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32
UDC 301
FEATURES OF THE RUSSIAN PARTICIPATION IN INTERNATIONAL LABOR MIGRATION
V.M. Kuzmina
Southwest State University. Kursk, Russia [email protected]
The concept of "migrant" is not a simple one. Over the years numerous typologies have been produced, normally based on distance moved, time spent away or motivation. International migration in Russia began re-building, to facilitate travel abroad. The ability to convert rubles into foreign currencies, the difference in the economic situation of individual CIS republics contributed to the movement of labor and entrepreneurs across the borders of the Russian Federation.
Key words: migration, migration policy, migration management.
The main aim part of this work is to identify the chief characteristics of labor migration flows and the trends in recent years. I do this in terms of a series of questions relating to nationality, demographic and occupation/skills criteria. The focus is on the characteristics of those foreign workers who are in the process of moving and not on the stocks of migrants already in the country. Most of the statistical and other information available on the subject refers to labor migrant stocks, not flows.
Our study was faced with two fundamental difficulties. The first is the lack of data available, both in the form of systematic statistical sources and surveys. The second difficulty is the enormous variation across the continent which means that generalizations are approximate and do not necessarily relate to all countries. Russia is highly geographically differentiated in its physical and human geography and its migrations, not only between east and west, and north and south, but also between adjacent countries. The characteristics of labor migrants differ across the flow matrix as do the trends over time. In part, these differences are related to the statistical problems already mentioned, since different countries use different sources and measure and collect different things in different ways. The matrix of migration flows further reflects differences in the nature of economies and place in the economic cycle at different times, cultural ties and political change[3].
The transition to a market economy facilitated the emigration from Russia from 1988 to 2000. About 2.5 million people left the country. Significantly more people arrived in Russia mainly from the former states, as well as abroad. Check out the able-bodied population of Russia permanently abroad caused significant damage to its scientific and economic potential, as more than half of those who left had a higher or secondary technical education, as a significant part of emigrants imagined a golden fund of domestic science. They leave and leave in the face of economic difficulties and the most competitive in demand in developed countries footage.
Russia's position in the global migration is ambiguous. The country is a major supplier of labor and at the same time each year receives hundreds of thousands of people from near and far abroad for temporary work (BP) and permanent residence (permanent residence). From Russia annually leaving for permanent residence abroad 300 - 350 thousand people, officially stating this on the site, or naturalize abroad. About half of immigrants - Germans, Jews and Koreans. About 800 thousand Russians through official channels (quotas, contracts signed in Russia) and informally temporarily working abroad. The structure of this population is extremely diverse: from construction and agricultural workers to business - owners of shops, restaurants and gambling parlors. You can meet Russian citizens working as realtors in Cyprus, in Turkey waiters and as construction workers in Germany.
Currently, there is a legal basis for the departure of our compatriots abroad to earn money. The Russian government has concluded agreements with many countries in these region relations. The economic downturn, deep structural changes, production cuts in the defense industry, the reduction of the army and the influx of immigrants from the CIS republics, higher unemployment and a decrease in income of some social groups are factors stimulating travel from our country to work abroad. According to polls the most prone to travel abroad to work jobseekers, as well as refugees and internally displaced persons from other parts of the CIS in Russia. Many skilled professionals moved abroad to work. According to a Parisian Russian-language newspaper "Latest News", in Western Europe in 2003, has worked at least 50 thousand researchers, teachers, workers of culture and art, health personnel - immigrants from Russia. In Russia every year for permanent residence comes far more people than leave. On September 1, 2005 in Russia were registered 4.3 million people who moved here after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Estimates of the number of undocumented persons is not possible who are mostly ethnic Russian, but they are not entirely. Russian citizenship or residence permit was taken by many Armenians, Azerbaijanis who moved to Russia in the time of armed conflict or for business reasons[1].
On an interim basis in our country are not less than 5 million foreigners. Thus, our country is among the largest states, recipients of foreign labor. In Russia there are more foreigners and stateless persons temporarily working, than in England, France or Italy. Basically it came from the CIS republics - Ukrainians, Moldovans, Armenians, Azerbaijanis. They work in construction, in the urban economy, virtually monopolized the vegetable trade in the city and trade on the markets in general. In Moscow, there are labor workers from 80 countries around the world. They make up about half of the construction workers and one/third of City and suburban-native transport.
A certain category includes stateless persons - refugees or political refugees - Afghans, Kurds, Iranians. The Far East, is home to many Chinese and Koreans. Immigrants from the CIS countries can be placed into two distinct groups of people: first, the citizens of developed countries tend to be highly qualified specialists working under contracts, or in the offices of companies, banks, joint ventures; second - come from developing countries, are often illegally in Russia, for the better working and living conditions in our country, rather than at home; These include Vietnamese, Chinese, Pakistanis, Indians their main field of activity being trade, catering, construction, shadow economy.
In general, the balance of international migration in Russia is positive, in Russia more than ever and people coming for a while, rather than leaving. The positive balance of population movements through the Russian border can be attributed to our country economically developed countries with unfavorable demographic situation, are experiencing labor shortages. In such countries, immigration and the arrival of foreigners to work leads to a number of positive effects, aforementioned, primarily to eliminate the shortage of labor, economic growth, the expansion of the internal market, tax revenues. However, reality consequences of international migration for our country are rather negative. Consider some of them. First, the effects of the entry of foreigners into our country:
1. Arrival from overseas migrants largely caused not economic, but political and national considerations. It is not always prepared and competitive people looking for work, and refugees, forced to leave the former place of residence. They hope not to his initiative and ability to work, and to help central and local authorities, compatriots.
2. The arrival of permanent residents and those for temporary jobs are not coordinated with the real demands for the workers, the availability of jobs, is not regulated and as a result, unemployment is increasing and the corresponding GDP growth does not occur.
3. One of the main problems of the Russian economy - the decline of agriculture, depopulation of villages, reducing the population in the eastern part of the country. The influx of population in Russia is practically in agriculture, not sent to Siberia or the Far East, and settles in the big cities, especially in Moscow, the Volga region and the south of Russia.
4. A large part of immigrants came to work and engage in retail trade, underground business, construction and repair on the orders of private individuals and businesses and do not pay tax-
es and social payments, which is to go underground. The result - a shortage of taxes to the federal and local budgets.
5. The concentration of migrant workers in these areas led to the monopolization of the market and street trade, chain stores, food service, restriction of access to the markets of small local food producers, especially vegetables, fruits, meat, with excessive pricing. The monopolization of retail outlets, sales areas often occurs at fraternities, which leads to the Cree-type demolition, complicating the crime situation, a worsening of relations with the locals. It would be wrong to say that in the shadow economy, unfair trade or crimes involved only visitors from the southern republics. However, their share in the disclosed facts import and distribution of drugs and other violations of the laws is much higher than the percentage among the residents.
6. The arrival of large masses of the population of the country increases the cost of social and cultural needs - pensions, health care, education, a variety of benefits.
Among the positive effects of the arrival of the population in Russia from abroad should note the following[2]:
1. Partial compensation for the demographic crisis in the country. The sharp decline in the birth rate and increase in mortality in recent years, do not be displaced, it would lead to a further reduction of the Russian population and the reduction in the number of Russian.
2. Come for temporary jobs help fill the shortage of low-skilled labor in housing, road construction in the retail trade.
Serious adverse effects of the emigration of people from Russia. Despite the fact that the balance of migration is benefit to persons in our country, the level of qualification between immigrants and emigrants is huge. From those Russians leaving on a permanent basis at least three groups represent serious damage to the country. The first - the scientists and highly qualified specialists. The arrival of these people in any country - is a gift of fate, be it mathematics or artists in the United States, and physics teachers in Germany or the military engineers in the Middle East. Known proportion of these people and their role in science and higher education in many countries.
Second - businessmen who leave permanently from Russia and implemented in a manner emigration of capital. Without considering the causes of the mass export of private Russian capital abroad, we note that its size is extremely large. It is estimated that between 1990 and 2004, the export of the private capital from Russia abroad amounted to at least US$300 billion. United States, that is, it is far superior to foreign government loans and private investment in the Russian economy together.
Of course, not all Russian money abroad moved there with his owners. But such a move, I mean, emigration owners of money from Russia to the United States and Canada, Western Europe, off shoring is a mass phenomenon, which has already crashed the Russian economy.
The third group - ethnic Germans, in many areas of the eastern part of the country a make up a significant portion of the average technical intellectuals and skilled workers, especially in communications and transport industries. To replace these abstainers, disciplined and conscientious workers, often there is nobody.
It is difficult to draw a distinction between jobseekers and specialists leave Russia on time and good. It is estimated that at the end of 2003 abroad on a temporary basis, there were about 80 thousand researchers and teachers in the different status - in practice, internship, according to various foreign or international fellowships, contracts. Leaders of foreign research centers conducting target-directed selection of Russian policy experts for a permanent job. It is known that a significant part of the most qualified employees known Research Institute, Academy of Sciences of the Russian Federation, for example, the Institute of Mathematics.
The difference between the foreign specialists living in Russia, and our scientists abroad is certain that the alien will return home, though the Russian may not. Socio-economic consequences of international migration in Russia are so serious that they have not engaged in our government. However, government regulation of population movements across borders is an extremely difficult problem. State regulation of migration faces a humanitarian, economic, legal, and national problems.
The basic premises of this policy are as follows [3]:
1. In a democracy it is impossible to forbid citizens to travel abroad and return home. This right is enshrined in the constitution.
2. The Russian government may not prohibit the entry of ethnic Russians living in the country and abroad.
3. Demographic situation in Russia is such that the country's transition to a sustainable economic growth of foreign labor on a sustained basis will be necessary.
4. The scope, structure and balance of flows of emigrants and immigrants as well as people come and go on time earnings will depend on the size and dynamics of unemployment, the standard of living, inflation, political stability, science and technology policy and legal rules of entry and exit in Russia and the partners.
5. Departure from Russia of tens of thousands of scientists and specialists of high class is a sad fact, but administrative measures cannot change the situation. While the country is not a clear-Persian groundbreaking public policies on R & D, while scientists and teachers will not be able to get interesting, prestigious and adequately paid work, many of them will seek to go abroad in modern equipped laboratories and centers of scientific thought, where they will recognition and material security. However, this does not mean that the government cannot take any measures to regulate international migration across the borders of Russia. The study of economic, social and demographic consequences of the growing population movements through the Russian border and the development of the concept of the state migration policy is an urgent need of the hour. Russian state policy regulating international migration should include the following elements:
- Scientific analysis of the needs of our country in more labor force as a whole, by industry and region;
- Calculation of the reception capacities of immigrants - compatriots from east Russia, which is developed on the basis of the resources provided by the program of their placement;
- The implementation of effective control over the entry and residence of foreigners in the territory of the Russian Federation (Binding introduction of entry visas for citizens of CIS countries in this regard is welcome);
- Develop international contacts in the field of migration, in order to leave to work or study abroad wore legality of our citizens abroad enjoy full civil rights and the protection of our governments;
- To protect the interests of ethnic Russian and representatives of other peoples of Russia, living abroad, to prevent discrimination against them, to maintain cultural ties with them, to be able to adjust their migration to their historical homeland.
This study reviews the situation of migrants in the labor force in Russian Federation. It is mostly based on data obtained in surveys
The data available about the status of foreigners and migrants on the labor market are incomplete and in some cases difficult to interpret for methodological reasons as noted above. Russia labor market statistics are not fully geared to a mobile, minority population that is not always well integrated [4].
They are not designed to capture the complexity of the migration phenomenon or to facilitate in-depth analysis of the labor force classified on the basis of migrant status (source country, place of birth, generation of migrant, etc.). The inadequacy of the data is particularly unfortunate at a time when migratory flows towards Russia are diversifying. An effort needs to be made to complete and harmonise data on active migrants and other fields relating to migration (for example, analysis of migratory flows). Such an investment is indispensable if comparable data is to be obtained at state level on the situation of migrants in the labor market and in order to follow its evolution over time and its impact on integration.
References
1. Zolin I. Migration management // Problems of the theory and practice of management. 2008. № 5.
2. Sungurov A.Yu. Migration policy: a comparative analysis of international experience and some advice for Russia. St.Petersburg, 2011.
3. Manning Patrick. Migration in World History, New York and London // [Electronic resource]: Routledge, 2005.
4. Bauder, Harald. Labour Movement: How Migration Regulates Labour Markets. New York, 2006.
June, 9, 2015
