CC BY
12
1. Л1СОВЕ ТА САДОВО-ПАРКОВЕ ГОСПОДАРСТВО
нлты
УКРЛ1НИ
wi/ган
Науковий BicHHK НЛТУУкраТни Scientific Bulletin of UNFU
http://nv.nltu.edu.ua
https://doi.org/10.15421/40270401
Article received 25.04.2017 р. Article accepted 24.05.2017 р. УДК 631.44:502.51(477.73)(1-751.3)
ISSN 1994-7836 (print) ISSN 2519-2477 (online)
1 ЁЕЗ Correspondence author P. V. Pirohova [email protected]
V. Yu. Yukhnovskyi, P. V. Pirohova
National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
FEATURES OF WATER REGIME OF THE MAIN SOIL TYPES IN KINBURN SAND ARENA
Hard natural and hydro-edaphic factors are restricted range of forest species in region and only two species - Scotch pine and Crimean pine can tolerate the extreme of environmental conditions. Soil water regime does not depend only on rainfall quantity but also on the water properties of the soil which include water capacity, permeability, water lifting capacity, evaporation and water absorption capacity. Soil and forest typology descriptions have made at the rate of 1/300 ha. Sixty soil-forest typology descriptions of Kinburn sand arena have been processed. It's identified and described in detail the five main soil types, the most common of which are sandy sod developed in ancient alluvial deposits of sand and sod-gley underdeveloped buried in black soil. The samples for water regime research include the amount of 30 pieces in different types of soil, different age in Crimean and Scotch pine plantations in rows and spaces between rows. Permeability measurements were performed in a 10-fold repetition using a steel cylinder height of 10 cm. Cylinder put in the soil in half and filled the rest with water to 50 mm graduations, corresponding indicator showers and measure off full soil water absorption. It's found out that field soil moisture was varying between 4-30 % by weight of absolutely dry soil. The lowest value of water capacity was recorded in sod-developed sandy soils on ancient alluvial sand deposits, which amounted to 4.2 %. The intensity of the absorption of water in different hydrology sites was distributed in the following order (highest): very dry pine forests - dry pine forests - fresh pine forests. Compacting soil in rows affected the rate of water penetration, which in 1.21.5 times increased the rate of water seepage between rows compared to the series. The results of hydrological studies show that soils of Kinburn sand arena are relating to the sweat type of water regime where moisture, which is losing ground significantly exceeds precipitation.
Keywords: genetic soil horizon; water capacity; permeability; water lifting capacity; evaporation; water absorption.
Introduction. Current "Ukrainian Sahara" - Downdni-eper or Oleshkivski Sands is located in the steppe zone of Ukraine and occupied about 210 th. ha stretching along the left bank of Dnieper from Kakhovka to the coast of the Black Sea in Kherson and Mykolaiv regions.
Hard natural and hydro-edaphic factors (oligotroph sites of sand, the large capacity of salts in the soil, frequent droughts and minimum annual rainfall) are restricted range of forest species, since almost all plantations are created as monocultures of Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) or Crimean pine (Pinus pallasiana Lamb.), the species that can tolerate the extreme environmental conditions of the region (Vinogradov, 1973; Gordienko, et al., 2002, Siryk, 1991; Shevchuk, et al., 2005; Shevchuk, 2002).
Soil water regime does not depend only on rainfall quantity but also on the water properties of the soil. Water properties of the soil include water capacity, permeability, water lifting capacity, evaporation and water absorption capacity (Kupchyk, et al., 2007; Gnatenko, et al., 2005).
Water capacity is the ability of soil to absorb and retain some moisture (Gnatenko, et al., 2005; Tymoshenko, 1975). It is expressed as a percentage of the mass of soil, while keeping the bulk density (in mm for a layer of soil). Water ca-
pacity typically increases as the number of clay particles in the soil. It is known that the field moisture for sands is 49 %, sandy soils - 10-17, slight and medium sandy loams -18-30 and heavy clay soils - 23-40 % by weight of absolutely dry soil. The organogenic horizons contain the most quantity of moisture. The duff and peat hold moisture in 520 times more than its own weight (Agaponov, 2001; Ved-mid & Raspopina, 2010).
Permeability is the ability of soil to absorb and hold water from the upper into the lower horizons. The process divides into uptake and filtration. Uptake is manifested by incomplete saturation of soil moisture, i.e. when the pores is not completely filled with water, and also include the sorption and capillary forces. Filtering occurs at the maximum saturation of soil moisture. Permeability measures by the height of the water column, which leaked into the soil over time, and this is called the coefficient of filtration. Permeability depends on the texture, content of humus substances and soil structure. Water is the better seeping in sandy soils than in clay soils. Permeability of soil structural is greater than unstructured. The first study of water filtration in the soil was carried out on the sands of the French scientist Darcy in 1854 (Gnatenko, et al., 2005).
Цитування за ДСТУ: Юхновський В. Ю., Пирогова П. В. Особливост водного режиму основних титв фун-лв КшбурнськоТ тщаноТ
арени. Науковий вкник НЛТУ УкраТни. 2017. Вип. 27(4). С. 11-14. Citation APA: Yukhnovskyi, V. Yu., & Pirohova, P. V. (2017). Features of Water Regime of the Main Soil Types in Kinburn Sand Arena. Scientific Bulletin of UNFU, 27(4), 11-14. https://doi.org/10.15421/40270401
Науковий вкник НЛТУ УкраТни, 2017, т. 27, № 4 Scientific Bulletin of UNFU, 2017, vol. 27, no 4
11
Water lifting capacity (capillary) is the ability of the soil slowly absorbs the water on the capillary gaps under tension of water forces that is the interaction of water with soil particles. The height and speed of the capillary lifting water depends on the diameter of capillaries, the thinner they are, the higher the elevation, and vice versa (Gladun, Trophy-menko & Lokhmatov, 2005; Gordienko, et al., 2002).
Part of the water that enters the soil evaporates. Evaporation rate depends on the mechanical and structural composition of the soil. Clay and loamy soils with a high capillarity evaporate more water than light soils such as sand. Structural soil in compare with not structural lose less moisture. The vegetation reduces evaporation (Druchenko, 1939; Siryk, 1991).
Water absorption is the ability of soil to absorb water vapor from the air. Water absorption depends on the texture of the soil and humus content. The more clay particles in the soil and humus, the more are water absorption.
The aim of study was to identify the main variety of soil types, setting power of genetic horizons, features of water regime of the main types of soils in Kinburn sand arena.
Material and methods of research. The study of forest sites in Kinburn sand arena was conducted in July and August 2015 during soil and forest typology expedition of Industrial Association "Ukrainian state forest project". Soil and forest typology descriptions have made at the rate of 1/300 ha (Krut & Tymoshenko, 2014). Whereas the Kinburn peninsula area is 17890.2 hectares where 60 edaphic descriptions were studied and worked out.
The samples for permeability include the amount of 30 pieces in different types of soil and established on September 2016. Soil permeability was investigated in different age in pine plantations in rows and spaces between rows within Kinburnsky and Vasilevsky Forestry's belonging to State Enterprise "Ochakivski Forest Hunting Range". Permeability measurements were performed in a 10-fold repetition.
These types of soils as swamp loam on ancient alluvial sandy sediments, humus-bog sandy on ancient alluvial sand deposits and saltwort average loam sandy occur locally on the territory of Kinburn peninsula, but for the complete description of permeability soils in Kinburn sand arena was also taken plots in 3-fold repetition in the olive, black alder and black Locust plantations (Kupchyk, et al., 2007; Gna-tenko, et al., 2005; Druchenko, 1939).
Soil permeability was measured using a steel cylinder height of 10 cm (Ivanina, 1975; Tymoshenko, 1975). Cylinder put in the soil in half and filled the rest with water to 50 mm graduations, corresponding indicator showers and measure off full soil water absorption.
Results and discussion. Soil and forest typology descriptions were processed during office work and for analysis the descriptions was highlighted five main types of soil: marsh sandy on ancient alluvial sand deposits (A), humus-bog sandy on ancient alluvial sand deposits (B), saltwort average loam (C), sod developed in ancient alluvial sandy sediments (D) and underdeveloped sod-gley buried in the black soil ancient alluvial deposits (E). The power of genetic horizons of the main soil types is shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Basic types of soils in Kinburn sand arena: A - sandy marsh on ancient alluvial sand deposits; B - humus-sandy marsh on ancient alluvial sand deposits; C - saltwort average loam; D - sod developed in ancient alluvial sand deposits; E - underdeveloped sod-gley buried in the black soil ancient alluvial deposits
Profile of sod-gley soil underdeveloped debt at ancient alluvial deposits buried in the black soil reached power of 135 cm depth. On humus-bog sandy soil minimum power was 51 cm and below this level were groundwater. Texture of soil horizons of all types of soils represents sand of different fractions with a small proportion of clay. The structure of the upper horizons is Micro structural, lower - granular. Soil density increases from the upper to the lower horizons, which is consistent with the data of different authors (Vi-nogradov, 1973; Krut & Tymoshenko, 2014).
Neoplasm represented in all types of soil in the form of soluble salts. Inclusion in the upper horizons can be traced as the roots of various plants, except humus-marsh and swamp-loam soils which include common across all layers of the entire genetic profile. Agronomic characteristics of the soil is low, very little nutrients, the presence of soluble
salts complicates the natural absorption and aeration of the soil (Agaponov, 2001; Gordienko, et al., 2002; Siryk, 1991). To maintain forestry and agricultural practices, soils require additional agronomic and reclamation activities.
Research of field capacity showed that its value ranging 4-30 % by mass of absolutely dry soil. The lowest value of this indicator was recorded in sod-developed sandy soils on ancient alluvial sand deposits, which amounted to 4.2 %. Averaged data of permeability depending on the type of soil and vegetation structure are shown in the Table.
Analysis of the table data indicates that the species composition of pine plantations do not significantly affect the intensity and time of water absorption by soil. Instead it's seen the intensity of water absorption by soil of stand age, type of site conditions and the type of soil.
12
HayKOBuM BicHUK H.TYyKpa'mu, 2017, t. 27, № 4 Scientific Bulletin of UNFU, 2017, vol. 27, no 4
Number of sample Type of site Composition Age, years Soil type Time of absorption, min Intensity of absorption, mm-min-1 Time of absorption, min Intensity of absorption, mm- min-1
in rows between rows
1 A, 10 Pine Crimean 53 D 18,4 2,72 17,5 2,86
2 A> 10 Pine 34 D 16,5 3,02 15,2 3,29
3 A> 10 Pine Crimean 12 E 20,0 2,50 15,1 3,31
4 A1 10 Pine Crimean 42 D 26,4 1,89 24 2,08
5 A1 10 Pine Crimean 24 D 26,2 1,91 22 2,27
6 A1 10 Pine Crimean 6 D 25,5 1,96 19,6 2,56
7 A2 10 Pine 49 E 48,0 1,04 40,0 1,25
8 A2 10 Pine 33 D 44,6 1,12 41,2 1,22
9 A2 10 Pine Crimean 9 D 42,3 1,18 38,4 1,30
10 B1 6Acacia 3Maple 1Alder 40 A 49,0 1,02 45,5 1,12
11 B3 10 Black Alder 60 B 52,4 0,95 50,1 1,03
12 A2H1 10 Olive 20 C 43,5 1,15 42,1 1,19
To set the intensity of the mathematical water absorption on the type of forest site quality indicators background A0, Ai, A2, Bi, B3 and A2Hi were transformed into quantitative values that become 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 respectively. The relationship between the intensity of the absorption water and forest type of site express by polynomial functions with high degree of approximation. The functional dependence of water absorption according to the rows and between rows of different sites is described by formulas 1 and 2.
y = 0,0015x2 - 0,1329x + 3,9101 ; R2 = 0,942, (1) y = 0,0017x2 - 0,1569x + 4,6324; R2 = 0,952. (2) Graphic interpretation of the dependencies is shown in Fig. 2. Data of Fig. 2 shows more intense manifestation of permeability between the rows, and very noticeable in the poor forest site. For example, in a dry pine forest intensity of permeability reaches a maximum between rows 3.31 mm-min"1 and in row 3.02 mm-min"1, while in the fresh pine forest these figures are - 1.30 and 1.18 mm-min-1 correspondingly. In the wet pine forests soil absorption intensity throughout the area of supply of seedlings is almost identical 0,95-1,0 mm-min-1. The intensity of the absorption in transition forest site A2H1 depends on the area of supply and reduces to 1.15 mm-min-1.
A0 A, A2 Bt B3 A2H, Type of forest site Fig. 2. The intensity of the absorption of rain depending on forest site
The intensity of the water absorption in different hydrotops is distributed in sequence in descending order: very dry pine forests - dry pine forests - fresh pine forests. At all plots water in 1.21.5 times faster impregnates into the soil between rows in comparison with the rows.
Results of permeability soils show that all soil differences relates to the medium permeable soils as the water for the first hour is held from 5 to 15 cm. This is explained the lowest structure of sandy soil and the consequent rapid seepage of water into the soil and wicking.
Water lifting capacity of soil is characterized by high speed and height of elevation. The highest height of water elevation is marked on 0.5 meters in saline soils medium sandy loam and sod-gley underdeveloped buried in the black soil. In sod-loamy soils developed in ancient alluvial sand deposits the rate of water elevation was higher, but raising the height of water reaches only 10 cm of height.
The ability of evaporation is least at sod-developed ancient alluvial loam to sandy sediments. Evaporation from the soil is increased on saline soils medium humus-sandy marsh on ancient alluvial sand deposits.
The value of soil water absorption is not constant. It is affected by temperature and humidity. The higher the humidity the more is water absorption. At full saturation of air with water vapor the upper limit of water absorption reaches and it is called maximum of water absorption. Research hygroscopic most popular sandy soils of Kinburn sand arena showed that the smallest size (0,53,3 %), it reaches a sandy turf-developed in ancient alluvial sand deposits and the largest - in saline soils medium sand loam (5,46,1 %).
Thus, the results of hydrological studies argue that soils of Kinburn sand arena relate to perspire type of water regime where moisture, which is losing by ground significantly exceeds the precipitation.
Conclusions. According to research of 60 soil and forest typology descriptions for Kinburn sand arena 5 major soil types are identified, the most common of which are sandy sod developed in ancient alluvial deposits of sand and sod-gley underdeveloped buried in the black soil ancient alluvial deposits.
Established, that the field water capacity of soil varies between 4-30 % by weight of absolutely dry soil. The lowest value of this indicator was recorded in sod-developed sandy soils on ancient alluvial sand deposits, which amounted to 4.2 %. Composition of species of pine plantations is not significantly affect the intensity and time of water absorption by ground.
The relationship between the intensity of the absorption water and forest type of site express by polynomial functions with high degree of approximation. Water in the rows quickly penetrates the soil than between rows and it is very noticeable in the poor site conditions. The intensity of the water absorption in different hydrotops distributes in descending order as follows: very dry pine forests - dry pine forests - fresh pine forests. All plots in rows water in 1.21.5 times faster impregnated into the soil compared to the spaces between rows.
13
HayKOBuM BicHUK H.TYyKpa'mu, 2017, t. 27, № 4 Scientific Bulletin of UNFU, 2017, vol. 27, no 4
Research of soil hygroscopic is showed that the smallest value (0,53,3 %) it reaches a sandy turf-developed ancient alluvial sand deposits, and the largest - in saline soils medium loam sand (5,46,1 %). In terms of hydrological studies sandy soils of Kinburn sand arena relate to perspire type of water regime.
Refrences
Agaponov, M. N. (2001). Sosna v lisomelioratyvnykh nasadzenniakh girskogo Krymy [Pine in forest ameliorative stands of mountain Crimea]. Scientific Journal NAU, 46, 239-245. [in Ukrainian]. Druchenko, M. M. (1939). Lesorastitelnye usloviia Nyznodnip-rovskikh peskov i perspectivy lesorazvedeniia na nikh [Forest sites of Down Dnieper sands and prospects of their afforestation]. Notes of Kharkov agricultural institute, 2(1-2), 265-353. [in Russian]. Gladun, G. B., Trophymenko, M. E., & Lokhmatov, M. A. (2005). Zakhysni lisovi nasadzennia: proektuvannia, vyroschuvannia, vpo-riadkuvannia [Protective forest stands: projecting, growing, inventory]. Kharkiv: Nove slovo, 390 p. [in Ukrainian]. Gnatenko, O. F., Kapshtyk, M. V., Petrenko, L. R. et al. (2005). Gru-toznavstvo z osnovamy geologii [Soil sciences with the basics of geology] Methodological guide. Kyiv: Oranta, 648 p. [in Ukrainian]. Gordienko, M. I., Shlapak, V. P., Goichuk, A. F. et al. (2002). Kultury sosny zvuchainoi v Ukraine [Scotch pine plantations in Ukraine]. Kyiv: Institute of agrarian economy, 872 p. [in Ukrainian]. Ivanina, V. V. (1975). Agrokhimicheskie issledovaniia pochv [Agro chemistry researches of soils]. Moscow: Nauka, 656 p. [in Russian]. Krut, V. I., & Tymoshenko, A. G. (2014). Proekt organizacii ta rozvytku lisovogo gospodarstva DP "Ochakivske lisomyslyvske gos-
В. Ю. Юхновський, П. В. Пирогова
Нацюнальний ушверситет 6iopecypciB i природокористування УкраЧни, м. Кшв, УкраЧна
ОСОБЛИВОСТ1 ВОДНОГО РЕЖИМУ ОСНОВНИХ ТИП1В ГРУНТ1В ШНБУРНСЬКО1 ШШ,АНО1 АРЕНИ
Опрацьовано 60 грунтово-люотиполопчних опишв ЮнбурнськоТ шщано'Т арени. Виявлено i детально охарактеризовано п'ять основних тишв грунпв, найпоширешшими з яких е дерновий розвинений сушщаний на давньоалювiальних шщаних вщкладеннях та дерново-слаборозвинений глейовий на похованих чорноземних грунтах. Встановлено, що польова вологов-мют грунпв змiнюеться в межах 4-30 % ввд ваги абсолютно сухого грунту. Найменше значення цього показника зафксовано у дерново-розвинених сушщаних грунтах на давньоалювiальних шщаних вщкладеннях, яке становило 4,2 %. Iнтенсивнiсть поглинання води в рiзних гiгротопах розподiлилася у такiй послщовносп (за зменшенням): дуже сухi бори - сухi бори - св^ жi бори. Ущшьнення грунту в рядах вплинуло на швиIцкiсть водопроникносп, яка у 1,2-1,5 раза перевищувала показник про-сочування води у мiжряддях порiвняно з рядами. Результати пдролопчних дослiджень показали, що грунти ЮнбурнськоТ пiщаноТ арени належать до виштного типу водного режиму, де кшьшсть вологи, яку втрачае грунт, значно перевищуе кшь-кiсть опадiв.
Ключовi слова: генетичнi горизонти; вологовмют; водопроникнiсть; водопiднiмальна здатнiсть; випаровуванiсть; пгрос-копiчнiсть.
В. Ю. Юхновский, П. В. Пирогова
Национальный университет биоресурсов и природопользования Украины, г. Киев, Украина.
ОСОБЕННОСТИ ВОДНОГО РЕЖИМА ОСНОВНЫХ ТИПОВ ПОЧВ КИНБУРНСКОЙ ПЕСЧАНОЙ АРЕНЫ
Обработаны 60 почвенно-лесотипологических описаний Кинбурнской песчаной арены. Выявлено и подробно описано 5 основных типов почв, наиболее распространенными из которых являются дерновый развитый супесчаный на древних песчаных отложениях и дерновый слаборазвитый глеевой на погребенных черноземных почвах. Установлено, что полевая влажность почвы колеблется в пределах 4-30 % от массы абсолютно сухой почвы. Наименьшее значение данного показателя зафиксировано в дерново-развитых песчаных почвах на древнеаллювиальных песчаных отложениях, которое составило 4,2 %. Интенсивность поглощения воды в разных гигротопах распределена в следующем порядке (по убыванию): очень сухие боры - сухие боры - свежие боры. Уплотнение почвы в рядах повлияло на скорость проникновения воды, которая в 1,21,5 раза превышала показатель просачивания воды между рядами по сравнению с аналогичными показателями в рядах. Результаты гидрологических исследований показали, что почвы Кинбурнской песчаной арены относятся к выпотному типу водного режима, где количество влаги, которую теряет почва, значительно превышает количество осадков.
Ключевые слова: генетические горизонты; влагоемкость; водопроницаемость; водоподъемная способность; испарение; гигроскопичность.
1нформащя про aBTopiB:
Юхновський Василь Юршович, д-р с.-г. наук, професор, Нацюнальний ушверситет бюресурав i природокористування УкраТни,
м. КиТв, УкраТна. Email: [email protected] Пирогова Полша Володимиршна, астрант, Нацюнальний ушверситет бюресурав i природокористування УкраТни, м. КиТв, УкраТна. Email: [email protected]
podarstvo" [Project of management and development of forestry of State Enterprise "Ochakivski hunt forestry"]. Irpin: Lisproekt, 208 p. [in Ukrainian].
Kupchyk, V. I., Ivanina, V. V., Nesterov, G. I. et al. (2007). Grunty Ukrainy: vlastyvosti, genesys, menedzment roduchosti [Soils of Ukraine: properties, genesis, management of fertility]. Methodological guide. Kyiv: Kondor, 414 p. [in Ukrainian].
Shevchuk, V. V. (2002). Istoria lisu na Nyznodniprovskykh piskakh [History of a forest on Down Dnieper sands]. Scientific Journal "Forestry and agroforestry", 101, 37-42. [in Ukrainian].
Shevchuk, V. V., Fomin, V. I., & Nazarenko, S. V. (2005). Ecological condition of artificial pine plantations on the low Dnieper sand. Scientific Bulletin of UNFU, 15(1), 96-102. Retrieved from: http://nltu.edu.ua/nv/Archive/2005/15 1/96 Szewczuk 15 1.pdf
Siryk, A. A. (1991). Klimatostvoruucha rol' shtuchnykh lisovykh na-sadzen' u Stepu Ukrainy [Climate creation role of artificial forest stands in the Steppe of Ukraine]. Sc. Journal "Forestry and agroforestry", 83, 712-716. [in Ukrainian].
Tymoshenko, A. G. (1975). Methodical recommendations on study of water permeability and erosion control impact of forest protective stands in the complex of other measures. Volgograd: All-Union Research Institute of Agroforestry, 96 p. [in Russian].
Vedmid, M. M., & Raspopina, S. P. (2010). Ozinka lisoroslynnogo potencialu zemel [Evaluation of forest vegetative potential of lands] Methodological guide. Kyiv: Eco-inform, 80 p. [in Ukrainian].
Vinogradov, V. N. (1973). Gidrologichnyi rezym Nuznodniprovskykh peskov v sviazi s ikh obleseniem [Hydrological regime of Down Dnieper sands in relation with their forestation]. Reports of All-Union Agricultural Academy, 2, 37-40. [in Russian].
14
Науковий вкник НЛТУ УкраТни, 2017, т. 27, № 4 Scientific Bulletin of UNFU, 2017, vol. 27, no 4
