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ISSN 2313-2159 (print) ISSN 2409-9864(online)
Dniprop. Univer.bulletin. Geology, geography., 26(1), 71-78.
doi: 10.15421/111808
Antonina V. Ivanina Dniprop. Univer. bulletin, Geology, geography., 26(1), 71-78.
Famenian palynostratigraphy of the Volyn-Podillya margin of the East-Europian platform
Antonina V. Ivanina
Ukraine, e-mail: ant_iv@ukr.net
Abstract. Famenian carbonate-terrigenous deposits with thickness in 300-580 m are widely distributed within the Volyn-Podillia margin of the East-European platform. It is the facies-varying complex of rocks, the stratification of which is very difficult because there are no faunal remains in the sediments (with the exception of the lower part). Therefore, during the study of this stratum, the palynological method and the palynostratigraphic division are very important. The main purposes of this study are to identify palynozones, distinguish their generalized description and to create a local scale of the palynological zonation - the vertical succesion of biozones. The material for research consists of more than 450 samples, selected from 31 boreholes. The main method is the facial-palynological analysis, or the method of palynoorictocenosis. This is the first study to perform the standardized description of the biostratigraphic units determined by the palynological data for the Famennian of the Volyn-Podillia margin of the East-European platform. In general, five palynozones are allocated in the Famennian. All palynozones are comprehensively documented thanks to numerous palynological data, characterized by a zonal spore assemblage, in the structure of which there are following categories of taxa: based on the vertical range characteristics - key, characteristic, transit ones; on the content - subdominant, accessory. According to spreading peculiarities of key and characteristic species the following types of bio-units are identified: the Range-Zone (two units) and the Concurent-Range Zone (three ones). General the Famenian deposits of the Volyn-Podillia margin of the East-European platform were palynologically subdivided into lebedianensis-magnificus (the oldest zone), varicornata, cassis-lupinovitchi, versabilis -hamulus, lepidophyta (the youngest unit) miospore zones. Palynozones with a thickness from 17 to 231 m are laterally widespreaded, recorded from a number of boreholes within Volyn-Podillya. They have a set of palynological features that allow easy recognition of deposits. Palynozones detail the sequence bedding, complement the paleontological characteristic and form the local palynological zonal scheme of the Famenian of the Volyn-Podillia margin of the East-European platform.
Keywords: palynology, miospores, palynozones, Famenian, the Volyn-Podillia margin of the East-European platform.
Палiностратиграфiя фаменських в1дклад1в Волино-ПодшьськоУ окра'ши Схщноевропей-ськоУ платформи
Антонша В. 1ванша
Лbвiвсbкий нацюналъний ушверситет iMeHi 1вана Франка, Лъвiв, Украта, e-mail: ant_iv@ukr.net
Анотащя. Фаменсью карбонатно-теригенш вщклади потужшстю 300 - 580 м, повсюдно поширеш в межах Волино-Подшь-сько1 окра'ши Схщно-€вропейсько1 платформи, складають фащально м^ивий комплекс порщ, стратифшащя якого викликае значш труднощi через те, що у вщкладах (за винятком меншо1 нижньо1 частини) немае фаушстичних решток. Тому для ви-вчення ще*1 товщi велике значення мае палшолопчний метод та виконання палiностратиграфiчних побудов, головна мета яких - видшення всебiчно схарактеризованих палшозон i створення мюцево!' шкали палшолопчно!' зонаци - вертикально!' послщо-вност палшостратошв. Матерiалом для дослщжень стали понад 450 зразюв, вщбраних iз 31 свердловини. Головним методом обрано фащально-палшолопчний аналiз, або метод палiноориктоценозiв. Уперше для фаменських вiдкладiв Волино-Подшь-сько1 окра'ши Схщно-Свропейсько!' платформи наведено стандартизовану характеристику бiостратиграфiчних тдроздшв, ви-значених за палшолопчними даними у вщкладах фамену ВПО СЕП, Тх корелящю з бютдроздшами сушжних репошв. Зага-лом у розрiзi фамену видшено п'ять палшозон. Вони комплексно обгрунтоваш, схарактеризоваш зональним споровим комплексом, у структурi якого е таю категорП' таксошв: видшеш за особливостями поширення в розрiзi - керiвнi, характерш, або типов^ транзитнц визначенi за вмiстом: субдомшанти, рiдкiснi. За сполученням керiвних i характерних видiв у фаменських вщкладах визначено такi типи бiопiдроздiлiв: двi бiозони i три конкурентно-ранговi зони. Загалом у фаменських вiдкладах Волино-Подшьського краю Схiдно-Gвропейсько'í платформи визначено таю зони (вщ давнiшо'í до наймолодшо1'): lebedianensis-magnificus, varicornata, cassis-lupinovitchi, versabilis -hamulus, lepidophyta. Палшозони латерально витриманi, просте-женi в розрiзах свердловин у межах Волино-Подiлля, мають товщину вiд 17 до 231 м, деталiзують стратиграфiчне розчленування розрiзiв, доповнюють палеонтологiчну характеристику вiдкладiв i формують мiсцеву бiостратиграфiчну шкалу, визначену за палшолопчними даними.
Geology • Geography
Dnipro university bulletin
Journal home page: geology-dnu-dp.ua
Ivan Franko National University of Lviv,
Received 30.01.2018
Received in revisedform 11.02.2018
Accepted 15.02.2018
Ключовi слова: палшолопя, спори, палшозони, фаменський ярус, Волино-Подiльська окра1на Сх1дноевропейсько1 платформи
Introduction. One of the prioritized direction in today's geology are the updated, modernized and substantiated reinterpretation of existing stratigraphic schemes - one of the main normative geological documents, and improvement of the biostratigraphic support of regional geological works. Spores and pollen are a group of organic microfossils with a significant lateral spreading that has quickly evolved and is a component of sedimentary rocks. Palynolog-ical data are a basis for a polyfacial sediments correlation, a stratification with varying degrees of detail, the biostratigraphic justification of lithostratigraphic units, and it is an additional search criterion for oil and gas, etc. This is one of the most important floris-tic groups, which must necessarily be used for the stratigraphic division, correlation of sedimentary rocks and an improvement of straton characteristics.
Famenian carbonate-terrigenous deposits with a thickness of 300 to 580 m are widely spread within the Volyn-Podillia margin of the East-European platform (VPM EEP). This is a polyfacial complex of rocks with varied lithology, including limestone, dolomites, clastics. Their stratification is very difficult because strata are poor in fossils (with the exception of the smaller lower part). Therefore, during the study of this stratums, palynological method and palynostratigraphic division are of great importance. The main aim of these investigations is to determine and fully characterize the palynozones, define their types, age and create a local scale of a palynological zonation - the vertical succesion of bio-units. Palynological research of the Upper Devonian deposits of Volyn-Podillya was started in the 60's of the twentieth century by G. I. Kedo, I. I. Par-tyka (only handwritten conclusions on individual samples). The first attempts to generalize the paly-nological materials with the allocation of complexes were made by I. I. Partyka and A. V. Ivanina in the 90's of the XX century (Ivanina, Partyka, 1990).
Today, during the rapid development of information technology, one of the main tasks of stratigraphy, in addition to the certification of geological bodies, is the formation of an interactive standardized system - a catalog of personified stratums. The systematization and unification of stratigraphic materials is needed because of the low quality of main stratigraphic normative documents - stratigraphic schemes - due to the dominance of the subjective approach to the definition of the stratigraphic hierarchy, too generalized stratons characteristics without specifying clear criteria for their selection, violations of stratigraphic nomenclature rules, etc. Creation of the standardized system of stratigraphic units' characteristics unifies and specifies of stratums diagno-
ses, facilitates of stratigraphic information perception, and it is a convenient form of storage and a reliable tool for the analysis of valid scientific data and various operations.
Currently, due to new data and the improvement of methodological principles of the palynolog-ical analysis, revision of the miospores' definitions according to the updated taxonomy of M. V. Osh-urkova (Oshurkova, 2003) has been performed, taxa spreading ranges have been specified, biostratigraphic divisions by the palynological data have been determined, zonal characteristics are unified and specified, standardized characteristics of paly-nozones and the palynological zonation scheme of the Famenian of the VPM EEP are worked out. Materials and methods. The materials for studying consists of more than 450 samples from 31 boreholes. The main method is the facial-palynological analysis, or the method of palynoorictocenosis, based on the complex studying palynomorphs and the lithological-facial composition of country rocks (Ivanina, 1998, 2014). It's characteristics and the methodology of the zones' and zonal scales determining by palynological data are described in (Ivanina, 1997, 2014; Ivanina, Shulga, 2005). Paly-nozones are biostratigraphic units with the unique, characteristic only for zonal sediments miospores' assemblage. In it's structure there are the following categories of taxa: according to the peculiarities of vertical distribution - key (with significant lateral spreading and narrow stratigraphic range; limited to one - three palynozones); characteristic (with a spread from a part of stage to a part of system, but with higher content within some intervals); transit with a wide stratigraphic range (common in the deposits of systems or their large parts, they are suitable only for general characteristics of stratigraphic units); on the content - subdominant (their content in spectra is between 5% to 20%), accessory (less than 5%). The main criteria to palynozones' definition are based on the appearance or disappearance of characteristic and key species and less quantitative changes in the assemblages composition. By these criteria in Famenian of the VPM EEP the two types of bio-units are identified: the Concurent-Range Zone (zones of common distribution of two index species) and the Rank zone (or spread zone of key taxon).
Results and their analysis. Below for the first time, for the Famennian sediments of the VPM EEP, the standardized description of biostratigraphic units determined by palynological data, their correlation with the bio-units of the adjacent regions are given. Palynozones with a thickness of 17 to 231 m are
widespread. They have been recorded from a number of boreholes within Volyn-Podillya. They are distributed within the structural-facial region or part of the geological region. Zones are based on the vertical range characteristics of the recorded taxa. A stratigraphic range of selected miospores is given in table 1. General the Famenian deposits of the VPM EEP were palynologically subdivided into such zones: lebedianensis-magnificus (LM) (the oldest zone), varicornata (V), cassis-lupinovitchi (CL), versabilis-hamulus (VH), lepidophyta (L) (the youngest unit) miospores zones.
Table 1. A stratigraphic range of Famenian key and characteristic miospores of the Volyn-Podillia margin of the Eastern European platform
Miospore taxa Palynozones
LM V CL VH L
Monilospora latomarginatus +
Retusotriletes radiosus +
Cymbosporites magnificus +
Corystisporites multispinosus +
Tuberculiretusispora subgibberosa +
Chelinospora timanica +
Lophozonotriletes crassatus + +
Knoxisporites perlotus + +
Lophozonotriletes lebedianensis + +
Retusotriletes simplex + +
Ancyrospora honesta + +
Geminospora notata + +
Sinuosisporis intertextus + + +
Ancyrospora gibbosa + + + +
Reticulatisporites perlotus + + + +
Archaeotriletes hamulus + + + +
Auroraspora varia + + + + +
Lophozonotriletes grumosus + + + + +
Retusotriletes communis + + + + +
Knoxisporites literatus + + + + +
Hymenozonotriletes рoljessicus + + + + +
Diaphanospora rugosa + + + + +
Lophozonotriletes curvatus + + + + +
Lophozonotriletes scurrus + + + + +
Grandispora famenensis + + + +
Geminospora compacta + + + +
Hymenozonotriletes mucronatus + + + +
Cyrtospora cristifera + + + +
Auroraspora hyalina + + + +
Hymenozonotriletes commutatus + + + +
Сornispora varicornata +
Diaphanospora lebedianensis +
Crystatisporites lupinovitchi + +
Tuberculispora regularis + + +
Geminospora golubinica + +
Hymenozonotriletes cassis + + +
Kedomonoletes glaber + + +
Grandispora distincta + +
Convolutispora usitata + +
Grandispora facilis + +
Hymenozonotriletes versabilis + +
Retispora lepidophyta +
Miospores zones detail the stratigraphic division of the Famennian, supplement the paleontolog-ical characteristics of deposits and form a local biostratigraphic scale, determined according to the pal-ynological data. The local miospore zonation scheme of Famennian of the VPM EEP have been correlated with standart schemes of the palynologi-cal zonation from the type regions - the Central regions of the East-European platform and the Franko-Belgian Ardenne Massif (Streel M. et al., 1987; Av-khimovitch et al, 1993).
Lophozonotriletes lebedianensis - Cymbospor-ites magnificus (LM) Zone
1. Author: A. V. Ivanina.
2. Date of publication - described at first.
3. Type of Zone - the Concurent-Range Zone.
4. Lateral distribution - widespread, traced in 26 wells.
5. Typical section: Volyn region, borehole Lito-vezch 1, 1 041-1 257 m.
6. Thickness - 117-231 m.
7. The most important signs: 46 taxa are recorded - 31 transit and 24 key and typical species, 11 of which appear at the base of the Zone; and five species (Chelinospora timanica (Naum.)
Loboziak et Streel, Cymbosporites magnificus (McGregor) McGregor et Camf., Re-tusotriletes radiosus Rask., Tuberculiretusispora subgibberosa (Naum.) Oshurk., Coryst-isporites multispinosus Richard., Monilospora latemarginatus (Kedo) Ivanina) disappeare in the top of the Zone; two index species Lophozonotriletes lebedianensis Naum. and Cymbosporites magnificus (McGregor) McGregor et Camf. are with mutually blocked spreading - they happen together only in this zone. 8. Summary palynological characteristic - in table 2.
Table 2. Miospores' composition of the Lophozonotriletes lebedianensis - Cymbosporites magnificus (LM) Zone
Taxa Subdominant Accessory
Key Knoxisporites perlotus Corystisporites multispinosus, Retusotriletes radiosus, Chelinospora timanica, Monilospora latomarginatus, Cymbosporites magnificus, Lophozonotriletes lebedianensis, L. crassatus, Sinuosisporis intertextus, Tuberculiretusispora subgibberosa
Characteristic Archaeotriletes hamulus, Ancyrospora gibbosa, A. honesta, Lophozonotriletes curvatus Knoxisporites literatus, Lophozonotriletes grumosus, L. scurrus, Retusotriletes communis, R. simplex, Reticulatisporites perlotus, Hymenozonotriletes poljessicus, Auroraspora varia, Geminospora notata, Diaphanospora rugosa
Transit Punctatisporites, Calamospora, Stenozonotriletes conformis, Ambitisporites pumilis Granulatisporites, Leiotriletes simplex, Retusotriletes minor, R. triangulatus, Stenozonotriletes laevigatus, Ambitisporites simplex, Verrucosisporites, Foveolatisporites, Acanthotriletes, Geminospora rugosa, Microreticulatisporites, Trachytriletes, Lophotriletes, Converrucosisporites, Reticulatisporites, Camptotriletes, Periplecotriletes, Spinozonotriletes, Apiculiretusispora, Anapiculatisporites
9. The nature of the contacts: the base of the Zone is defined by the first appearance of Knoxisporites perlotus (Naum.) Ivanina, K. literatus (Waltz) P l ay f., Sinuosisporis intertextus (Nekr. et Serg.) Ivanina, Lophozonotriletes lebedianensis Naum., L. crassatus Naum., L. grumosus Naum., Ancy-rospora gibbosa (Naum.) Richard., Re-tusotriletes communis N a u m., Archaeotriletes hamulus Naum., Reticulatisporites perlotus (Naum.) Obukh., Hymenozonotriletes poljessicus Kedo); concordantly overlapped by the V Zone.
10. Age determination and palynological correlation with units of general Europian palinostratigraphic scales: corresponds to the CZ (cristifer-zadonica) Zone and the Im (immensus) Zone, which established in the Zadon-Eletsk Horizon of all regions of the East-European platform (Naumova, 1953; Raska-tova, 1973; Nazarenko, 1975; Avkhimovitch et al, 1993), Pripyat (Hexpxma, 1974) and Dnieper-Donetsk (Kononenko, 1984) depressions; and in general it is comparable to the whole V Zone and the lower part of the GH (gracilis-hirtus) Zone, that has been identified in the lower part of the Nehden Stage (Famenian) of Germany (Streel M. et al., 1987; Avkhimovitch et al, 1993).
Cornispora varicornata (V) Zone
1. Author: A. V. Ivanina.
2. Date of publication - described at first.
3. Type of Zone - the Range-Zone.
4. Lateral distribution - traced only in 6 wells of the Central and Northern parts of VPM EEP.
5. Typical section: Lviv region, borehole Volitsa 1, 1 075-1 092 m.
6. Thickness - 17-26 m.
7. The most important signs: appearance and maximum development of index species Cornispora varicornata Stapl. et Jans. with content 5-20%; presence only in this zone key species Diaphanospora lebedianensis (Naum.) Balme et Has sell; the first appearance of 8 characteristic taxa; disappearance at the top Ancyrospora honesta (Naum.) Oshurk., Geminospora notata (Naum.) Obukh., Ambitisporites simplex (N a u m.) Oshurk., Re-tusotriletes simplex Naum.; generally 35 transit and 29 characteristic and key taxa are defined.
8. Summary palynological characteristic - in table 3.
9. The nature of the contacts: consonant contacts with underlying (of the LM Zone) and overlapping (of the CL Zone) rocks; the base of the Zone is defined by the first appearance of Cornispora varicornata Stapl. et Jans., Crystatisporites lupinovitchi (Avch.) Avch., Tuberculispora regularis Ivanina, Grandisporafamenensis (Naum.) Streel,
Hymenozonotriletes mucronatus Kedo, H. commu-tatus Naum., Geminospora compacta (Nekr.) Ivanina, Cyrtospora cristifera (Luber) Van der Zwan, Auroraspora hyalina (Naum.) S tr e e l. 10. Age determination and correlation with units of general Europian palynostratigraphic scales: equivalent to that established in the lower part of the CVa (varicornata) Zone of the Lebediansk Horizon of
the East-European platform (Nazarenko, 1975; Av-khimovitch et al, 1993), Pripyat (Avkhimovitch, 1986) and Dnieper-Donetsk (Kononenko, 1984) depressions. It also correlated with uppermost the GH (gracilis-hirtus) Zone and lowermost the GF (gracilis-famenensis) Zone, which defined in the upper part of the the Nehden Stage and in the lower part Hemberg Stage of Germany (Streel M. et al., 1987; Avkhimovitch et al, 1993).
Table 3. Miospores' composition of the Cornispora varicornata (V) Zone.
Taxa Subdominant Accessory
Key Сornispora varicornata var. mon-ocornata Сornispora varicornata var. bicornata, С. varicornata var. tricornata, Crystatisporites lupinovitchi, Sinuosisporis intertextus, Lophozonotriletes lebedianensis, L. crassatus, Tuberculispora regularis, Knoxisporites perlotus, Diaphanospora lebedianensis
Characteristic Ambitisporites simplex, Lophozonotriletes curvatus, Knoxisporites literatus, Auroraspora varia, Ancyrospora gibbosa Ancyrospora honesta, Geminospora notata, Retusotriletes simplex, Grandispora famenensis, Cyrtospora cristifera, Hymenozonotriletes mucronatus, H. commutatus, Geminospora compacta, Auroraspora hyalina, Diaphanospora rugosa, Lophozonotriletes scurrus, L. grumosus, Archaeotriletes hamulus, Retusotriletes communis, Hymenozonotriletes poljessicus, Reticu-latisporites perlotus
Transit Calamospora, Punctatisporites, Stenozonotriletes conformis, Ambitisporites pumilis Leiotriletes simplex, L. nigratus, Granulatisporites, Retusotriletes minor, R. triangulatus, Stenozonotriletes laevigatus, Verrucosisporites grumosus, V. communis, Acanthotriletes, Trachytriletes, Geminospora rugosa, Foveolatisporites, Microreticulatisporites, Lophotriletes, Converruco-sisporites, Reticulatisporites, Camptotriletes, Periplecotriletes, Spinozono-triletes, Apiculiretusispora, Anapiculatisporites
Hymenozonotriletes cassis - Crystatisporites lu-pinovitchi (CL) Zone
1. Author: A. V. Ivanina.
2. Date of publication - described at first.
3. Type of Zone - the Concurent-Range Zone.
4. Lateral distribution - widespread, traced in 18 wells.
5. Typical section: Volyn region, borehole Litovezch 7, 980-1 050 m.
6. Thickness - 56-93 m.
7. The most important signs: the Zone is marked by 41 transit and 23 key and characteristic taxa; the compatible presence of index species Hymenozonotriletes cassis Kedo and Crystatisporites lupi-novitchi (Avch.) Avch.; the increase in number
Hymenozonotriletes рoljessicus Kedo, H. commutatus Naum., Diaphanospora rugosa (Naum.a) Balme et Hassell, Geminospora compacta (Nekr.) Ivanina, Reticulatisporites perlotus (Naum.) Obukh., Auroraspora varia (N a u m.) Ahmed.
8. Summary palynological characteristic - in table 4.
9. The nature of the contacts: consonant contacts with underlying rocks and overlapping of the VH Zone sediments; the base of the Zone is defined by the first appearance of Kedomonoletes glaber (Kedo) Oshurk., Geminospora golubinica (Nazar.) Ivanina, Hymenozonotriletes cassis Kedo.
Table 4. Miospores' composition of the Hymenozonotriletes cassis - Crystatisporites lupinovitchi (CL) Zone.
Taxa Subdominant Accessory
Key Sinuosisporis intertextus, Hymenozonotriletes cassis, Geminospora golubinica, Kedomonoletes glaber, Crystatisporites lupinovitchi, Tuber-culispora regularis
Characteristic Hymenozonotriletes poljessicus, H. commutatus, Diaphanospora rugosa, Geminospora compacta, Reticulatisporites perlotus, Auroraspora varia Ancyrospora gibbosa, Cyrtospora cristifera, Auroraspora hyalina, Grandispora famenensis, Retusotriletes communis, Lophozonotriletes curvatus, L. scurrus, L. grumosus, Knoxisporites literatus, Archae-otriletes hamulus, Hymenozonotriletes mucronatus
Transit Calamospora Punctatisporites, Granulatisporites, Leiotriletes simplex, Retusotriletes simplex, R. minor, R. triangulatus, Stenozonotriletes conformis, S. laev-igatus, Ambitisporites pumilis, Foveolatisporites, Acanthotriletes, Trachytriletes, Geminospora rugosa, Microreticulatisporites, Lophotriletes, Verrucosisporites, Converrucosisporites, Camptotriletes, Periplecotriletes, Brochotriletes, Spinozonotriletes, Apiculiretusispora, Anapiculatisporites
10. Age determination and correlation with units of general Europian palynostratigraphic scales: equivalent to the upper part of the CVa (Cornispora vari-cornata) Zone, that is found in the Optukhov Horizon of the East-European platform (Avkhimovitch et al, 1993, Nazarenko, 1975), Pripyat (Avkhimovitch, 1993) and Dnieper-Donetsk (Kononenko, 1984) depressions; similar to the uppermost GF (gracilis-famenensis) Zone from the upper part of Hemberg Stage (Famenian) of Germany (Streel M. et al., 1987; Avkhimovitch et al, 1993).
Hymenozonotriletes versabilis - Archaeotriletes hamulus (VH) Zone 1. Author: A. V. Ivanina.
2. Date of publication - described at first.
3. Type of Zone - the Concurent-Range Zone.
4. Lateral distribution - widespread, traced in 19 wells.
5. Typical section: Volyn region, borehole Litovezch 7,878-980 m.
6. Thickness - 47-103 m.
7. The most important signs: the presence of 26 characteristic and 38 transit taxa; abundant of zonate cavate miospores; the regular occurrence of two characteristic species of Hymenozono-triletes versabilis K e d o and Archaeotriletes ham-ulus Naum., whose spreading ranges are mutually suppressed.
8. Summary palynological characteristic - in table 5.
Table 5. Miospores' composition of the Hymenozonotriletes versabilis - Archaeotriletes hamulus (VH) Zone
Taxa Subdominant Accessory
Key Convolutispora usitata, Hymenozonotriletes versabilis Grandispora distincta, G. facilis, Kedomonoletes glaber, Hymenozonotriletes cassis, Tuberculispora regularis, Geminospora golubinica
Characteristic Lophozonotriletes scurrus, L. curvatus, Knoxisporites literatus, Grandispora famenensis, Auroraspora varia, Hymenozonotriletes poljessicus, H. commutatus, Diaphanospora rugosa Reticulatisporites perlotus, Ancyrospora gibbosa, Hymenozono-triletes mucronatus, Cyrtospora cristifera, Geminospora compacta, Auroraspora hyalina, Archaeotriletes hamulus, Re-tusotriletes communis, Lophozonotriletes grumosus
Transit Calamospora Punctatisporites, Leiotriletes simplex, Retusotriletes minor, R. tri-angulatus, Stenozonotriletes conformis, S. laevigatus, Am-bitisporites pumilis, Verrucosisporites, Acanthotriletes, Trachytriletes, Reticulatisporites, Foveolatisporites, Microreticulatisporites, Lophotriletes, Converrucosisporites, Camptotriletes, Periplecotriletes, Brochotriletes, Spinozono-triletes, Apiculiretusispora, Anapiculatisporites
9. The nature of the contacts: concordance bedding at the CL Zone; in the Central part of the VPM EEP consonant overlapped of the L Zone (Upper Famenian) or in the south and north it is overlaid with disconformity by Lower Carboniferous; the base of the Zone is defined by the first appearance of Convolutispora usitata Playf., Grandispora dis-tincta (Naum.) Avch., G. facilis (Kedo) Avch., Hymenozonotriletes versabilis K e d o.
10. Age determination and correlation with units of general Europian palynostratigraphic scales: corresponds to the VF (versabilis-famenensis) Zone, which established in the Plavsk Horizon of the Central regions of the East-European platform (Umnova, 1971, Avkhimovitch et al, 1993;), the Streshin Horizon in the Pripyat Depression (Avkhimovitch, Demidenko, 1985), in Upper Fame-nian of the Volga region (Nazarenko, 1975); and in general it is comparable to the VCo (versabilis-cornuta) Zone, that has been identified in Dasberg)
Stage (Famenian) of the Germany (Streel M. et al., 1987; Avkhimovitch et al, 1993).
Retispora lepidophyta (L) Zone
1. Author: A. V. Ivanina.
2. Date of publication - described at first.
3. Type of Zone - the Range-Zone.
4. Lateral distribution - traced only in 12 wells of the Central and Northern parts of VPM EEP.
5. Typical section: Volyn region, borehole Zapust 5 437, 240-398 m.
6. Thickness - 78-125 m.
7. The most important signs: the high content and diversity of zonate cavate miospores, the appearance and the presence only in this zone of zonal species Retispora lepidophyta (K e d o) P l a y f. ; generally 31 transit and 22 characteristic and key taxa are defined.
8. Summary palynological characteristic - in table 6.
Table 6. Miospores' composition of the Retispora lepidophyta (L) Zone
Taxa Subdominant Accessory
Key Hymenozonotriletes versabilis Retispora lepidophyta, Hymenozonotriletes cassis, Grandispora distincta, G. fa-cilis, Convolutispora usitata
Characteristic Lophozonotriletes scurrus, Hymenozonotriletes poljessicus, H. commutatus, Auroraspora varia Hymenozonotriletes mucronatus, Lophozonotriletes curvatus, L. grumosus, Geminospora compacta, Grandispora famenensis, Diaphanospora rugosa, Kedomonoletes glaber, Cyrtospora cristifera, Auroraspora hyalina, Retusotriletes communis, Knoxisporites literatus
Transit Calamospora Punctatisporites, Leiotriletes simplex, Retusotriletes minor, R. triangulatus, Stenozonotriletes conformis, S. laevigatus, Ambitisporites pumilis, Verruco-sisporites, Foveolatisporites, Trachytriletes, Acanthotriletes, Microreticulatisporites, Reticulatisporites, Lophotriletes, Converrucosisporites, Camptotriletes, Periplecotriletes, Brochotriletes, Spinozonotriletes, Apiculi-retusispora, Anapiculatisporites
9. The nature of the contacts: concordance bedding at the HV Zone and overlapped with disconformity by Carboniferous.
10. Age determination and correlation with units of general Europian palynostratigraphic scales: correlate with the LE (lepidophyta-explanatus) Zone from Ozersk and Chovansk Horizons of the Pripyat Depression (Avkhimovitch et al, 1993; Kedo, Avkhimovitch, 1981; Avkhimovitch, Demidenko, 1985) and the upper part of the VCo (versabilis-cornuta) Zone, which defined in the Wocklum Stage (Famenian) of the Germany (Streel M. et al., 1987; Avkhimovitch et al, 1993).
Conclusion. Due to facial-palynological research in the Famenian of the Volyn-Podillia margin of the East-European platform, five palynozones have been distinguished, characterized and their sequence has been determined. By the appearance or disappearance of characteristic and key species the following categories of biostratigraphic units are distinguished: two Range-Zones, three - Concurent-Range Zones. The Famenian palynological zonal scheme proposed in this paper consists of five biostratigraphic units: the oldest - lebedianensis-magnifi-cus (LM), then varicornata (V), cassis -lupinovitchi (CL), versabilis -hamulus (VH) and the youngest zone - lepidophyta (L). Palynozones are allocated laterally, traced in a number of boreholes within Volyn-Podillya. They are local specialized biostratigraphic units with a set of palynological signs (a unique set of key, characteristic and transit taxa) that allow easy recognition of the different stratigraphic levels of the Famenian. The method of presentation of biostratigraphic data has been updated. The standardized (unified and concretized) characteristics of the palynozones have been developed, which greatly regulate and facilitate the perception of stratigraphic information.
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