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DOI https://doi.org/10.18551/rjoas.2020-11.09
FACTORS AFFECTING DEMAND FOR SOUTH KALIMANTAN SHRIMP EXPORT
TO THE EUROPEAN UNION
Lilimantik Emmy
Department of Fishery Agribusiness, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, University of Lambung Mangkurat, South Kalimantan, Indonesia E-mail: emmy.lilimantik@ulm.ac.id
ABSTRACT
This study aims to determine the factors that affect the demand for South Kalimantan shrimp exports to the European Union. The data used are secondary data, namely time series data from 2006 to 2019. The research site is determined by purposive sampling which at PT. Karimata Timur with the consideration that this company is the only company in South Kalimantan that exports shrimp to the European Union. The analysis used is multiple linear regression analysis with the results of the analysis showing that (a) the X1 value of -21.191 explains that every 100% increase in the price of shrimp exports to the European Union will reduce the demand for shrimp exports from South Kalimantan to the European Union by 21.191%, (b) The X2 value of -14,339 indicates that each 100% increase in the export price of shrimp to the non-European Union will reduce the demand for South Kalimantan shrimp exports to the European Union by 14.339% and (c) The X3 value of 57,867 indicates that every increase in the rupiah exchange rate is 100% will increase the demand for South Kalimantan shrimp exports to the European Union by 57.867% or if the rupiah strengthens against the US dollar (appreciation) then the demand for South Kalimantan shrimp exports by the European Union will increase, but on the other hand, if the rupiah weakens (depreciation) then the export demand by the European Union will decrease.
KEY WORDS
Shrimp, export, demand, price, rupiah exchange rate, the European Union.
The potential of the fisheries and marine sector in South Kalimantan is abundant, namely with a coastline of 1,330 km and public waters of one million hectares. From these marine and public waters, throughout 2018, 240,900 tons of capture fisheries have been produced. In addition to fishing businesses, fishery cultivation businesses are also developing, covering an area of around 60 thousand hectares, consisting of fishponds, ponds and minapadi businesses, as well as fishing cages and floating nets in public waters. Mina padi (from mina = "fish" and rice) is a form of combined farming which utilizes stagnant water from the paddy fields being planted with rice as a pond for cultivation that maximizes the yield of paddy fields. Production achieved from cultivation is 127,248 tons, with commodities including shrimp, milkfish, crab, tilapia, goldfish, catfish, pomfret, and others (Diskanlut, 2019). Apart from meeting domestic market demand, this fishery product is also used to fulfill foreign market demand.
Table 1 - South Kalimantan Fishery Export Volume, 2010 - 2014
Export Volume Year (ton)
Export Commodities 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
UE NUE UE NUE UE NUE UE NUE UE NUE
Shrimp 148,5 1308,5 149,1 1384,9 63,1 1351,5 141,0 1382,4 53,8 1621,7
Others - 19,7 - 15,9 - 9,1 - 18,8 - 49,4
Amount 148,5 1328,2 149,1 1400,8 63,1 1360,6 141,0 1401,2 53,8 1671,1
Note: EU = the European Union; NUE = Non-European Union; Source: LPPMHP (2015).
South Kalimantan fishery commodities such as tilapia, goldfish, catfish, pomfret, and others are still mostly used to meet consumer demand in South Kalimantan and parts of
Kalimantan, while turtles, sea turtles, and shrimp have been used as export commodities. Shrimp exports dominated more than 97% of the total fishery export volume in South Kalimantan during the period 2010 - 2014 as shown in Table 1.
The fishery products of South Kalimantan which are exported are dominated by shrimp, the rest are other commodities such as turtles and shrimp heads. The volume of shrimp exports in South Kalimantan seems to have tended to continue to increase, except in 2012 that had experienced a decline, but again increased in the following year. The export destinations of South Kalimantan shrimp are divided into two groups, namely the European Union (countries in Europe) and the Non-European Union (countries in Asia). The exported shrimps consist of species of tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon), white shrimp (Penaeus indicus), pink shrimp (Metapenaeus affinis), pink kojek shrimp (Metapenaeus ensis) and yellow shrimp (Metapenaeus brevicornis). Raw material for frozen shrimp comes from the production of fresh shrimp, namely from marine fishing activities and aquaculture activities. The global economic crisis has caused export destination countries to tend to be more selective with regard to the quality of their exported products, including shrimp. Exporting countries are asked to provide quality raw materials, both in terms of size, product physical and microbiological content of shrimp.
Shrimp exports in South Kalimantan are run by private companies. Currently there are five shrimp exporting companies, namely PT. Karimata Timur with destination countries Japan, Hong Kong, Belgium, Holland, and Great Britain (Grade A); PT. Misaja Partners with destination countries Japan, Hong Kong, and Vietnam (Grade B); PT. Wirontono Baru with destination countries Japan and China (Grade B); PT. Ebimas Besar with destination countries Taiwan and Hong Kong (Grade B); and PT. Kalimantan Fishery with destination countries Japan, Thailand, Vietnam, Korea, and China (Grade B) (LPPMHP, 2017).
The European Union is one of the potential markets for Indonesian shrimp exports, with the large demand for the 2004-2016 period which can be seen in Figure 1.
2004
2006 2003 2010 2012
2014
2016
16,00 14,00 12,00 10,00 8,00 6,00 4,00 2,00 0,00
*
v
\ ___
\ ^ L
y ^M-—m
1
500,00 450,00 400,00 350,00 300,00 250,00 200,00 150,00 100,00 50,00 0,00
EU export prices
Exchange prices of Indonesian Rupiah
Non-European Unionprk.es l USD)
European Union exportvohime (kg)
Figure 1 - Graph of Demand for South Kalimantan Shrimp Exports to the European Union
in the period 2004-2016
Figure 1 shows that the demand for South Kalimantan shrimp exports to the European Union fluctuates with a downward trend, where this condition is inversely proportional to the export price which tends to continue to increase. This was followed by the trend of increasing
export prices to non-EU countries and the weakening trend of the rupiah against the US dollar. This fact indicates that the increase in the export price of shrimp both to the European Union and non-EU resulted in decreased export demand by buyers to the European Union, and then exporters shifted their exports to non-European Union, especially production and export costs which tend to increase as a result of the weakening of the rupiah against US dollars.
One of the factors that influence shrimp exports is the international price of shrimp where the price continues to fluctuate from year to year. International shrimp prices have undergone several sharp price changes during 2005 to 2014. During 2005 to 2008, the international price of shrimp was always recorded at above 10 US $ / kg. Meanwhile in 2009, the international price of shrimp fell to 9.45 US $ / kg (Mohani VC, Yulianto E, Mawardi MK, 2016). In addition, the rupiah exchange rate also affects the condition of Indonesia's shrimp exports. The weakening and strengthening of the rupiah exchange rate against the US dollar will cause the export price of shrimp to rise and fall so that Indonesian shrimp exports will also have an effect. The strengthening of the rupiah currency against the US dollar will cause a decline in Indonesian exports (Ginting, 2013).
METHODS OF RESEARCH
This research was conducted for 4 months from January to April 2020, while the research location was determined by purposive sampling at PT. Karimata Timur with the consideration that this company is the only company in South Kalimantan that exports shrimp to the European Union.
The data used are secondary data sourced from the bookkeeping of sample companies including data on shrimp export volume to the European Union, shrimp export prices to the European Union, and shrimp export prices to non-EU countries; statistics on the exchange rate of the US dollar currency at Bank Indonesia; and other supporting data obtained from various sources. The data collected is time series data per year from 2006 to 2019 (14 years).
The factors that determine the demand for South Kalimantan shrimp exports to the European Union are analyzed using the Multiple Linear Regression equation model with the formula:
ln Y = a + b-i ln X! + b2 ln X2 + b3 ln X3 + u.................................(1)
Where:
Y = volume of shrimp exports to the European Union (kg); X1 = export price of shrimp to the European Union (USD/kg); X2 = export price of shrimp to non-EU (USD/kg); X3 = rupiah exchange rate (Rp/USD); a = constant;
. b = regression coefficient;
• ui = error (disturbance term).
To test the equation model (1), the F test is used with the following formula:
JKreg/(k -1)
Fh, = JK,J(n - k) ........................................................(2)
Where: JK = sum of square; k = number of variables; n = number of data.
With the hypothesis: H0: b1 =.....= b = 0; H1: one or more bj + 0.
The test criteria are:
• When the probability value or | p | > a 0.05; then H0 is accepted, which means that simultaneously the independent variable has no significant effect on the dependent variable;
• When the value | p | <a 0.05; then H0 is rejected, which means that simultaneously the independent variable has a significant effect on the dependent variable. To determine whether there is an effect of each independent variable individually on the dependent variable, the t test is used with the formula:
thl = Sbi ..................................................................(3)
Where: bj — regression coefficient; Sbi — standard error of regression coefficient; j — independent variable X1, X2, X3. Hypothesis: H0: b = 0; H1: b * 0. Decision criteria:
• If | p | > a 0,05'; then H0 is accepted, which means that changes in each independent variable have no significant effect on changes in the dependent variable;
• If | P | < a 0,05; then H0 is rejected, which means that changes in each independent variable have a significant effect on changes in the dependent variable.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A regression analysis that estimates the relationship of export demand (Y) with each variable factor (independent variable, Xi), produces a value as shown in Table 2.
Table 2 - Results of Regression Analysis of Factors Affecting Demand for Export of South Kalimantan
Shrimp to the European Union
No. Description Scores
1. R Square 0,854
2. Observations 14
3. X1 -21,191
4. X2 -14,339
5. X3 57,867
Source: Primary data processed (2020).
The regression equation is then transformed into X form, so that the following equation is obtained:
Y = 13,2194 - 21,191 X1 -14,339 X2 + 57,867 X3
The coefficient of determination (R2) is 0.854 which means that the variation in Y change can be explained by the Xi variable specified in the model of 0.854%, the remaining 14.666% is another variable that is not clearly specified in the model. This shows that there is a close relationship between the demands for South Kalimantan shrimp exports to the European Union. A constant value of 13,220 explains that if all the variable factors (Xi variable) are constant or equal to zero, the demand for South Kalimantan shrimp exports to the European Union will be 13,220%.
The probability value | p | 0.040 <0.05 in the variable price of shrimp exports to the European Union (X1) indicates that changes in this variable cause a significant change in export demand at the test level of 95%. Thus, accept H1 and reject H0, which means that changes in X1 have a significant effect on changes in Y.
The regression coefficient X1 is -21.191, indicating that every 100% increase in the export price of South Kalimantan shrimp to the European Union will reduce the demand for South Kalimantan shrimp exports to the European Union by 21.191% or vice versa, if the other independent variables are constant. These results indicate that the price elasticity of South Kalimantan shrimp exports to the European Union is inelastic, because the percentage change in export demand is smaller than the percentage change in the selling price.
b
Value | p | 0.040 <0.05 in the non-EU shrimp export price variable (X2) indicates that changes in this variable cause a significant change in demand for shrimp exports to the European Union at the 95% test level. For that, accept H1 and reject H0, which means that changes in X2 have a significant effect on changes in Y.
The regression coefficient X1 -14,339 shows that every 100% increase in the export price of shrimp from South Kalimantan to the non-European Union will reduce the demand for South Kalimantan shrimp exports to the European Union by 14.339% or vice versa, if the other independent variables are constant. This indicates a very close relationship between shrimp exported to the European Union and those exported to non-EU countries, because the value of the cross elasticity (14,339) is far from zero.
According to Soekartawi (1987), if the cross elasticity of an item against another is positive, the relationship between the two goods is mutually substituted (substitution), on the other hand, if it is negative, then the two are complementary (complementary). Thus, the negative sign in the regression coefficient shows that the relationship between shrimp exported to the European Union and those exported to non-EU in South Kalimantan fishery exports are complementary, so that even though the export prices of the two commodities have changed, the exports of both will continues in accordance with consumer needs.
Value | p | 0.040 <0.05 in the rupiah exchange rate variable (X3) indicates that the change in this variable causes a significant change in the demand for South Kalimantan shrimp exports to the European Union at the 95% test level. Thus, accept H1 and reject H0, which means that changes in X3 have a significant effect on changes in Y.
The regression coefficient X3 is 57,867, indicating that every 100% increase in the rupiah exchange rate will increase the demand for shrimp exports from South Kalimantan to the European Union by 57.867% or vice versa, if the other independent variables are constant. In other words, if the rupiah strengthens against the US dollar (appreciation) then the demand for South Kalimantan shrimp exports by the European Union will increase, but on the other hand, if the rupiah weakens (depreciates) the export demand by the European Union will decrease.
The European Union's request to export South Kalimantan shrimp in the form of cooked shrimp requires a higher processing cost than frozen shrimp. Exporters prefer to export more shrimp to the European Union when the rupiah increases because it may be considered more profitable. Kholifin (2013) said that the strengthening of the rupiah against the US dollar also increased the demand for Indonesian frozen shrimp exports to the European Union.
CONCLUSION
The X1 value of -21.191 indicates that every 100% increase in the export price of South Kalimantan shrimp to the European Union will reduce the demand for South Kalimantan shrimp exports to the European Union by 21.191%, this indicates that the elasticity of the export price of shrimp from South Kalimantan to the European Union is inelastic, because the percentage change in export demand is smaller than the percentage change in the selling price.
The X2 value of -14.339 indicates that every 100% increase in the export price of shrimp from South Kalimantan to the non-European Union will reduce the demand for South Kalimantan shrimp exports to the European Union by 14.339% or vice versa, if the other independent variables are constant. This indicates a very close relationship between shrimp exported to the European Union and those exported to non-EU countries, because the value of the cross elasticity (14,339) is far from zero.
The X3 value of 57,867 indicates that every 100% increase in the rupiah exchange rate will increase the demand for South Kalimantan shrimp exports to the European Union by 57.867% or vice versa, if the other independent variables are constant. In other words, if the rupiah strengthens against the US dollar (appreciation) then the demand for South Kalimantan shrimp exports by the European Union will increase, but on the other hand, if the rupiah weakens (depreciation) the export demand by the European Union will decrease.
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