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13EXPRESSIVE MEANS IN PROVERBS
M.Madumarova
Ferghana regional branch of Uzbekistan State Institute of Arts and Culture
Abstract: A proverb is a genre of folk oral art, a short and concise, figurative and non-figurative, grammatically and logically complete, wise phrase with a deep meaning. Life experiences, attitude to society, history, mental state, ethical and aesthetic feelings, and positive qualities of ancestors are embodied in proverbs. Over the centuries, it has been refined among the people, and has become a concise and simple poetic form.
Keywords: proverb, linguist, folklorist, mean, lexeme, auxiliary, speech, folk, repetition, matching
Syntactic features of proverbs are supported by lexical and euphonic means of expression. The imagery basis of proverbs was formed over the centuries. Fedor Ivanovich Buslaev - linguist, folklorist, historian of literature and art, commented this fact very accurately: The proverb was created by the mutual forces of sounds and ideas. Proverbs is a kind of offshoots of the formula of folk observations and reflections. Despite all the differences of formation in most cases proverbs are characterized by conciseness, expressed in the most clear and precise manner, through which it should be close for words, but spacious for thoughts as Alexander Kunin- linguist, lexicographer and phraseologist, Doctor of Philology, puts it. The broad use of the conciseness is explained by formation of a large number of elliptic proverbs. The broad use of lexical and euphonic means in proverbs is the way to express the national-cultural specificity. It allows conveying brightness of its means. The main lexical imagery means are repetitions and matchings.
Repetition. The function of repetition is amplification. Repetition of lexemes is not usually used one by one. There are various forms of repetition.
Repetition of the lexeme coming first. Auxiliary parts of speech as well as major parts of speech can be repeated:
First come, first served (short for phrase he who is first come is first served) - Erta kelgan mehmonning qadri bor;
Handsome is as handsome does - Chiroylining amali ham chiroyli bo'ladi (Insonni husniga emas qilayotgan amaliga qarab baho beradilar); Gap husnda emas, yo'sinda
Nothing venture, nothing have - Tavakkalsiz muvaffaqiyatga erishilmaydi; chumchuqdan qo'rqqan tariq ekmaydi (tavakkalchilik - oliyjanob xislatdir) etc.
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Circular repetition may be mentioned here: diamond cut diamond - bir-biridan qolishmaslik
Repetition of the lexeme coming second:
He laughs best who laughs last - oxirgi kulgan eng yaxshi kulgi (podadan oldin chang chiqarmang);
Let bygones be bygones - o'tgan ishga salavot, yotgan ilonni boshini bosmang; One man's meat is another man's poison - har ishning o'z o 'rni bor. Repetition of the lexeme coming third. This kind of repetition is rare. Auxiliary parts of speech as well as major parts of speech can be repeated:
He that serves God for money, will serve the devil for better wages - Pul bo'lsa otasini ham sotadiganlar xilidan;
What is sauce for the goose is sauce for the gander - Birovning holiga sen kulma zinhor; Pichoqni avval o'zingga ur, og'rimasa birovga;
Repetition of the lexeme coming fourth. This kind of repetition is very rare: If two men ride on a horse, one must ride behind - bir yoqadan bosh chiqarib, kelishib ish ko'rish, Katta arava qaydan yursa, Kichik arava shundan yurar. Katta boshlar, kichik tashlar.
Repetition of two lexemes. This kind of repetition is also rare: So many men so many minds - maslahatli to'y tarqamas; bitta kalla yaxshi, ikkitasi undan ham yaxshi, Bir kalla - kalla, ikki kalla - tilla
Repetition of two initial auxiliary parts of speech is possible: Out of sight, out of mind - ko'zdan nari, ko'ngildan nari; mehr ko'zda. Three auxiliary parts of speech are repeated in proverb: In for a penny, in for a pound - boshlagan ishni oxiriga yetqazmoq, Multiple repetition. This kind of repetition is extremely rare and has a joking character:
Don't trouble trouble until trouble troubles you - yo'q joydan g'alva hiqarish, arini iniga cho'p tiqmoq
Joking nature of proverb is enhanced by unusual appearance of repetition, namely repetition of lexemes standing together.
Matching. It can be divided into two groups.
Antonymous matching, i.e. matching of lexemes that are antonyms outside of the proverb:
He that is full of himself is very empty - (o'zini kuchli deb o'ylaydiganlar aslida juda bo'sh-bayov bo'lishadi) usti yaltiroq, ichi qaltiroq; gapni quruq olib qochadigan Small rain lays great dust - (ozgina yomg'ir ham ulkan chang-bo'ronini bosishi mumkin) kichkina demang bizni, ko'tarib uramiz sizni;
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Who has never tasted bitter, knows not what is sweet - (achchiqni tatib ko'rmaguningcha, shirinning mazasini bilmaysan), boshidan o'tkazgan tabib, Arining zahrini chekmagan bolning qadrini bilmas.
Antonymous matching is widely used in comparative proverbs:
A living dog is better than a dead lion - (tirik it o'lik sherdan afzalroqdir); uzoqdagi bug'doydan yaqindagi somon Afzal, arslonning o'ligi - sichqonning tirigi
Combination of repetition and antonymous matching is possible in proverbs:
He that never climbed, never fell - (cho'qqiga chiqmagan, yiqilish neligini his qilmaydi) Mashaqqatsiz rohat bo'lmas ; Hech narsa qilmagan xato ham qilmaydi.
Matching combinations of lexemes that are not antonyms outside the proverb:
A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush - (qo'lingdagi turgan bitta qush, daraxtdagi ikkitasidan afzal), uzoqdagi bug'doydan yaqindagi somon afzal, uzoqdagi quyruqdan yaqindagi o'pka yaxshi
Such matching is found in comparative proverbs: better an egg today than a hen tomorrow - Uzoqdagi qarindoshdan yaqindagi qo'shni yaxshi; Uzoqdagi quyruqdan yaqindagi o'pka yaxshi;
Half a loaf is better than no bread - Birovning mis qozonidan o'zingning qora qozoning afzaldir
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