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7АРХИТЕКТУРА
FEATURES OF HOUSING FOR WORKERS IN THE XIX- EARLY XX CENTURIES IN THE USA Samoilov K.I.1, Mukasheva M^.2
1Samoilov Konstantin Ivanovich - Doctor of Architecture, Professor;
^ZAKH NATIONAL RESEARCH TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY NAMED AFTER K.I. SATPAYEV;
2Mukasheva Madina Malikkyzy - doctoral Student, ZAKH NATIONAL RESEARCH TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY NAMED AFTER K.I. SATPAYEV,
Assistant Professor, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE, KAZAKH LEADING ACADEMY OF ARCHITECTURE AND CONSTRUCTION, ALMATY, REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN
Abstract: сonsidered the features of a dwelling for workers in the USA in the XlX- XX centurys. Given the brief overview of the stages in the formation of housing architecture for workers during this period.
Keywords: workers housing, workhouse, history of architecture.
UDC 721 (574)
In the first half of the 19th century, the national wealth of the United States was largely based on the exploitation of slave labor. [1] During the period from the 16th century to the 19th century, about 12 million Africans were brought to the American countries, of which about 645 thousand -to the territory of the modern United States [2]. During this period, construction of housing for slaves was very limited, both in the west and in the south. Slaves and domestic servants worked together and lived in the houses of their owners until the last quarter of the 17th century, when they began to be accommodated in specially designated rooms for servants.
The emergence and most active development of the working class in the United States falls on, as in most Western countries, in the 19th century. And just like for Europe, for America in the 19th century, was the century of the industrial revolution. One of the most important features of the industrial revolution in America was that while large factories grew in the East, small-scale domestic production was revived in the West [3]. A decisive breakthrough in the industrial development of the United States in the second half of the 19th century connected, first of all, with the victory of the North in the Civil War and the final approval of the industrial development of the country as opposed to the agrarian orientation of the South [4].
The history of the United States (1865-1918) includes periods of Reconstruction, the "gilded age" and the beginning of the era of progressivism. This era saw the industrialization of a formerly predominantly agrarian America and a surge in immigration to the United States.
A feature of the construction of the United States in the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries was its unprecedented scope. The deterioration of sanitation and hygiene conditions in cities, which in turn was associated with the random placement of industry, a reduction in green spaces and an increase in the density of residential areas, forced wealthy citizens to leave the old city districts.
A characteristic feature of the American mass housing construction of the period under review is its heterogeneity: if low-rise construction, which had a long tradition from colonial times, had a number of advantages and provided the inhabitants of individual houses with enough amenities, then the same cannot be said about high-rise buildings with cheap apartments for rent. These houses, which began to be built in New York in the 1930s, occupied plots measuring 7.6 x 30.5 m and a height of 5-7 floors.
Such houses, which were actually slums, were built over the next forty years. The bulk of the residents of these houses were blacks and immigrants. In the second half of the 19th century, with
the development of capitalism, the construction of tenement houses flourished, when the need for labor led to an increase in the population in cities, an increase in land prices [8].
Since the 70s began the construction of apartment buildings of a slightly improved type, the so-called "houses according to the old rules". A small courtyard was usually located between them. These houses, narrow and protruding far into the site, were also an example of extremely poor quality residential development. They built up many streets in different parts of New York.
The housing crisis among industrial workers was especially acute. The economic boom during the war years attracted large new masses of workers to the war industry. The housing issue has become even more acute. It became apparent that private entrepreneurs could not provide any decent working housing for a reasonable fee.
In the architecture of the United States before World War I, there were no objective prerequisites for the formation of a progressive creative direction. The architecture of the United States at that time was determined by mass construction, which was distinguished by outright utilitarianism, on the one hand, and pompous unique structures, on the other. Mass housing construction in the United States of the period under review is characterized mainly by individual houses and houses with a small number of apartments. Historically, the appearance of this kind of houses was primarily due to economic reasons [9]. In England, this type of construction also gained momentum, and this began to cause alarm in urban municipalities, because the government wanted to stake on the construction of multi-storey buildings [6].
The structural basis of such houses is formed by a wooden frame, sheathed with boards or covered with shingles, as well as prefabricated panel structures, which allow assembly on site. Factory-made serial houses were less common. Low-rise buildings, as a rule, were built in suburban settlements, created without the participation of architects. In some cases, mainly by the end of the period under review, a dead-end planning principle was used, with houses being placed in a checkerboard pattern.
A truly revolutionary event in the architectural life of the capital after the war was the construction of high-rise buildings, which marked a new stage in the development [7].
The period discussed above, although not replete with unconditional creative achievements, is extremely important for the further development of American architecture. In fact, it was during these years that processes took place in it, which largely predetermined the fact that in the post-war period it was able to occupy one of the leading places in the architecture of capitalist countries.
References
1. Horton James Oliver, Horton Lois E. (2004). Slavery and the Making of America. New York: Oxford University Press. Р. 7. ISBN 0-19-517903-X.
2. Ronald Segal. The Black Diaspora: Five Centuries of the Black Experience Outside Africa (англ.). New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux (англ.) русск., 1995. P. 4. ISBN 0-37411396-3.
3. YefmovA.V. Ocherki istorii SSHA. 1492 — 1870. M.: Uchpedgiz, 1958. S. 210.
4. Askol'dova S.M. Nachalo massovogo rabochego dvizheniya v SSHA. M. Nauka, 1966. S. 54-55.U.S. Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States (1976) series. S. 89.
5. Samoylov K.I., Mukasheva M.M. Features of housing for workers XIX - the beginning of the XX century in the UK // Nauka i obrazovaniye segodnya. Ivanovo: Problemy nauki, 2019.
