CC BY
346yflK 796.52 EEK H581.256
EXTREME TOURISM AS A NEW DIRECTION
V.D. Ivanov1, A.V. Golubkov2
Chelyabinsk State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia 2Ural State University of Physical Culture, Chelyabinsk, Russia
Extreme tourism is a rapidly developing sphere in tourism. Its aim is sports development, outdoor activities, camping. Extreme tourism includes a lot of extreme sports, all of its attendant risks. However, there are problems in the development of this new direction, the solution of which will benefit the development of tourism as a whole. Purpose of the study. Search for answers to the following questions: Why does extreme tourism develop and strengthen so fast; How are extreme tourism and extreme sport linked; Types of extreme tourism and their peculiarities. At the moment extreme tourism in Russia is not so strongly developed as, for example, in America or Europe. In spite of the fact that Russia is one of the largest countries in the world, with the biggest resources for the development of tourist activity, the industry faces organizational, financial and other problems.
Keywords: extreme, tourism, extreme tourism, sport, extreme recreation, health recreational activities.
Relevance. At present, extreme sports are actively developing among the young. This is due to the fact that extreme sports specifically provide with the maximum of emotions, physical activity and recreation. Extreme tourism is directly linked with extreme sport as such sports as rock climbing, rowing and snowboarding are often organized by groups of people and include trips to particular, designated areas.
Purpose of the study. Search for answers to the following questions:
- Why does extreme tourism develop and strengthen so fast;
- How are extreme tourism and extreme sport linked;
- Types of extreme tourism and their peculiarities.
At the moment extreme tourism in Russia is not
so strongly developed as, for example, in America or Europe. In spite of the fact that Russia is one of the largest countries in the world, with the biggest resources for the development of tourist activity, the industry faces organizational, financial and other problems.
Extreme tourism is one of the new types of economic activity, which is a dynamically developing industry in the market of services. The organization of impressions in tourist activity opens new opportunities for the economic growth of the organizing company which is, in turn, focused on the satisfaction of rapidly changing requirements of society.
A universal definition of extreme does not exist since this concept can be attributed to many types of activity, and for every person, the level of extremeness is absolutely individual. All extreme tourist directions are rather expensive and are designed for people who can afford entertainments of such type, since even
equipment for extreme types of tourism costs considerable money, not to mention the place where it can be used. But since tourism is considered a widespread hobby and has to be designed for clients with different incomes, travel agencies need to develop extreme tourist directions with a diverse price policy - from mass to elite [6].
Extreme tourism is a perspective and developing direction in the field of physical culture and sport. However, problems of considerable economic expenses slow down its development. Its popularity is due to considerable risks and great experiences which are the main components of attracting thrill-seekers.
A rather significant problem of extreme tourism is a very poor resource base. Small travel agencies are financially not able to participate in any events, exhibitions, conferences concerning promotion of this product. A bigger problem is that no tax incentives or other benefits for organizations engaged in adventure and extreme tourism are provided by our legislation. Other important problem is the absence of qualified personnel. In Russia there are many universities which are engaged in training of specialists for the tourist industry, however, the sphere of adventure and extreme tourism is not included into the programs of training, it is hardly mentioned. If there is a change in the sector of the economy, there is a new "niche" for economic development, this has to be reflected in an education system as well, causing significant changes directed on the satisfaction of the need for highly qualified personnel for this industry.
Another major issue is bad equipment of tourist centres specializing in active recreation. They are not ready to provide such services neither in equipment
and stock, nor on ensuring a safe realization of a tour, nor on granting highly qualified personnel in this direction. Often tourists have to face extreme conditions not only on routes but also in daily life - most tourist bases and recreation facilities are decayed, they do not conform to modern requirements and demand immediate capital repairs [1].
Important factors of development of extreme tourism are a geographical and socio-economic situation in the country. The analysis of the development of extreme sports in the World allows to allocate 4 main models of the development of extreme sport in the 20-21st centuries:
1. American model;
2. European (western and east);
3. Asian;
4. Russian (though it is located in both Europe and Asia, it has its own specifics, different from other countries of the world).
Prerequisites of origin and formation of the extreme sport became significant characteristics, on the basis of which it is possible to differentiate these models, among them: natural, socio-economic and philosophical ones [7].
Post-industrial development of society, characterized by the processes of globalization, dynamism and strengthening of urbanization, contributed to the development of social uncertainty among young people that, in turn, caused the emergence of sports subcultures of extreme orientation and increase in the number of thrill-seekers among athletes.
In the USA professional sport began to be cultivated, idols appeared, fashion and a positive image of extreme sports were created. Note that in Europe and Asia the formation of positive fashion and the image of "extreme" among young people is still in the process [7].
Also it should be noted that extreme tourism and extreme sport are a great form of health recreational activities
Extreme human activity is one of the types of activity of an individual which is characterised by danger, the difficulty of implementation, an increased risk. It is aimed at solution of problems in such spheres as social, natural and everyday ones and, of course, in the sphere of active recreation where the tenseness of psychophysical capabilities is necessary. In recent years the extreme form of activity very promptly spreads among the youth. People subject themselves to a big tension, they test themselves in unusual conditions. A tendency to create conditions objectively dangerous to a person and even to his life is a typical trait of modern society. This influence begins to show itself in adaptive physical culture, in which the main condition of its use is only subjectively dangerous conditions. But not endangering health of an individual in any way. In health recreational activity preference is given more to sports games, cycling, sports dances, club dances, hip-hop. Yoga, pilates, extreme sport, swimming and stretching are also quite popular types of health recreational activity among students [8].
Often there is a sensitive issue about the impossibility to get out into nature in industrial and post-indust-
Models of development of extreme sports and tourism
Characteristics Development model
American European Asian Russian
western east
Prerequisites Natural The proximity of warm oceans. Variety of landscapes Remoteness from the ocean. Variety of a landscapes The proximity of warm oceans. Variety of landscapes Remoteness from the ocean. Variety of a landscape
Socioeconomic Globalization, dynamism, uncertainty, urbanization, absence or existence of wars on the territory
Philosophical Freedom philosophy. Society of risk. Consumer society Freedom philosophy. Society of risk. Consumer society Cosmocentrism. Knowledge of the inner self Freedom philosophy. Knowledge of the inner self. Consumer society
rial countries, an integral part of which is urbanization. Not only it affects human health, but also leads to an increase in people's level of stress and fatigue. It is possible to solve these problems by means of having rest or trips to the countryside.
At present, not all city residents are able to go to the countryside or spend days off in nature, therefore for the population to have rest within an urbanized environment, parks of specialized appointment are created. In them, besides the methods of gardening used in typical parks, small architectural forms, which make up big recreational grounds for active sports, are used. Therefore, popularity is gained by the so-called extreme parks. From our point of view, the concept of an extreme park is much wider, it is not a separate type of sport but a recreational ground for placement of a set of sports, where an active young man can get a lot of positive emotions and train regularly being in the natural environment [11].
Also, the so-called "green" tourism which is one of the types of extreme tourism is the most rational kind.
In recent years interest in green tourism has grown considerably, especially in rural tourism. In particular, in rural traditions, customs, rural culture, and respectively, in rural life. The popularity of tourism of this type is connected with the fact that it is most consistent with recreational needs of people living in big cities in conditions of urbanized environment, in the areas with a difficult ecological situation, people who feel constant nervous tension.
In the Vologda region, in Kirillovsky, Belozersk districts and in all territory of Russia there is a plenitude of various neglected, sparsely populated villages with their own history and traditions. These very villages can become a base for promotion of rural tourism, and subsequently, of the greenest tourism [4].
We would also like to mention other types of extreme tourism and extreme sports as examples of recreational activity.
The most popular and widespread type of water tourism in Russia is alloys as there is a huge number of rivers in Russia and routes of alloys can be difficult, meant for trained athletes, as well as simple, for all tourists. During such alloys tourists can enjoy the nature and picturesque coasts of rivers. At any time it is possible to put ashore for parking or to explore an interesting sight. Alloys are perfectly combined with informative tourism when it is possible to get acquainted not only with the local nature but also with historical and cultural monuments [5].
It can be said that the most popular extreme sport among students is snowboarding (80% of choices).
This choice of respondents does not come as surprise as in Russia this rather young type of winter activity is experiencing a peak of the popularity now. Thus, drawing on the interests of students and considering their preferences, it is possible to make classes in physical culture more interesting and saturated that will positively affect the quality of mastering of subject's content and its results. Besides, in our opinion, such variability of maintenance of a subject matter allows creating more favourable conditions for the solution of main tasks of training in physical culture - the formation of the need for regular physical exercises in students and an interiorization of values of physical culture and sport [10].
There are also certain risk factors connected with extreme sport. We will take mountaineering for an example. Apart from natural dangers connected with the risk of falling, freezing, getting under an avalanche, there is another one which very few people guess.
The atmosphere is the natural board preventing penetration of space radiation on Earth. But with increase in height the protective effect of the atmosphere progressively decreases. At a high radiation background, it is worth taking certain security measures. Such measures, according to scientists, include healthy, good nutrition with certain peculiarities. It is necessary to know specifics of influence of radionuclides as most dangerous particles on a human body [2].
Extreme sport is a rather dangerous way of active holiday and recreation, in which trauma probability is much higher compared to ball games or tourism. Injuries in extreme sport are divided into several groups, based on the analysis of the reasons causing these injuries. We carried out questioning among young people at the age of 16-25 years concerning participation in extreme sports. The total number of respondents is 320 people, of whom 87% play active sports (83% - extreme). Respondents mentioned the age of the beginning of participation in extreme sport - from 7 years, distinguished popular types of Siberians - a board, rollers, a snowboard, dirt biking, street, parkour, BMX (from most popular to least), noted insufficiently organized places for sports activities in general in Omsk (56%) and for extreme sport in particular (94%). All noted need of the organization of communities for sports activities and unacceptability of loners (100%) and surrounding persons' mistrust to active sports (77%).
Respondents marked out risk factors while doing extreme sport. Let's note some of them. It is necessary to begin with the fact that training in the skills required
for participation in extreme types of recreation happens either on one's own or by transferring knowledge from more skilled people. At the same time, nobody bears any responsibility for the health of the trainee, except the person himself. Often training takes place in informal surroundings and sometimes even all alone which is dangerous. The only thing that can help after an unsuccessful stunt during the practice of extreme sport is one's own caution and protection.
The second feature of injuries in an extreme is the public relation. Often people will just laugh at the unlucky thrill-seeker who unsuccessfully fell headfirst from five meters. There is one more aspect which comes out of an early age of most of the beginning thrill-seekers: a condition of weak alcoholic intoxication (for "courage"). Of course, under the influence of alcohol, the survival instinct weakens, but coordination and speed of reaction weaken as well. The person cannot sensibly estimate risks and in most cases ends up in the emergency room. Proceeding from the above-mentioned, it is better to study with professional instructors who bear responsibility for the trainee and possess knowledge and skills in delivering healthcare. For snowboarders and skiers, this approach can be considered the only right one. Almost in any ski resort or ski slope, there is an instructor, and it is better to repeatedly spend money on an instructor than to spend the rest of life paying for expensive treatment after an unsuccessful falling [3].
Conclusion
Thus, the extreme sport and extreme tourism are an actively developing branch of tourism connected with certain problems, risks and dangers. But, despite all drawbacks of this occupation, its advantages are more significant: athletic performance, recreational effect, active holidays and stress release. I believe that the development of extreme tourism will yield results and the need for the creation of extreme parks in urbanized conditions is simply essential for the cultural development of the young population.
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Для цитирования: Ivanov, V. D. Extreme Tourism as a New Direction / V.D. Ivanov, A.V. Golubkov // Физическая культура. Спорт. Туризм. Двигательная рекреация. — 2019. — Т. 4, № 2. — С. 43-48.
About the authors
Ivanov Valentin Dmitrievich — Ph. D. Pedagogy, Associate Professor of Physical Education and Sports. Chelyabinsk state University. Chelyabinsk, Russia. vdy-55@mail.ru
Golubkov Alexey Viktorovich — senior lecturer of the Department of theory and methodology of skiing. Ural state University of physical culture. Chelyabinsk, Russia. alexey_golubkov@list.ru
ЭКСТРЕМАЛЬНЫЙ ТУРИЗМ КАК НОВОЕ НАПРАВЛЕНИЕ
В. Д. Иванов1, А. В. Голубков2
'Челябинский государственный университет, Челябинск, Россия. vdy-55@mail.ru
Уральский государственный университет физической культуры, Челябинск, Россия. а!ехеу_до1иЬкоу@
Авторы рассматривают новое направление в туризме — экстремальный туризм. Экстремальный туризм — быстро развивающаяся область в туризме, один из новых видов экономической деятельности, представляющей собой динамично развивающуюся отрасль на рынке услуг. Его цель — спортивное развитие, отдых на природе, поездки за город. Экстремальный туризм включает в себя многие экстремальные виды спорта, все сопутствующие ему риски. Однако есть проблемы в развитии этого молодого направления, решение которых поможет развитию туризма в целом. Цель исследования: поиск ответов на вопросы: Почему экстремальный туризм столь быстро развивается и укрепляет позиции? Как взаимосвязаны экстремальный туризм и экстремальный спорт? Каковы виды экстремального туризма и их особенности? На данный момент экстремальный туризм в России не столь развит, как, например, в Америке или Европе. Несмотря на то, что Россия является одной из самых крупных стран мира, с самыми огромными ресурсами для развития туристической деятельности, отрасль сталкивается с организационными, финансовыми и иными проблемами.
Ключевые слова: экстрим, туризм, экстремальный туризм, спорт, экстремальный отдых, рекреативно-оздоровительная деятельность.
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