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4ПРИРОДА И СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫЕ НАУКИ
(NATURE & AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES)
УДК 631
Shekeralyeva M.
Turkmen Agricultural University named after. S. Niyazov (Ashgabat, Turkmenistan)
Oraev G.
Student
Turkmen Agricultural University named after. S. Niyazov (Ashgabat, Turkmenistan)
Amanbaeva E.
Student
Turkmen Agricultural University named after. S. Niyazov (Ashgabat, Turkmenistan)
FEATURES OF GROWING LEMON IN CULTURE
Abstract: lemon - plant, species of the genus Citrus (Citrus of the subtribe Citrus (Citreae) of the Rutaceae family. The fruit of this plant is also called lemon. Lemon is a small evergreen fruit tree up to 5-8 m high, with a spreading or pyramidal crown. There are trees aged 45 years.
Keywords: lemon, citrus, fruit.
Introduction.
The bark is grayish, slightly fissured on perennial branches and green or reddish-violet, smooth on annual shoots, usually with spines, less often without them. Leaves with the scent of lemon, leathery, green, 10-15 cm long, 5-8 cm wide, glossy, glossy on the upper side and light green and matte on the lower side, entire edges, with
venation, dotted when viewed in the light (from translucent containers essential oil), broadly oval or oblong-ovate, pointed at both ends, on short (from 1 to 1.8 cm), wingless or winged (on growth shoots) petioles, with a noticeable articulation at the base of the leaf blade, usually falling off every 3 of the year.
The flowers are axillary, single or paired, medium-sized (2-3 cm) with an unclear-toothed calyx and a five-membered corolla. The petals are pure white or slightly creamy, pinkish or purple on the outside, strongly recurved, bare, with a subtle delicate aroma. The fruit is 6-9 cm long, 4-6 cm in diameter, ovoid or oval hesperidium, narrowed at both ends, with a nipple at the apex, light yellow, with a difficult to separate tuberculate or pitted crust containing many glands with essential oil. The inner part of the fruit with eight to ten spongy nests and endocarp cells growing in the form of sac-like hairs, filling the nests. The hairs filled with juice make up the pulp of the fruit. The pulp is greenish-yellow, sour. Seeds with a single embryo, ovoid, yellow-green or white, greenish in cross section.
Blooms in spring. The fruits ripen in autumn. The structure of the lemon leaf is curious: at first glance it is a simple leaf. In botany, a compound leaf is one that consists of several separate plates (leaflets), and these leaflets fall off individually. In lemon, the leaf blade falls off separately from the petiole - the petiole falls off later. Therefore, the lemon leaf is a solitary compound leaf in origin, but all but one of its lobes have disappeared. Homeland - India, China and the tropical Pacific islands. Unknown in the wild, most likely it is a hybrid of citron and bitter orange [1], which spontaneously arose in nature and developed for a long time as a separate species. Widely cultivated in many countries with subtropical climates. In the CIS it is cultivated in the Transcaucasus (Azerbaijan, grown in a creeping culture) and Central Asia (Uzbekistan, Tajikistan), where it grows in a trench culture.
Introduced into culture, apparently, in Southeast or South Asia, first mentioned in the 12th century for the territory of India and Pakistan. From here, in the 12th century, lemon was brought by Arabs to the Middle East, North Africa, Spain and Italy [2].
About 14 million tons of lemons are harvested around the world every year. The leaders are India and Mexico (approximately 16% of the world's harvest each).
At the end of the 1970s, about 730 thousand tons of fruits were collected annually in Italy, the USA (about 550 thousand tons) and India (about 450 thousand tons) were in second and third place, and in total about 4 million were collected annually in the world tons of fruits [2].
It was apparently grown on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus since the 18th century, but had no industrial significance. In Russia, lemon was also grown indoors. In the 20th century, in some years on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, the area under lemon reached 8 thousand hectares, but now they have greatly decreased [2].
At the end of the 1970s, the yield of an adult tree in open ground averaged 200350 fruits, the record was 2500; in trench culture, on average, 300-350 fruits were obtained per tree and up to 280 thousand fruits per hectare. The annual lemon harvest in Tajikistan reached 8 million fruits.
REFERENCES:
1. Citrus Limonium // Botanical Dictionary / comp. N. I. Annenkov. - St. Petersburg. : Type. Imp. AN, 1878. - XXI + 645 p.
2. Lemon / V.V. Vorontsov // Great Russian Encyclopedia [Electronic resource]. — 2016.
3. Vekhov V.N., Gubanov I.A., Lebedeva G.F. Cultivated plants of the USSR / resp. ed. T. A. Rabotnov. - M.: Mysl, 1978. - P. 201-203. — 40 l. ill., 336 p. — ( Reference books for geographers and travelers ). — 100,000 copies.
4. Dudchenko L.G., Kozyakov A.S., Krivenko V.V. Spicy-aromatic and spicy-flavoring plants: Handbook / Responsible. ed. K. M. Sytnik. - K.: Naukova Dumka, 1989. - 304 p. — 100,000 copies. — ISBN 5-12-000483-0.
5. Toby Sonneman. Lemon: A Global History. — Reaktion Books, 2013. — 141 p.
6. Watson A.M. Agricultural Innovation in the Early Islamic World: The Diffusion of Crops and Farming Techniques, 700-1100. - Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983. - P. 42-50
7. Morton, Julia F. "Lemon" pp. 160—168, in Fruits of warm climates. 1987. (Purdue University) (English)
