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Khakimova D.O.
Mirzaturg'unova N.M.
Faculty of English philology and teaching Uzbekistan State World Languages University
Uzbekistan, Tashkent
FEATURES OF BORROWINGS OF ENGLISH VOCABULARY
Annotation. This article gives brief information about English vocabulary, words that are borrowed into English and their peculiarities.
Key words: loan words, origin, original language, equivalent.
I. INTRODUCTION
Acquiring words from other languages has always been one of the important means of filling the English vocabulary. English has many words of foreign origin. The language from which the loan word came into English is called a borrowing source. The original language to which the word can be traced is called the origin of the borrowing, e.g. The word "pedestrian" (pexota) comes from the French language, its origin is Italian. In etymological dictionaries, the source comes first. The main groups of words in the English language are represented by borrowings from Latin, Scandinavian and French languages. Although many other languages (Celtic, Greek, Russian, Italian, Spanish, Arabic) contributed to the development of English vocabulary. The history of the vocabulary of a language is closely related to the history of the peoples who speak this language [1].
II. METHODS
English is generally considered a global language. English is already established as the de facto lingua franca in business, academics, science, computing, education, transportation, politics, and entertainment. A global language acts as a "lingua franca", a common language that allows people of different nationalities and ethnicities to communicate on a more or less equal basis. Indeed, English has developed and expanded as a global language for international communication. With the development of society, science and technology, politics, culture, education, economy, it is a language recognized and understood by people everywhere in the world. There are many words in English language and most of the words are borrowed or adopted from other languages like Greek, Latin, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Arabic, Hindi, Urdu, Russian etc. English has the largest vocabulary, which confuses students in understanding its semantics, structure, grammar and pronunciation. In English, there is no relationship between the spelling and pronunciation (speech-sound) of words. The letters of the English alphabet in use are not always sufficient to represent the sounds of English speech. The purpose of writing this article is to inform readers about the English language - its structure, its place in the world, its relationship
with other languages, and how it is enriched by words borrowed from other languages or borrowed words [2].
III. RESULTS
English, a West Germanic language, belongs to the Indo-European language family and originated from Anglo-Frisian dialects formerly spoken by people living in northwestern Germany and the Northern Netherlands. The history of the English language is traditionally divided into three main periods: Old English (450-1100 AD), Middle English (1100-1500 AD), and Modern English (from 1500). Over the centuries, English has been influenced by a number of other languages. In the first century BC. Europe was conquered by the Roman Empire. Most of the population of Europe are Germanic tribes, whose languages contain only Indo-European and Germanic elements. The size of the Old English vocabulary is about thirty thousand words, which corresponds to the number of words used by modern educated speakers. The Old English vocabulary is composed of words common to all or almost all Indo-European languages: kinship terms, parts of the human body, natural phenomena, names of plants and animals, verbs referring to the main activities of a person, adjectives. personal and demonstrative pronouns and numbers denoting the most important adjectives. The common Germanic layer contains words related to nature, human life and activities. Over time, English has been influenced and enriched by many languages, mainly Scandinavian languages, Latin and French. The number of words borrowed from the French language is huge. Words have been appropriated in different periods and for different purposes, for science, medicine, art, technology, etc. Over time, loanwords have undergone several changes common to the English language itself. Loanwords were influenced and changed their semantic, structural or more or less morphological meaning, even their phonetic appearance. Later they were assimilated by purely English words that lost their origin or etymology. The main reason for borrowing is to provide a word from the source language variety when there is no corresponding word in the target language. Borrowing or borrowing refers to the process by which speakers adopt words from their source language into their mother tongue. "Debt" and "debt" are, of course, metaphors. At appropriate times, speakers deliberately adopt a new word from the borrowing language because they think it fits the idea they want to express. For example, the Japanese word tsunami appeared and spread more widely, especially after the disaster that devastated Indonesia in 2004. It is most appropriate for a natural disaster, as this word is used by the Japanese people [3]. Tsunamis occur frequently in Japan.
IV. DISCUSSION
English is a language that has been heavily borrowed from other languages over the centuries. It is estimated that about 60% of the English vocabulary has been borrowed from other languages, making it one of the most diverse and dynamic languages in the world. English borrowings come from Latin, Greek, French, German, Spanish, Italian, Dutch, Arabic, Hindi and many other
languages. In this essay, we will study the characteristics of borrowings in English vocabulary. One of the most striking features of borrowings in the English vocabulary is their variety. Borrowings come from a variety of languages and cultures, reflecting the global nature of English and its history as a language of trade, diplomacy, and colonialism. This diversity is reflected in the different types of borrowings that exist in English, which can be divided into several categories. Derived words are words that are borrowed from another language without significant changes in spelling and pronunciation. Examples of loanwords in English include the words "piano" from Italian, "karaoke" from Japanese, and "chutzpah" from Yiddish. Loanwords often reflect cultural or technological concepts that have no equivalent term in English. Another category of borrowing is calques, which are words or phrases borrowed from another language but translated literally into English. Calcs often reflect idiomatic expressions or grammatical structures specific to the source language. Examples of calques in English include "flea market" from the French marché aux puces (literally "flea market") and "beer garden" from the German Biergarten (literally "beer garden"). i" is included. The third category of borrowing is hybrid words, which are words formed by the combination of elements from two or more languages. Hybrid words often reflect the mixing of cultures or languages in a particular historical context. Examples of hybrid words in English include "Spanglish" (a mixture of Spanish and English), "Franglais" (a mixture of French and English), and "Hinglish" (a mixture of Hindi and English). Another feature of borrowings in the English vocabulary is their flexibility. Loanwords often undergo changes in spelling, pronunciation, or meaning as they become integrated into the English language. For example, the Latin word "camera" originally meant "a gnosis room", but in English it meant "photograph". Similarly, the French word "restaurant" originally meant "restored food", but in English it means "place to eat". Loanwords in English vocabulary also reflect the historical and cultural context in which they are derived. For example, the heavy borrowing from French in Middle English reflects the Norman conquest of England in 1066 and the subsequent influence of French on English. Similarly, the heavy borrowing from Arabic in English reflects the historical influence of Islamic civilization on European culture [4].
V. CONCLUSION
Finally, borrowings in the English vocabulary often undergo changes in usage and meaning over time. Some debts become obsolete or obsolete, while others become so commonplace that they are no longer considered debts. For example, the Latin word "graduator" originally meant "the son of a father", while in English it meant "a graduate of a school or university". Similarly, the French word "faux pas" originally meant "false step," but in English it means "social blunder." In summary, borrowing is a key feature of the English vocabulary, reflecting its diversity, flexibility, and historical context. Borrowing occurs across a wide range of languages and cultures and can take many forms, including
loanwords, calques, and hybrid words. Borrowings also undergo changes in spelling, pronunciation and meaning over time, reflecting the dynamic nature of the English language.
References:
1. https://studfile.net/preview/2226979/
2. http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-26014925
3. https://www.fluentu.com/blog/english/english-words-from-other-languages/
4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_English_words_by_country_or_langua ge_of_origin.
5. http://www.studyenglishtoday.net/english-language-history.html
6. https: //en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Category:Lists_of_English_words_of_foreign_o rigin
