CC BY
74s
2015
Fatigue and faulty posture connection among children, diagnosed with dysarthria
Andrejeva Julija1, Mockiene Asta2, Zukauskiene Milda3
1Klaipeda University, Lithuania 2Vytautas Magnus University, Lithuania 3University of Applied Sciences, Lithuania
Abstract:
Purpose: To analyze spastic dysarthria form in children population dependency of fatigue and faulty posture relationship. Methods: Research performed with the permission of the bioethics committee (RE-BK-063). The Dutch Fatigue Scale (DUFS). Posture in standing was assessed by Hoeger and Kendall. Research subjects n=40. n=20 children diagnosed with spastic dysarthria and n=20 of children without dysarthria. Their age was 10±2.1years. Boys were n=20 and girls - n=20.Results were statistically significant at p<0.05. Microsoft Office 2013, Excel package were used to count a research results. Results: For children with dysarthria fatigue level is more significant that for children without dysarthria; results were statistically significant, p<0.05. Posture disorder for children with dysarthria was statistically significant higher than among children without dysarthria, p<0.05. Conclusions: For children with dysarthria fatigue level is higher than for healthy children, thus for the girls fatigue level is higher than for the boys. Spastic form dysarthria has an impact to a child posture, by creating a direct dependency between posture deformation and skeletal muscle system disease, which decreases muscle power and increasing fatigue for a child. To correct faulty posture thus to decrease fatigue the tight collaboration needed between rehabilitation team members.
Keywords: spastic dysarthria, children, posture, fatigue assessment.
Андреева Юлия, Моцкене Аста, Жу-каускене Милда. Связь утомления и дефектов осанки среди детей, диагностированных с дизартрией. Цель: Проанализировать зависимость спастической формы дизартрии от утомления и дефектов осанки среди детей. Методы: Исследование было выполнено с разрешения комиссии по биоэтики (RE-BK-063). Утомление оценивалось с помощью Голландской Шкалы Утомления. Осанка оценивалась согласно методу Хогер и Кендалл. Всего в эксперименте участвовали n=40 детей, дети с диагностированной спастической формой дизартрии n=20 и дети без дизартрии n=20. Возраст 10±2,1 лет, мальчики n=20, девочки n=20. Результаты были статистически значимы при p<0,05. Microsoft Office 2013, Excel пакет был использован для расчёта результатов исследования. Результаты: Для детей с дизартрией уровень утомления был статистически значимо выше чем у детей, не имеющих дизартрию, p<0,05. Нарушение осанки у детей имеющих дизартрию было статистически значимо выше чем у детей не имеющих дизартрию p<0,05. Выводы: Для детей с дизартрией уровень утомления был выше чем у здоровых детей и среди девочек он был выше чем у мальчиков. Спастическая форма дизартрии оказывает влияние на осанку детей создавая прямую зависимость между деформацией осанки и системным заболеванием костно-мышеч-ной системы, что в свою очередь уменьшает силу мышц и увеличивает степень утомления у ребёнка. Для того чтобы исправить порочную осанку и уменьшить утомление нужно тесное сотрудничество среди членов реабилитационной команды. спастическая дизартрия, дети, осанка, оценка утомления.
спастическая дизартрия, дети, осанка, оценка утомления.
Андреева Юлiя, Моцкене Аста, Жу-каускене Мшда. Зв'язок втоми i дефеклв постави серед дггей, дiа-гностованих з дизартрiею. Мета: Проаналiзувати залежнють спастичноТ форми дизартрп' вщ втоми i дефеклв постави серед дтей. Методи: Досль дження було виконано з дозволу комiсiï з бюетики (RE-BK-063). Втома оцшюва-лося за допомогою Голландсько!' Шка-ли Стомлення. Постава оцшювалась зпдно з методом Хогер i Кендалл. Усьо-го в експеримент брали участь n=40 дтей, дiти з дiагностованою спастично' формою дизартрп n=20 i дiти без дизартрп n=20. Вк 10 ± 2,1 роюв, хлопчики n=20, дiвчатка n=20. Результати були статистично значущi при p <0,05. Microsoft Office 2013, Excel пакет був використаний для розрахунку результа-^в дослщження. Результати: Для дь тей з дизартрieю рiвень стомлення був статистично значимо вище ыж у дтей, що не мають дизартрп, p <0,05. Пору-шення постави у дiтей з дизартрп було статистично значимо вище ыж у дiтей, що не мають дизартрп p <0,05. Ви-сновки: Для дiтей з дизартрieю рiвень стомлення був вище ыж у здорових дь тей i серед дiвчаток вiн був вище, жж у хлопчикiв. Спастична форма дизартрп впливае на поставу дтей створюючи пряму залежнiсть мiж деформа^ею постави i системним захворюванням кютково-м'язово!' системи, що в свою чергу зменшуе силу м'язiв i збтьшуе ступiнь втоми у дитини. Для того щоб виправити порочну поставу i зменшити стомлення потрiбна тюна спiвпраця серед членiв реаботацмно''' команди.
спастична дизарт^я, дiти, постава, оценка стомлення.
Introduction
Dysarthria - is insufficient verbal articulation resulted from speech function's disability, which appeared as a consequence of central nerve and peripheral nerve systems' damage. Clinical neurology (2009) states that dysarthria is inability to perform a clear speech because of articulate function dysfunction. Non-congenital dysarthria can be classified as progressive (during degenerative diseases such as Parkinson, Multiple Sclerosis, motoneuron dysfunctions, Huntington disease, and non-progressive (during stroke or during traumatic brain injury), Dysarthria can be characterized according to a special type (Darley & Aronson, 1975; Duffy, 2005), or/and according dysarthria level (light, moderate, heavy (Yorkston et al., 1999). Dysarthrya pathology: let's imagine our speech as certain cortical process. BROKA centre is human brain cortical centre, which is responsible for speech development and its control. VERNIKE centre - human brain cortical part,
© Andrejeva Julija, Mockiene Asta, Zukauskiene Milda, 2015 http://dx.doi.org/10.15561/18189172.2015.0810
which is responsible for person's speech recognition. Concerning ASSOCIATIVE centre - its localization isn't known. But it is responsible for phrases and sentences and there settlement. It is responsible for „what" Broka centre will „spell" and what „hear" VERNIKE centre. So cortical centre brain damage appears as coordination disorder and spasticity, peripheral centres damage determines muscle atrophy (Selivestrov, 1997).
Human posture is formed from the birth. Correct posture has an impact to an internal organs function and if posture becomes faulty, CNS normal functionality decreases, Cardio vascular system capability and normal functionality decreases. All that factors make headaches worse, and determines lumbar spine and thoracic spine pan and disorders. Posture - this is static-dynamic position of head, shoulders and pelvic, with their help, person is able to maintain posture during every day activities, during professional activity with an external and external factors impact (Kendall et al., 2005). Muscle fatigue can be defined
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as the fall in maximum force-generating capacity of the muscle. During exercise, the magnitude and mechanisms of human skeletal muscle fatigue vary widely and depend to a large extent on the individual, the type of muscle, and the exercise stimulus or task. In general, fatigue may arise during muscular contractions due to failure at one or more sites along the pathway of force production from the central nervous system to the contractile apparatus (Edwards, 1981). There is reason to believe that both age and gender can affect the fatigue process, although our understanding of these effects is hampered by a lack of consensus in the literature. Although it has been reported that older adults fatigue relatively more than young adults (Lennmarken et al., 1985) and that men fatigue more than women (Hicks et al., 1996) some investigators have found no effect of age (Stackhouse et al., 2001) or gender (Ditor, 2000) on fatigue. Still others have found that older subjects fatigue relatively less than younger subjects (Ditor, 2000). Along with the lack of clarity regarding the effects of age and gender on the magnitude of muscle fatigue, the mechanisms of these differences have not been established. Differences in fatigability across age or gender could occur as a result of differences in neural drive, fiber-type composition, contractile function, muscle membrane excitability, metabolic capacity, or muscle mass and blood flow. For example, it was recently suggested that central activation failure may play a relatively larger role in the fatigue of older compared with younger adults (Stackhouse et al., 2001). Other investigators have reported impairments in excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle of older adults (Delbono et al., 1995) although the possible role of this impairment in fatigue has not been established. The results of some (McCully, 1993) but not all (Kent-Braun, 2000) studies suggest that oxidative capacity may be impaired with aging, despite a general shift toward a more oxidative fiber-type profile in older compared with younger muscle (Lexell, 1995). An impaired oxidative capacity in the muscle of older adults might contribute to fatigue in this group. Finally, it is unclear how a gender-based difference in fatigue might interact with the aging process. In addition to the effects of activation, contractile function, and metabolism on muscle performance, the degree of fatigue that develops during exercise may be affected by muscle size and, consequently, vascular constriction during contraction. The impact of larger muscle mass, greater strength, and higher target tensions during exercise in men compared with women has been addressed in several studies. In the adductor pollicis, a gender-based difference in endurance time during a sub-maximal contraction persisted despite matching subjects to similar strengths (Fulco et al., 1999). More recently, Hunter & Enoka (2001) showed a gender difference in endurance (time to failure to maintain target tension) of the elbow flexor muscles during a contraction sustained at 20% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) force but similar fatigue (fall in MVC) in men and women at the end of this exercise. Notably, the gender difference in endurance was negated by accounting for pre-exercise differences in muscle strength. These and other (Ditor &
Hicks, 2000) results suggest that the relationship between muscle strength and fatigue should be examined in studies of the effects of age or gender on fatigue.
Fatigue - is very acute and important problem in a modern community. Economic split and development, for rapid speed of life, forces person to hurry. During such speed of life person spends much less time by taking care of his health state. Fatigue can appear form a heavy mental and physical work, big media amount emotional stress, strong emotional stressor. Fatigue is multidimensional factor, which appears as person's systematic disorder. It can be defined with subjective and objective specifications. Subjective specifications: physical complains increment, emotional liability, feeling of being sleepy or apathy, awareness in appearance, introspection, bigger sensation of rest necessarily, inability to gain strength after sleep. Objective features: permanent and irresistable lack of energy inability to maintain the previous level of physical activity. The thoughts, that to maintain and perform ordinary task on the everyday level becomes challenging, sense of guilty because of expectations failure (Stankus, 2013).
Physical fatigue is mainly resulting from three reasons: magnitude of the external load, duration and frequency of the external load, and vibration. It was proved in (Chen, 2000) that the movement strategy in industrial activities involving combined manual handling jobs, such as a lifting job, depends on the fatigue state of muscle, and it is obvious that the change of the movement strategy in the activities directly impacts the motion of the operation and then results in different loads in muscles and joints. If it goes worse, once the desired exertion is over the physical capacity, cumulative fatigue or injury might appear in the tissues as potential risks for musculoskeletal disorders (Ma et al., 2009).
Methods of the research: our research performed with the permission of bioethics committee (RE-BK-063) The Dutch Fatigue Scale (DUFS). It can assess common fatigue aspect, which defined as irresistible, long-term sense of exhaustion and decreased ability to maintain appropriate level of mental and physical fitness (Tiesinga Lucas J., Dassen Theo W.N., Halfens Rund J.G., 1998). Scale consists of 9 divisions with 5 choices to answer in each section, from 0=no and 4=yes. Time limit 3-5 days. Cronbach alfa > 0.80 were kept statistically significant (Nunnally & Bernstein, 1994).
Posture in standing was assessed by (Hoeger, 1988) and (Kendall et al., 2005): normal, lordotic-kifotic, straight, humped. Normal - slightly waved back, risen chest, straight abdomen. Straight - straight spine, almost its curvature's absence. Humped - middle part of the trunk if flexed forward direction. Lordotic - a big angle lordotic curvature, week abdomen muscles, weak upper trunk muscles. Kifotic - strong lumbar and neck lordosis, most noticeable spine kifosis, very noticeable hump back. During posture assessment researches was assessing head, neck, upper trunk position, shoulders, pelvis and lower part of the body, hips, knees, ankle and foot joints position were also assessed. Research subject posture is
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assessing from back, left, right sides. Assessing from the side, the standard point of beginning is vertical line which is equilibrated to line of gravity in a frontal plane. This plane is dividing trunk to anterior and posterior parts. Those parts are nor symmetrical. During assessment head position, cervical spine, scapular position, thoracic, lumbar position, pelvis, hips, knees and ankles are also evaluated. Assessing from the back, standard point of beginning is accounted from line of gravitation in a sagittal plane. The line begins between the heels, rises up between the legs, through pelvic centre, spine, thorax and skull. Right and left sides are symmetrical and in balance. During assessment head position, cervical spine position, shoulders, scapulars, thoracic and lumbar spine, pelvis, hip joints, legs and ankles are evaluated.
Research subjects were n=40; n=20of children
diagnosed with spastic dysarthria and n=20 of children without dysarthria. Their age was 10±2,1year. Boys were n=20 and girls - n=20.
Research subjects were asked to fill the Dutch Fatigue Scale (and to return after 5 days, all files were returned (100%). Results were held statistically significant at p<0.05. Microsoft office 2013 Excel package was used for statistical analysing.
Results of the research
During fatigue assessment with DUFS scale, research results showed that fatigue level for children diagnosed with dysarthria was statistically significantly higher than for children without dysarthria p<0.05. For the girls fatigue level was higher than for the boys, and respectively (62 ± 2.4) and (28 ± 3.3) for the girls and 38 ± 4.1) thus (31 ± 5.6) percent's for the boys. For the girls fatigue level was
Girls Boys
■ CHILDREN DIAGNOSED WITH DYSARTHRIA ■ CHILDREN WITHOUT DYSARTHRIA
Fig. 1. DUFS (fatigue assessment scale).
12 Girls Boys Girls Boys
11 10 2 ------ 2 2 4
9 8 7 6 5 2 ................3
<u « u o •- 3 2 .......... .............. • —— . . 3 CHILDREN WITHOUT DYSARTHRIA • Flat concave spine — Kifotic concave spine
<u -Q E S Z 4 3 2 1 0 ir"" ' ' CHILDREN DIAGNOSED WITH DYSARTHRIA -Rounded spine .....Flat spine
Fig. 2. Forms of faulty posture for children diagnosed with dysarthria and for children without dysarthria.
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statistically significantly higher, compared to the boys, p<0.05. For children without dysarthria, fatigue level was statistically not significantly higher, thus for boys higher than for the girls, p>0.05.
Analysing posture for children with dysarthria research results showed that more cases of faulty posture was with flat concave spine and accordingly for the girls (4±1.2) cases, for the boys (2±1.5), difference was statistically significant, p<0.05 for children without dysarthria, flat concave spine number of cases was less and accordingly were (3±2.1) for the girls, and (1±0.3) for the boys, results were not statistically significant p>0.05. Also the second biggest number of cases was in rounded posture form, and accordingly (1±0. 4) for the girls, and (4±1.7) for the boys number of cases, p<0.05.
For the children without dysarthria the biggest number of faulty posture was kifotic concave form and for the girls (2±0.9) and for the boys (4±1.6) number of cases, results were statistically significant, p<0.05. Flat spine form in both groups were in the same number of cases and the difference didn't show statistical significance, p>0.05.
Discussion
Analysing DUFS fatigue scale research results showed that, fatigue level for children diagnosed with spastic form of dysarthria was statistically significantly higher than for children without dysarthria, p<0.05 for the girls fatigue level was statistically significantly higher compared to the boys, p<0.05. For children without dysarthria fatigue level was statistically insignificantly higher for the boys compared to the girls, p>0.05. Speech fatigue reviews in a literature several prosodia components, which are changing the function together with an increase of level of fatigue, including variations in a voice tone height, speech frequency and spectral energy. Intonations also specifically changes (monotonic or flat voice) (Harrison and Horne, 1997).
Fatigue level for children diagnosed with spastic form of dysarthria was statistically significantly higher than for children without dysarthria, p<0.05. acoustical properties of the voice gives a reliable information about CNS damage, as often changes during different types of damages including neuromuscular degenerative diseases (Josephset al., 2006; Folkeret al., 2010) thus brain lesions (Ziegleret et al., 1993). In recent years, a growing number of studies have reported increased postural sway during quiet standing with muscle fatigue localized at the lower back (Davidson et al. 2004; Madigan et al. 2006; Pline et al. 2006; Vuillerme et al. 2007). Although the exact mechanism inducing these postural impairments is rather difficult to be determined, it is likely that an alteration of the functionality of the sensory proprioreceptive and motor systems caused by trunk muscles fatiguing exercise explained these observations. Indeed previous studies have reported that trunk muscles fatigue altered proprioreceptive acuity at the ankle (Pline et al. 2005) and the torso (Taimela et al. 1999), delayed the reaction time of the muscles in response to a sudden load (Wilder et al. 1996), reduced the force-generating capacity (Ng et al. 2003; Potvin & O'Brien 2002) and increased its
variability (Ng et al. 2003; Potvin & O'Brien 2002).
For children diagnosed with dysarthria research results showed, that the biggest number of faulty posture made flat concave spine cases, for the girls the number of cases was statistically significantly higher than for the boys. Thus the highest amount of faulty posture among children diagnosed with dysarthria showed rounded type of faulty posture, for the boys the number of cases was statistically significantly higher than for the girls. Even among healthy subjects have an acoustical voice properties changes as a respond to environmental (Liebermanet al., 2005), physical (Patil & Hansen, 2008) and pharmacological (Thompson, 1995; Hollienet al., 2001) impact. It is well known, that voice does changes when a healthy subject is affected by the physical fatigue (Whitmore and Fisher, 1996) including performed research of the fatigue level changes in terms of time (Bardet al., 1996) and voice tone (height) (Harrison and Horne, 1997).
For children without dysarthria the biggest number of cases concerning faulty posture was in rounded concave type, among girls the number of cases was statistically significant less than for the boys. Flat type spine in both groups had the same number of cases and they were not statistically significant. The research performed by other scientists, showed, that stressful posture can decrease ability to tolerate physical work load and it can lead to a fatigue level increase, which in turn determines every day activities and tasks performance diminution. Specific tasks, during which stressful posture can appear, should be noticed and directed by physiotherapists to the specific correction and stress decrease methods, for everyday activities and performance improvement (Seidel D., 2011).
For children without dysarthria fatigue level was statistically insignificantly higher among the boys then for the girls p>0,05, children have less muscle mass then adult, thus are able to generate less absolute power during high intensity work load performance. Several scientists have noticed that, children have much better oxidative and glycolytic peculiarities during physical workload, besides children's ability to activate slower II type muscle fibres, can explain children's feature to resist to a fatigue during long-term maximal voluntary contractions (Ratel, 2006). By making decision from a clinical profile, fatigue profiles have differences among healthy children and children diagnosed with a muscle and metabolic diseases. Performing research on a dystrophic muscles for children it had been noticed, that contradictive changes appeared in muscle contractile features thus in muscle fatigue ability. Several performed research on boys atrophic muscles diagnosed with a Duchene syndrome, showed there less fatigue ability then the healthy boys, but other research showed that fatigue among Duchene syndrome children and healthy subjects was equal. Children with glycogenesis V and VII type and dermatomiositis and children with obesity who are havening workload every week have showed early fatigue signs (Ratel, 2006). Physical therapy intervention for faulty posture correction and to reduce fatigue may include, but not limited to:
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thorough assessment of overall posture and thorough examination of the structures involved [muscles, ligaments, and joints] as well as to soft tissue mobilization of tight or shortened myofascial structures. Manual therapy was used to mobilize joint structures. Therapeutic exercises to strengthen weak muscles, to stretch out tight structures, and to correct posture. Functional training was applied for proper posture learning (Grimmer, 1997).
Posture is considered by many clinicians to be an important factor in dysfunction and pain. As part of physiotherapy intervention, patients are often advised about their habitual postures in relation to musculoskeletal pain and fatigue. A clear, quantified understanding of the relationships between physical characteristics should enhance the effectiveness of both therapeutic and educative intervention (Raine & Twomey, 1994).
Considering the important role of foot and ankle somatic-sensory inputs in the regulation of postural sway during quiet standing (Kavounoudias et al. 2001; Meyer et al. 2004).The recovery process after fatigue procedures is often considered as a limitation for all fatigue experiments (Vuillerme and Pinsault, 2007). The effects of trunk extensor muscles fatigue during quiet standing depended on the availability, accuracy and/or reliability of somatic-sensory inputs from the foot and
the ankle (Vuillerme and Pinsault, 2007). This result suggests that the CNS was able to integrate the afferent input from cutaneous mechanoreceptors in the foot and shank (stimulated by the pressure and traction of the material on the skin) to limit the postural destabilization induced by trunk extensor muscles fatigue (Vuillerme and Pinsault, 2007). Central nervous system dynamically and selectively adjusts relative contributions of sensory inputs (i.e. sensory weights) in order to maintain upright stance, depending not only on the sensory environment but also on the neuromuscular constraints acting on the subject (Vuillerme and Pinsault, 2007).
Conclusions
For children with dysarthria fatigue level is higher than for healthy children, thus for the girls fatigue level is higher than for the boys. Spastic form dysarthria has an impact to a child posture, by creating a direct dependency between posture deformation and skeletal muscle system disease, which decreases muscle power and increasing fatigue for a child. To correct faulty posture thus to decrease fatigue the tight collaboration needed between rehabilitation team members.
Conflict of interests
Authors declare that there is no conflict of interests.
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Информация об авторах: Андреевг Юлия: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6604-8742; julavento@gmail.com; Клайпедский университет; ул. Херка-ус Манто 84, LT-92294 Клайпеда, Литва.
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Information about the authors: Andrejeva J.: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6604-8742; julavento@gmail.com; Klaipeda University; Herkaus Manto st. 84. Klaipeda. LT - 92294 Lithuania.
Моцкене Аста: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1428-7212; a.mockiene@spc.vdu.lt; Университет имени Витаутаса Великого; К. Донелаисио, 58, LT-44248 Каунас, Литва.
Жукаускене Милдa: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4267-8277; m.zukauskiene@spf.viko.lt; Вильнюсская коллегия; Дидлау-кио 45, Вильнюс 08303, Литва.
Цитируйте эту статью как: Андреева Юлия, Моцкене Аста, Жукаускене Милда. Связь утомления и дефектов осанки среди детей, диагностированных с дизартрией. // Педагогжа, психолопя та медико-бюлопчш проблеми ф1зичного виховання i спорту. - 2015. - N 8. - С. 75-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15561/18189172.2015.0810
Электронная версия этой статьи является полной и может быть найдена на сайте: http://www.sportpedagogy.org.ua/html/arhive. html
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Дата поступления в редакцию: 08.06.2015 Принята: 01.07.2015; Опубликована: 20.07.2015
Mockiene A.: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1428-7212; a.mockiene@spc.vdu.lt; Vytautas Magnus University; K. Donelaicio st. 58, Kaunas LT-44248 Lithuania.
Zukauskiene M.: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4267-8277; m.zukauskiene@spf.viko.lt; University of Applied Sciences. Faculty of Health Care; Didlaukio g. 45, Vilnius 08303, Lithuania.
Cite this article as: Andrejeva Julija, Mockiene Asta, Zukauskiene Milda. Fatigue and faulty posture connection among children, diagnosed with dysarthria. Pedagogics, psychology, medical-biological problems of physical training and sports, 2015;8:75-81. http://dx.doi. org/10.15561/18189172.2015.0810
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.sportpedagogy.org.ua/html/arhive-e.html
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0/deed.en).
Received: 08.06.2015
Accepted: 01.07.2015; Published: 20.07.2015
