefits for soil nutrition and nutrient retention while maintaining soil moisture. Environmental pollution is one of the main reasons for the use of graphene oxide, because when it is used, most of the fertilizer is absorbed by the plant. Economic losses are reduced because the graphene oxide composite material used binds more compounds and contributes to long-term performance.
GO Cu-GO « 7ivGO
'JU-MH fmrtiigmr
Fig. 5. Graphene oxide: a new carrier for the slow release of plant micronutrients
Considering the system made with graphene oxide nanolayers as shown in Figure 5, we can confidently say that Graphene Oxide is a new carrier for the slow release of plant micronutrients.
The graphene oxide we synthesized was analyzed by the FTIR method and proved that we were able to determine the presence of the necessary groups for the formation of hydrogen bonds. The above oxygen groups, or rather their presence, prove that this reaction is successful and that graphite is oxidized. The formation of hydrogen bonds between graphite and water molecules is observed. The formation of these bonds is induced by surface and polar hydroxyl groups. This fact further explains to us the hydrophilic nature of GO.
REFERENCE:
1. Chandra, R. & Rustgi, R. (1998). Biodegradable polymer. Progress in Polymer Science, 23, 12731335.
2. Gryczka , U., Dondi, D., Chmielewski, AG, Migdal, W., Buttafava , A., & Faucitano , A. (2009). Mechanism of decomposition of chitosan by gamma and e-ray irradiation . Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 78(7-8), 543-548
3. Ibrahim, M., Mahmoud, AA, Osman, O., Refaat, A., & El-Sayed, EM (2010). Nano- chitosan as a biosensor of the mixture molecular spectroscopic analysis . Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 77(4), 802-806.
4. Ionita, M. & Iovu, H. (2012). Mechanical properties, urea diffusion and cell culture response of poly( vinyl alcohol)-chitosan biosynthetic membranes through molecular modeling and experimental studies . Composite Part B: Engineering, 43(5), 2464-2470.
5. Nasution FJ, Mawarni M, Lisa L, Meiriani M 2014 Journal Online Agrotechnologi 2(3) 10291037
6. KGM Bouafou , André BK, Koffi GK (2012): Banana products and by-products in animal feed, 23p
7. Chen, HD & Rickey, Y. Nanotechnologies in agriculture: New tools for sustainable development. Trends Food Sci. Technology. 22, 585-594 (2011).
8. Wang, P. et al. Effects of graphite, graphene and graphene oxide on anaerobic co-digestion of sewage sludge and food waste: Focus on methane production and fate of antibiotic resistance genes. Bioresource . Technology. 339, 125585 (2021).
