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5Features of the aerobic energy supply system
as a result of the activity of the cardiorespiratory system
UDC 796.01:612
Dr. Biol., Professor Yu.S. Vanyushin1
PhD, Associate Professor D.E. Elistratov2
PhD, Associate Professor N.A. Fedorov2
PhD, Associate Professor M.I. Rakhimov3
1Volga Region State University of Physical Culture, Sports and
Tourism, Kazan
2Kazan State Agricultural University, Kazan 3Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan
Corresponding author: kaf.fv.kgau@mail.ru
Abstract
Objective of the study was to identify the features of the aerobic energy supply system as a result of the activity of the cardiorespiratory system, depending on the age of athletes involved in cyclic sports, during bicycle ergometric testing.
Methods and structure of the study. The subjects were athletes involved in endurance sports and, depending on age, the following groups of subjects were formed: 15-16 years old, 17-21 years old, 22-35 years old and 36-60 years old. All of them performed work on a bicycle ergometer with a power of 50, 100, 150 and 200 watts. Each stage of the load lasted 3 minutes, during which the differential rheogram according to Kubizek was recorded, modified by Yu.S. Vanyushin et al., and the indicators of the cardiovascular system were determined: heart rate, stroke volume, minute volume of blood circulation. With the help of a pneumotachograph, indicators of external respiration were determined: respiratory rate, tidal volume, minute respiratory volume. The oxygen utilization coefficient was calculated according to the generally accepted formula.
Results and conclusions. A comprehensive study of the process of adaptation of the cardiorespiratory system of athletes of different ages involved in endurance sports allowed us to identify the possibilities of the aerobic method of energy supply, which depends on the age of the athletes.
In athletes aged 15-16 and 36-60 years, according to the results of our research, it is advisable to develop an external respiration system aimed at increasing the minute volume of respiration, since in this case the aerobic method of energy supply functions better.
Athletes aged 17-21 years should develop a circulatory system that increases the performance of the pumping function of the heart (stroke volume, minute volume of blood), which affects the ability of the heart to eject a larger volume of blood. This will have a positive effect on the aerobic way of energy supply.
Athletes aged 22-35 years should stimulate the gas exchange function associated with an increase in the oxygen utilization factor (UF02), which is the most optimal. In athletes of this age, apparently, it is advisable to develop this particular method of energy supply.
Keywords: cardiorespiratory system, exercise, respiration, blood circulation, gas exchange, athletes.
Introduction. It is expedient to consider functional systems and their functions in connection with ideas about the features and patterns of development of the adaptation process [1, 6, 7]. In the functional systems themselves, transformations occur that contribute to the adaptation process [5, 8, 9], that is, there is a relationship between functional systems and the adaptation process:
Functional ^ Adaptation systems ^
Adaptation, as a process of adapting functional systems to motor activity, has attracted numerous
minds of scientists for decades. This was based on the approaches of P.K. Anokhin [1] in the study of functional systems and the concept of A.A. Ukhtomsky [10] about the dominant focus of excitation in the CNS, the readiness of the organism for a certain type of activity when other foci of excitation, insignificant for a given period of time, are inhibited. PC. Anokhin [1] believed that "a functional system is understood as such a dynamic organization of the structures and processes of the body, which involves them regardless of the anatomical, tissue and physiological certainty." In his opinion, in this case, one of the criteria for the
Theory and Practice of Physical Culture I teoriya.ru I august I № 8 2022
involvement of components in a particular system is "the ability to contribute to obtaining the final adaptive result."
Currently, one of the most important functional systems that can contribute to obtaining the final adaptive result, namely, providing the body with oxygen, is the oxygen transport system, or a system that represents the totality of respiratory and circulatory functions, that is, the cardiorespiratory system. It should be attributed to the systems of the first type, the activity of which is aimed at maintaining the constancy of the internal environment of the body. Systems of the second type contribute to the implementation of behavioral acts, which is an important component not only for optimizing the process of sports training, but also for the development of the entire theory and practice of physical education and sports [8, 13, 15].
Considering the cardiorespiratory system, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that its activity is associated with aerobic energy supply, which is important for the development and improvement of endurance. Especially if sports exercises are related to cyclic sports. With an aerobic energy supply system, the formation of ATP in muscles (mitochondria) occurs with the participation of oxygen. As a result, high efficiency is observed and there are no harmful decomposition products. Such shortcomings are observed in anaerobic alactate and anaerobic lactate energy supply systems [8].
Objective of the study was to identify the features of the aerobic energy supply system as a result of the activity of the cardiorespiratory system, depending on the age of athletes involved in cyclic sports, during bicycle ergometric testing.
Methods and structure of the study. The subjects were athletes involved in endurance sports and, depending on age, the following groups of subjects were formed: 15-16 years old, 17-21 years old, 22-35 years old and 36-60 years old. All of them performed work on a bicycle ergometer with a power of 50, 100, 150 and 200 watts. Each load step lasted three minutes, during which a differential rheogram was recorded according to Kubitschek [14], modified by Yu.S. Vanyushina et al. [2, 3], and indicators of the cardiovascular system were determined: heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), minute volume of blood (MVB). With the help of a pneumotachograph, external respiration indicators were determined: respiratory rate (RR), respiratory volume (RV), respiratory minute volume (RMV). The oxygen utilization factor (UF02) was calculated according to the generally accepted formula [11].
Results of the study and their discussion. When analyzing the activity of functional systems of the first type, which are homeostatic, one should pay attention to the cardiorespiratory system, whose work is aimed at providing the body with oxygen necessary for aerobic energy supply. This circumstance plays a key role in the development and improvement of general endurance. This is especially true for those athletes who are involved in cyclic sports associated with the development of endurance, as well as those who care about their health, developing endurance to improve physical performance and increase the level of life. Therefore, in a comprehensive study of the process of adaptation of the cardiorespiratory system of athletes, it was not by chance that we chose such a wide age range: from 15 to 60 years.
Previous studies [4] considered several areas related to the study of the cardiorespiratory system. In this work, we want to dwell on the direction that is relevant for athletes developing endurance, namely, on supplying their body with oxygen for the process of energy supply through aerobic reactions. For this purpose, we selected a contingent of subjects involved in endurance sports, and proposed a test load in the form of work on a bicycle ergometer from 50 to 200 W. Every 50 W and 3 min, the load gradually increased, which, in our opinion, will help to identify the predominant reactions from the cardiovascular and respiratory systems in athletes of different ages (Table 1).
During muscular activity, as is known, the activity of almost all visceral systems of the body is noted, which is associated with increased oxygenation and the flow of nutrients to working muscles. Consequently, the capabilities of the oxygen transport system increase, which affects the ability of the heart, as a pump, to pump a significant amount of blood and the work of the respiratory system.
The most preferred response in athletes aged 22-35 years was the reaction with an increase in the oxygen utilization factor (UF02), which indicates a more rational energy supply to the body of athletes when performing endurance work. The next type of reaction capable of satisfying the oxygen demand when working on a bicycle ergometer was an increase in the parameters of the cardiovascular system, to which we attributed the minute volume of blood circulation (MVB). This was noted in male athletes aged 17-21 years, which was 20.38 ± 0.46 l/min at a load of 200 W. In highly qualified athletes, this indicator, as a rule, reaches 40-45 l/min [12]. From
Table 1. Indicators of a comprehensive study of the process of adaptation of the cardiorespiratory system of athletes of different ages involved in endurance sports
Load Indicators Groups of athletes
15-16 years old 17-21 years old 22-35 years old 36-60years old
Initial state HR 77.51±4.63 62.20±2.14+ 65.29±2.19* 65.40±2.07v
SV 62.55±3.55 79.37±2.22+ 82.28±3.21* 79.32±2.52v
MVB 4.77±0.28 4.95±0.24 5.29±0.19 5.23±0.27
RMV 9.37±0.81 10.24±0.40 9.59±0.61 10.15±0.47
UF02 21.36±1.98 22.73±0.82 23.71±1.15 22.44±0.61
HR 105.62±5.21 90.42±2.09+ 85.65±2.09* 87.23±1.75v
50 W SV 81.09±3.44 106.00±3.82+ 115.98±3.68* 101.61±3.95v
MVB 8.46±0.50 9.62±0.49 9.95±0.44* 8.88±0.42
RMV 25.76±1.74 22.85±0.87 23.41±1.00 27.25±1.01x
UF02 28.52±1.86 34.30±1.37 34.76±1.03 32.35±0.81
HR 133.13±6.05 108.79±1.95+ 103.86±1.71* 104.16±2.04v
100 W SV 80.07 ±3.45 122.82±3.69+ 131.40±4.17* 117.98±3.65v
MVB 10.53±0.41 13.30±0.38+ 13.59±0.39* 12.22±0.42v
RMV 40.35±3.04 33.11±1.27+ 33.50±1.44* 37.87±0.89x
UF02 33.39±2.02 39.45±1.43+ 39.85±1.30* 38.18±0.93x
HR 161.24±6.25 130.50±2.39+ 123.72±2.18*0 125.20±2.39v
150 W SV 77.83±4.60 129.86±3.30+ 141.72±4.95+0 130.80±4.46v
MVB 12.35±0.56 16.92±0.43+ 17.44±0.54* 16.28±0.47v
RMV 54.15±3.21 45.96±1.28+ 46.49±1.60* 56.55±2.15x
UF02 36.35±2.56 43.31±1.28+ 43.36±1.20* 39.89±1.03x
HR 178.10±6.98 151.44±3.09+ 142.44±2.82*0 147.32±2.69v
200 W SV 73.30±5.45 136.31±4.45+ 141.19±4.22 129.52±5.55v
MVB 12.90±0.87 20.38±0.46+ 20.03±0.57* 18.93±0.69v
RMV 68.57±3.84 59.34±1.48+ 59.55±1.79* 75.65±3.26x
UF02 40.82±1.64 44.30±1.00 47.64±1.17*0 40.37±1.21x
Note. + - statistical significance of differences between groups 1 and 2; * - statistical significance between groups 1 and 3; v - statistical significance between groups 1 and 4; o - statistical significance between groups 2 and 3; x - statistical significance between groups 2 and 4; . - statistical significance between groups 3 and 4.
this we can conclude that in our studies, a load of 200 W is not intense enough or young athletes have not yet reached the level of high skill in cyclic sports that develop endurance.
In our opinion, a less significant response to exercise performance during bicycle ergometric testing is an increase in external respiration, the main requirement of which is to maintain arterial blood plasma gas homeostasis, adequate to the metabolic needs of the body during exercise. These indicators should include a significant increase in RMV. We observed this reaction from the respiratory system in adolescents aged 15-16 years and veteran athletes aged 36-60 years. This characterizes the activity of their organism on the part of the cardiorespiratory system as uneconomical, capable of consuming significant reserves of the oxygen transport system, in particular, oxygen, which is significantly consumed by the work of the skeletal muscles of the respiratory system.
Therefore, the last type of aerobic energy supply considered by us is considered ineffective. However, age-related features of the maturation of individual
parts of the cardiorespiratory system do not always allow the use of other methods of providing the body with oxygen during motor activity. In this regard, in adolescent athletes 15-16 years old, it is necessary to develop and improve the respiratory capabilities of the oxygen transport system to perform aerobic loads that are adequate to the requirements of the body.
Сonclusions. Thus, a comprehensive study of the process of adaptation of the cardiorespiratory system of athletes of different ages involved in endurance sports allowed us to identify the possibilities of the aerobic method of energy supply, which depends on the age of the athletes. In athletes aged 15-16 and 36-60 years, according to the results of our research, it is advisable to develop an external respiration system aimed at increasing the RMV, since in this case the aerobic method of energy supply functions better. Athletes aged 17-21 years should develop a circulatory system that increases the performance of the pumping function of the heart (SV, MVB), which affects the ability of the heart to eject a larger volume of blood. This will have a positive effect on the aerobic way of energy supply. Athletes aged 22-35 years have
Theory and Practice of Physical Culture I teoriya.ru I august I № 8 2022
a gas exchange function associated with an increase in the oxygen utilization factor (UF02), which is the most optimal. In athletes of this age, apparently, it is advisable to develop this particular method of energy supply.
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