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DOI 10.14526/01_2017_178
FACTORIAL ANALYSIS OF SPORTS RESULT COMPONENTS AMONG THE STRONGEST SPEED SKATERS OF THE WORLD AT 500 METERS DISTANCE
Ekaterina A. Morozova - postgraduate student P. F. Lesgaft National State University, St. Petersburg, 35, Dekabristov street, St. Petersburg, 190121, Russia
E-mail: eemorozova@mail.ru
Annotation. Modern tendencies in the sphere of speed skating are characterized by constant increase of speed of running at all competitive disciplines. Specialists in speed skating face the problem concerning methodical support of the training process among speed skaters: new tendencies demand new scientifically substantiated approaches to the training process organization, taking into account the specificity of competitive activity. Materials: The factors study, which determine the final result of speed skaters at 500 meters distance. In this article factorial analysis was used concerning the results of the V stage of the World Cup (2013) in Norway. Research methods: video of the heats and the official scoresheets of 18 strongest speed skaters-sprinters of the World were analyzed; statistical data handling was fulfilled with the help of STATGRAPHICS Centurion program; correlation matrix factorization was held with the help of principal components method. Results. At the first stage offactorial analysis fulfillment 10 factors were defined, which this or that way influence final results of speed skaters. At the second stage 4 key factors were revealed, which explain 83,91% of total sampling variance: the ability to develop maximum speed during the first and the second turns overcoming, the ability to hold gained speed during passing transitional line, the ability to fulfill the finishing break. The matrix of factorial loads analysis helped to reveal, that during 500 meters distance overcoming a speed skater gains maximum speed going out of the turn (at the distances of 150-200 m and 350-400 m). Conclusion. The final result of speed skaters at 500 meters distance mainly depends on the ability to develop maximum speed during a turn overcoming and on the ability to keep it while running straight; the starting length has less influence on the final result of a sportsman, than the mentioned above factors. During technical-tactical mastery improvement speed skaters should pay great attention to running along a turn as the most favorable length for maximum speed development. Keywords: speed skating, sprint, factors of sports result.
Introduction. Nowadays speed skating develops - there appear new world records, highly-qualified sportsmen, competition between world class sportsmen increases, density of the results also increases - very often difference between sportsmen is thousandth of a second.
One of the reasons why speed skating develops is a system of measures, which are taken by the International Skating Union (ISU) for speed skating popularization [8].
In the end of the XX century there was a sudden increase of the World records, connected with the transfer to a new model of the racing skates. Two years after their
appearance world records at different distances were improved by men and women 41 times, not taking into consideration the records in the sum of all-round competitions [4].
G.M. Panov, V.A. Chursin, L.F. Osadchenko [8] fulfilled a detailed analysis of the world records in order to reveal interconnections between the speed of different distances overcoming. As a result the following tendencies were revealed: first, speed of running at the shortest distance - 500 meters - has a tendency to increase; secondly, the speed of running at the average and long distances gradually comes closer to maximum
speed of running at 500 meters distance and sometimes (1000 meters distance) exceeds it.
One of the main factors, which determines the speed of the distance overcoming, is an optimal frequency and the length of the steps, the ratio of which is conditioned, first of all, by the level of physical and technical-tactical readiness [7]. At the same time, scientific and scientific-methodical literature analysis proves that the volumes of nervous-muscular loads achieved their maximum. The training system development should be fulfilled by means of optimization and rationalization [2].
Thus, specialists in speed skating face the problem concerning methodical support of the training process among speed skaters: new tendencies demand new scientifically substantiated approaches to the training process organization, taking into account the specificity of competitive activity.
The aim of this research is in the factors study, which determine the final result in running at 500 meters distance.
Objectives:
1. To determine the number of key factors, which provide high results
achievement in speed skating at 500 meters distance.
2. To study factorial structure of sports result in speed skating at 500 meters distance.
3. To reveal key parts of the distance (500 meters), which have the greatest influence on the final result of a sportsman.
Research methods and research organization. During the research, analyzing the video of the heats and the official scoresheets of the V stage of the World Cup in Stavanger (Norway), the results of overcoming 500 meters distance by speed skaters were registered and systematized. During the research the heats of 18 strongest sportsmen were studied. The following indices were registered (table 1):
- time of running (seconds) of 50-meters parts at the following points: 50 m, 100 m, 150 m, 200 m, 250 m, 300 m, 350 m, 400 m, 450 m, 500 m;
- the speed of each 50-meters part overcoming was calculated: the 1st, the2nd, the 3rd, the 4th, the 5th, the 6th, the 7th, the 8th, the 9th, the 10th (table 1).
Table 1 - The results of 50-meters parts (kilometers per hour) overcoming, speed-skaters-
sprinters
Respondents 50m V1 100m V2 150m V3 200m V4 250m V5 300m V6 350m V7 400m V8 450m V9 500m V10
R. Krech 9 7,2 8,8 5,9 7,7 7 7,1 8,5 7,2 5,16
A. Kuznetsov 28,8 36,8 48 56,9 58,1 57 57,9 56,7 57 35,15
M. Whitmore 8,5 6,4 8,4 5,8 7,9 7,7 8 8,2 7,2 5,04
R. Mulder 9 6,8 7,9 7,8 8,1 8,8 7,7 6,6 6,9 5,03
Y. Oikawa 9,5 7,4 8,5 7,3 7,5 7,5 6,9 7,7 6,6 5,08
R. Haga 9,3 7,2 8,5 6,3 8,1 7,9 8,9 8,2 7,2 4,97
A.Yesin 9,5 6,9 8,9 5,5 7,6 8,2 9,1 8,4 8,1 4,94
A.Hvammen 9,3 6,9 8,7 8,7 8,2 8,2 6,6 8,7 7,3 4,96
R.Murashov 9,7 7,2 9,2 7 8,2 8,9 8,1 9,1 8,3 4,74
A. St.-Jean 9,3 6,4 8,3 7,4 8,2 7,6 7,5 8,5 7,8 5,11
ГО6э.« 9,3 7,4 9,8 6,7 7,6 8,2 7,8 8 7,4 4,88
K. Verbij 9 6,9 8,7 7,5 7,8 8,8 8,4 7 8,3 4,87
M. Poutala 9 7,2 8,4 5,8 7,8 8,1 8,2 8,3 7,2 5,02
G. Junio 8,8 7,5 9 7,7 8,7 8,1 7,6 7,2 6,7 4,88
A. Was 9,7 7,4 9,2 4,6 7,4 7,9 7,1 7,6 6,9 5,22
W. Dutton 9,9 7,8 9,6 7,5 8 7,6 7,2 6,8 6,1 5,02
P.Kulizhnikov 9 6,7 9 6,1 8,6 9 9 9,5 8,8 4,72
A. Lacruix 9,5 7,2 9,2 6,9 7,6 7,6 7,2 7 6 5,2
The received results were handled with the use of the statistic programs STATGRAPHICS Centurion. Correlation matrix factorization was held with the help of principal components method.
Research results and their discussion. At the first stage of the research the eigenvalue and the degree of each factor
Table 2 - The results of the first
influence on total sampling variance were determined (table 2). It should be noted, that the degree, with which each factor explains dispersion, is presented in %. At the first stage of factorial analysis fulfillment 10 factors were defined and it corresponds with the number of variables, which took part in the held analysis. stage of factorial analysis organization
Number of a factor Eigenvalue The degree of factor influence on total variance, % Accumulated degree of influence of the factors on total variance, %
1 3,65092 36,509 36,509
2 2,22786 22,279 58,788
3 1,68973 16,897 75,685
4 0,82278 8,228 83,913
5 0,638779 6,388 90,301
6 0,369061 3,691 93,991
7 0,247105 2,471 96,462
8 0,21672 2,167 98,630
9 0,114902 1,149 99,779
10 0,0221446 0,221 100,000
At the second stage of this research the number of key factors, which then would be analyzed, was determined. More often [3, 4, 5] the following factors are selected: eigenvalues of which are not less than 1. In this case 4 such factors were revealed. The 1st
factor (eigenvalue 3,65) explains 36,5% of total sampling variance; the 2nd factor (eigenvalue 2,22) - 22,2% of total sampling variance; the 3rd factor (eigenvalue 1,69) -16,9 % of total sampling variance; the 4th factor (eigenvalue 0,82) -8,2% of total
sampling variance. Thus, 4 factors were skaters-sprinters rotation of factorial loads defined, which explain 83,91% of total matrix was fulfilled by means of Varimax-sampling variance. criterion (table 3).
In order to reveal factorial structure of the result at 500 meters distance among speed
Table 3 - Factorial loads matrix after rotation procec ure
Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 3 Factor 4 Generality (h)
V1 -0,874172 -0,144857 -0,304573 -0,270447 0,939634
V2 -0,143822 0,830547 -0,0516691 0,100052 0,680636
V3 -0,0750987 0,810795 -0,00692084 -0,423882 0,787958
V4 0,167092 0,875848 -0,0832968 0,0637878 0,805718
V5 -0,036338 -0,00809343 0,929936 -0,167333 0,858857
V6 0,431103 -0,289566 0,663965 0,114888 0,719225
V7 0,82518 0,0992873 0,203525 0,150629 0,709275
V8 0,802725 -0,284191 -0,397157 0,0795516 0,653789
V9 0,225473 0,0397748 -0,0800083 0,928778 0,546871
V10 0,651537 -0,216995 -0,0859413 0,637053 0,864571
Factorial loads matrix analysis after rotation proves that in the first factor high values have factorial loads for the following variables: V7 (0,825), V8 (0,802) - these variables characterize sportsmen's ability to develop maximum speed during a turn overcoming at 300-400 meters part. In the 2nd factor high values have factorial loads for the following variables: V2 (0,830), V3 (0,810) and V4 (0,875), which characterize sportsmen's ability to gain maximum speed and the ability to increase it during a turn overcoming at 100-200 meters part. In the 3rd factor high values have factorial loads for the following variables: V5 (0,929) and V6 (0,663), which characterize the ability of a sportsman to sustain speed. In the 4th factor high values have factorial loads for the following variables: V9 (0,928) and V10 (0,637). This factor apparently characterizes sportsmen's ability to fulfill a powerful finishing break and sustain maximum speed till the last meters of the distance.
Factorial loads matrix analysis (table 3) was used for the key components of effectiveness determination at 500 meters distance. The variable, which has maximum load at a factor, is the most significant. In the first factor most load has V7 (0,825) variable. It means that during the second turn overcoming at 500 meters distance sportsmen increase maximum speed after 350 meters of the distance, hence, the second part of a turn is the most favorable for maximum speed gaining. In the second factor most load has V4 (0,875) variable. It proves that a sportsman, gaining
high speed from start, comes to its maximum only at the end of 200 meters part of a distance. The revealed results also prove that the part of a distance, which is a turn, is the most significant for speed gaining. In the 3rd factor the greatest value of the load has V5 (0,929) variable and it characterizes the importance of sustaining speed at transitional line (on the part from 200 till 300 m). In the 4th factor high values have factorial loads V9 (0,928), which means the necessity to preserve gained speed till the last meters of the distance.
Conclusion. As a result of sports result components factorial analysis at 500 meters distance the following things were revealed:
1. The final result of speed skaters at 500 meters distance mainly depends on the following factors:
- the ability to develop maximum speed during a turn overcoming (at the following parts: 100-200 m, 300400 m);
- the ability to sustain gained speed (at the following parts: 200-300 m, 400-500 m);
- the starting part has less influence on the final result of a sportsman, than mentioned above factors.
2. Maximum speed at 500 meters distance a speed skater gains during running along the turn, moreover, most important is the second part - from the middle ofthe turn till entering the straight.
3. During technical-tactical mastery improvement speed skaters should pay great attention to
running along a turn as the most favorable length for maximum speed development.
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Submitted: 25.01.2017 Received: 28.01.2017
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Ekaterina A. Morozova - postgraduate student P. F. Lesgaft National State University, St. Petersburg, 35, Dekabristov street, St. Petersburg, 190121, Russia, E-mail: eemorozova@mail.ru
For citations: Morozova E.K. Factorial analysis of sports result components among the strongest speed skaters of the world at 500 meters distance, The Russian journal of physical education and sport (pedagogical-psychological and medico-biological problems of physical culture and sports), 2017, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 16-20. DOI 10.14526/01_2017_178
