CC BY
8Fast physical progress periods in youth women's tennis
UDC 796.342
Dr. Hab., Professor A.P. Skorodumova1 Master S.D. Semenova1
Postgraduate N.S. Dolgikh1
''Federal Scientific Center for Physical Culture and Sports, Moscow
Corresponding author: apskorodumova@mail.ru
Abstract
Objective of the study was to find the sensitive physical progress periods in the 6-14-year-old female players trained in the beginner and basic training groups.
Methods and structure of the study. The physical fitness test set we used in the present study was developed based on the prior research findings implemented in practice as a basis for the age-, gender- and skills-specific training systems, with a high priority to the competitive progress securing physical fitness tests. We sampled for the study the 6-14 year-old girls (n=228) from seven tennis schools, academies and clubs in Moscow, Moscow Oblast and Tatarstan and split them up into nine age groups of 20-plus people each.
Results and conclusion. The tests showed the physical fitness growth with age with the only exclusion for the shoulder girdle flexibility rating stick twist test. It should be emphasized, however, that the 14-year-olds were not the best in every test. The test data are indicative of the 6-14-year-old girls reaching the physical fitness peak points in the tests at different times and in different physical fitness qualities. Moreover, the peak reaching inconsistency was found in every test rating the same physical quality.
Growth in some test is indicative of the age-specific sensitivity to trainings of the physical fitness quality rated by the test
The study data and findings give grounds to recommend the 6-14 year-old women's tennis training systems being customized for the sensitive ages due to the physical progress differences to secure high progress in every key physical quality by the prudently designed, individualized and managed training service.
Keywords: physical qualities, 6-14 year-old females, fast progress age, sensitive age.
Background. It has been demonstrated by many studies [1, 2, 5, 7] that physical progress in trainings is normally accelerated in a few sensitive age periods need to be respected by the training systems.
Objective of the study was to find the sensitive physical progress periods in the 6-14-year-old female players trained in the beginner and basic training groups.
Methods and structure of the study. The physical fitness test set we used in the present study was developed based on the prior research findings implemented in practice as a basis for the age-, gender- and skills-specific training systems [4, 8, 9], with a high priority to the competitive progress securing physical fitness tests. We sampled for the study the
6-14 year-old girls (n=228) from seven tennis schools, academies and clubs in Moscow, Moscow Oblast and Tatarstan and split them up into nine age groups of 20-plus people each.
Results and discussion. The tests were designed to rate the speed-strength, coordination, flexibility and endurance: see Table 1.
The tests showed the physical fitness growth with age with the only exclusion for the shoulder girdle flexibility rating stick twist test. It should be emphasized, however, that the 14-year-olds were not the best in every test - see the best results bolded in Table. 1. The test data are indicative of the 6-14-year-old girls reaching the physical fitness peak points in the tests at different times and in different physical fitness quali-
Table 1. Physical fitness tests of the 6-14 years old sample
Tests Age groups
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
n=29 n=21 n=21 n=21 n=33 n=23 n=27 n=33 n=20
5m sprint, s 1,52± 1,48± 1,57± 1,34± 1,28± 1,42± 1,36± 1,23± 1,24±
0,17 0,19 0,15 0,17 0,14 0,22 0,28 0,12 0,15
u cp cp in 10m sprint, s 2,71± 2,64± 2,61± 2,36± 2,18± 2,32± 2,12± 2,06± 2,01 ±
0,28 0,26 0,29 0,29 0,12 0,18 0,12 0,18 0,30
Response rate, s 0,78± 0,61± 0,51 ± 0,62± 0,84± 0,58± 0,83± 0,80± 0,64±
0,15 0,12 0,17 0,19 0,32 0,23 0,45 0,22 0,24
Right carpal 9,43± 13,25± 14,84± 15,30± 19,81± 21,72± 19,56± 22,80± 25,66±
Strength strength, kg 2,77 2,34 2,81 2,95 3,68 3,58 4,63 4,98 6,10
Left carpal strength, kg 8,55± 2,46 11,80± 1,93 13,58± 2,55 13,64± 2,47 17,99± 2,78 19,62± 3,18 18,60± 4,53 21,98± 5,15 24,24± 6,22
Long jump, cm 123,50± 136,67± 147,40± 159,38± 166,22± 177,48± 177,10± 190,97± 194,05±
19,18 17,06 14,00 16,34 13,25 16,61 32,84 15,46 18,77
High jump, cm 16,56± 18,58± 20,44± 23,81± 25,11± 24,36± 28,24± 28,68± 27,63±
3,65 3,50 3,67 3,99 3,57 5,15 2,97 4,00 5,46
* ts Ball throw, m* 8,74± 11,88± 12,14± 7,86± 8,58± 9,76± 11,71± 14,38± 14,65±
2,96 2,66 4,30 1,85 1,81 2,98 2,00 2,72 2,07
15-s stick cross- 12,45± 15,38± 17,19± 19,00± 16,89± 22,48± 15,87± 16,45± 20,00±
ing jumps, reps 3,25 5,04 5,11 5,58 9,36 7,31 9,66 12,05 11,89
c o 6 length-plus 17,12± 18,89± 14,63± 8,11± 8,39± 11,52± 6,40± 4,62± 5,64±
CO jumps, cm 5,35 7,94 6,27 5,83 8,85 6,62 6,62 3,22 3,50
.c p Ball juggling on 41,34± 59,86± 50,43± 5,85± 6,19± 10,39± 9,08± 13,58± 22,90±
o o O racket, reps** 25,72 34,83 40,92 3,66 4,37 8,04 5,28 10,27 19,05
High jumps with/ without arm swing ratio, % 116,68± 119,05± 117,73± 117,04± 114,41± 120,13± 114,29± 119,19± 115,90±
12,31 13,52 11,68 8,53 8,19 10,83 8,62 10,51 6,98
Lean, cm 2,57± 5,86± 7,33± 7,36± 4,61± 5,13± 7,15± 9,52± 7,58±
5,95 5,16 3,72 4,85 6,40 6,40 7,27 5,99 9,07
> Stick twist, cm 53,54± 52,75± 53,90± 54,26± 62,10± 63,15± 58,45± 63,91± 66,85±
14,54 10,74 13,30 14,67 15,91 13,00 16,40 17,23 18,81
X CP Right-hand-up 3,24± 4,07± 7,02± 6,33± 9,25± 10,74± 11,52± 10,95± 10,05±
LJL lock, cm 3,07 8,04 4,95 5,51 4,06 5,89 5,54 3,71 6,29
Left-hand-up 1,91± 2,83± 5,12± 4,24± 6,48± 7,83± 7,78± 8,50± 7,60±
lock, cm 3,65 4,26 5,09 5,42 4,45 6,81 5,57 4,67 6,11
6x8m shuttle 17,30± 18,69± 17,24± 15,57± 14,86± 14,62± 14,16± 13,84± 13,97±
CP O sprint, s 4,30 2,59 1,57 1,23 0,88 0,98 0,60 0,79 0,97
c CO 10 high jumps, 136,17± 152,21± 171,26± 193,60± 228,06± 231,91± 269,23± 295,57± 264,11±
T3 cm 39,35 28,28 40,78 29,31 45,98 49,51 46,14 51,01 59,24
c LU Push-up time in 0,58± 0,83± 0,47± 1,07± 1,57± 0,71± 1,39± 1,87± 1,38±
the above test, s 0,72 1,05 0,58 0,85 0,97 0,81 0,97 0,83 1,13
Note: *tennis/ 1kg ball throws by the 6-8/9-plus year-olds, respectively; **ball juggling off the ground for the 6-7year-olds and by the racket frame for the 8-plus year-olds
ties. Moreover, the peak reaching inconsistency was found in every test rating the same physical quality. For example, the speed test data was found age-specific, with the elder groups showing better results in the longer-time tests. Thus the 8-year-olds were the fastest in the response test and high jump push-off time test. The 13 and 14 year-olds were the best in the 5m and 10m sprint tests, respectively. Furthermore, the physical fitness test data showed the actual progress being uneven with age. We found the intergroup
growths in every test to find the most sensitive periods when the test results grow fast versus the prior age group: see Table 2.
Growth in some test is indicative of the age-specific sensitivity to trainings of the physical fitness quality rated by the test [1-3, 6, 10-13]. Since the growth is different, the sensitivity is also different, and that is why the sports community strives to find the most sensitive periods that promise the highest progress in every physical quality / test (Tables 2-4). Therefore,
Table 2. Sensitive/ fast physical fitness growth periods found by the speed, speed-strength and strength tests
Physical qualities Speed Speed-strength Strength
Test 5m sprint, s 10m sprint, s Response, s Long jump, cm High jump, cm Tennis/ 1kg (T/ K) ball throw, m Right/ left (R/L) carpal strength, kg
Age 9 9 12 11 7 9 12 T: 7 K 13 R: 7 L: 7
Growth, % 14,0 9 9 31 10,7 17,0 16,8 T: 35,4 K: 23,0 R: 41,0 L: 38,0
p 0,01 0,01 0,01 0,01 0,01 0,01 0,01 0,01
Table 3. Sensitive/ fast physical fitness growth periods found by the coordination tests
Physical qualities Coordination
Test 15-s over-stick jumps, reps 6 length-adding jumps, cm 15s ball juggling with racket off the ground/ by frame (O/ F) High jump with/ without arm swing (1/2), %
Age 11 9 12 O: 7 F: 11 u 14 11 13
Growth, % 33 45 44 O: 45 F: 68 and 69 5 4
p 0,05 0,01 0,01 O: 0,01 F: 0,01 insignificant 0,05 insignificant
Table 4. Sensitive/ fast physical fitness growth periods found by the flexibility and endurance tests
Physical qualities Flexibility Endurance
Test Lean, cm Stick twist, cm Right/ left-hand-up (R/L) lock, cm 6x8m shuttle sprint, s 10 high jumps total, cm 10 high jump push-off time, s
Age 7 12 R: 8 L: 8 9 10 11
Growth, % 128 7 R: 73 L: 81 10,3 17,8 55
p insignificant insignificant R: L: insignificant 0,01 0,01 0,01
age periods showing the highest growth in the key physical qualities of special priority may be considered sensitive and most beneficial for the training service in the target physical quality domain. This means that every training system should be customized to the age-specific sensitivities to the physical progress aspects. We summarized in Table 5 the age-specific
sensitive physical qualities that the training service needs to be focused on.
Conclusion. The study data and findings give grounds to recommend the 6-14 year-old women's tennis training systems being customized for the sensitive ages due to the physical progress differences to
Table 5. Age-specific sensitive physical qualities need to be prioritized by the training service for the 6-14-year-old female tennis players
Age Physical qualities
7 Strength, including the carpal one; lower limbs and shoudler girdle speed-strength rated by the ball throw test in the 6-8 year-olds; spinal flexibility; coordination rated by the spatial movement control test
8 Shoulder girdle flexibility rated by the arm lock test
9 Short/ longer acceleration rated by the 5m/10m sprint tests, respectively; lower-limbs speed-strength; endurance rated by the 6x8m shuttle sprint tests; coordination rated by the muscle strength control test
10 Speed-strength endurance rated by the 10 high jump total test
11 Response speed; SS endurance rated by the 10 high jump push-up time test; coordinationn rated by the movement redirection, spatial accuracy and movement control/ harmony tests
12 Longer acceleration rated by the 10m sprint test; lower-limbs speed-strength; coordination rated by the muscle strength control test; shoulder girdle flexiblity rated by stick twist test
13 Shoulder girdle speed-strength; coordination rated by movement control/ harmony tests
14 Coordination rated by the spatial movement accuracy test
secure high progress in every key physical quality by the prudently designed, individualized and managed training service.
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