CC BY
11UDC 631.4
!Ahmet Sami Erol, 2Sabit Ersahin, 3Evgeny Shein, 4Fariz Mikailsoy, !Durmus Ali
Ceylan, 5Fatih Er
EXAMINATION OF CENTRAL ANATOLIA REGION IN TERMS OF SOIL STRUCTURE, PRODUCT DIVERSITY AND PRODUCTIVITY (SAMPLE OF KONYA PROVINCE - CUMRA DISTRICT)
1Selcuk University, Cumra Vocational School, Cumra, Konya, Turkey 2Cankiri Karatekin University, University, Faculty of Forestry, Cankiri, Turkey 3Moscow State University, Faculty of Soil Science, Moscow, Russia 4Igdir University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Igdir, Turkey 5Selcuk University, Cumra School of Applied Science, Cumra, Konya, Turkey E-mail: aserol@selcuk.edu.tr Abstract. Soil fertility is among the most important parameters in agriculture. Cumra which is situated in the southern part of Konya Closed Basin, where Central Anatolia's most important agricultural production center surrounded by mountains and has a plain structure. Basin soil which has arable climatic structure and topography, has the young alluvial calcareous soil properties that has occurred over time. Cumra region is an important agricultural area in Turkey, where all kinds of crop production can be made because of climatic conditions and its irrigable. In this study by examining the soil and climatic characteristics of Cumra, its efficiency are discussed. Product diversity and sustainability in terms of economy have been evaluated.
Key words: Central Anatolia, Cumra, soil properties, climate, agricultural productivity,
yields.
INTRODUCTION Soils of Central Anatolia are actively used in agriculture due to their high heat resources, natural fertility, and the availability of water for their irrigation. However, many processes that determine the evolution and contribute to the scientifically substantiated and ecologically safe use of these soils remain poorly unknown [1]. Konya is one of the most important agricultural centers. Due to the ecological aspect of the district a wide variety of plants can be grown at an altitude of 1013. It is built on a land area can be considered flat. Agricultural shows great parallels with the geographical features. Cumra constitutes 7,8 % of the agricultural land of Konya. Around 70 % of the total area of the district presents agricultural land [2].
OBJECTS AND METHODS Geographical Location of the Study Area The geographical location of the study area Cumra located between 370-380 North longitude and 330-340 East latitude.
East of it is surrounded by Karaman (province) and Karapinar (district), west of it is surrounded by Akoren and Bozkir, south of it is surrounded by Guneysinir and Bozkir, north of it is surrounded by city center of Konya, Meram and Karatay. Cumra area is located 1013 meters above sea level. Area is about 2,330 km2. Plain shows a non-uniform characteristics in terms of topography. 50 % of the land is flat. 17 % of light. 14 % medium batter. And 6 % other 13 % is too steep [2].
Climate of Research Area
Cumra which is located in Konya's closed basin is an important agricultural center that crops are grown together with a wide range of different products. Cumra and its around, winters are cold and snowy. Summers are hot and dry Fall and spring months are rainy. Summer temperatures are favorable for cultivation of many agricultural products [3]. While the average temperature increases in summer, humidity decreases.
Figure 1 - Map the of study area in Cumra Province Table 1 - Cumra's Average (1975-2012) and 2013 Temperature Data [4]
Months Minimum temperature 0C Average temperature 0C The highest temperature 0C Precipitations mm
19752012 2013 19752012 2013 19752012 2013 19752012 2010 2011 2013
January -23,7 -13,5 0,1 2,3 18,0 15,3 37,8 43,6 52,9 13,4
February -26,3 -6,3 1,1 5,3 21,1 19,2 28,3 33,3 40,1 26,4
March -18,6 -6,2 5,7 7,8 28,2 24,6 31,2 12,1 44,2 14,8
April -9,7 3,0 11,2 12,1 31,5 28,3 40,9 67,4 48,0 61,2
May -1,2 7,2 15,7 18,5 33,8 31,7 36,0 12,4 52,5 12,8
June 3,9 9,0 20,0 21,0 37,3 34,9 19,6 47,9 39,5 13,0
July 7,1 10,6 23,0 22,5 39,9 34,4 5,4 0,0 - 4,6
August 4,8 12,5 22,3 22,5 39,2 33,9 3,1 - 1,0 0,2
September -0,4 4,8 17,9 18,0 39,3 34,9 8,9 1,6 3,8 0,2
October -5,0 -2,0 12,2 10,1 31,8 30,1 30,6 62,6 32,1 19,4
November -18,2 -2,5 6,0 8,1 25,0 22,4 34,5 4,2 29,2 20,6
December -21,8 -14,4 1,9 -2,4 22,1 15,4 42,6 106,8 24,9 17,4
Average -9,1 0,2 11,4 12,2 30,6 27,1 318,9 391,9 368,2 204,0
The highest temperature compared to the average of many years of harvest data in July with 39,9°C. The lowest temperature has been measured in February as -26,3°C. The average temperature is
11,4°C. Average rainfall is 318,9 mm and the amount of rainfall in 2013 based on an average of many years is 204,0 mm that shows a significant amount of reduction.
Avarege Temperature (°C) Graph for Cumra
50 40 30 U 20 \ 10 | 0
S "10
3 -20 a>
Hi -30
31 5 33,8 37'3 39,9 39,2 39,3
28,2 25
18 21,1 72.1
3 9 7,1 4 S
1,2 -0,4
-18,6 "2,7 -18,2
-23.7 -26,3 -21,8
& J* # v^ X>* JS?
-Avarege Low Temp (OC) M Avarege High Temp (OC)
Figure 2 - Long-term (1975-2012) climatic data for Cumra. Konya. Turkey [4]
Figure 3 - Rainfall amount average of the years between (1975-2012) and in
2013 [4]
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Soil Properties and Water Resources of the Research Area
As the geological elements both Mes-ozoic and Tertiary formations layer of Quaternary, and Neogene layer and Quaternary alluvium which located on them cover large space. This region is influenced by the Hercynian orogeny and gained the basic shape with Alpine orogeny. During the Neogene period Cumra and its area spent sedimentation. Neogene layers and the alluvials on them are thick on grassy
plain; but in mountainous areas they are thin. Cumra and its surrounding area shows a depressed area (subsidence) character. During Neogene period filled with silt from the Taurus Mountains and its surrounding plains along the base is located between 1000-1100 m contour line. At also Cumra Plain which has the same charac-terictics with Konya Plain covers with the lake whose average depth of 15-20 meters and under the humid and fluvial climate influence during Pleistosen period, was found the remains of the lake [5].
Figure 4 - Cumra area and its main morphological units [6]
Lands of research consists of alluvi-yal soil. They are lime-rich soils which is moved from the surrounding mountains and hills from the fourth time accumulated in the old lake bed. According to the new genetic classification system they are AC horizon soil as vertisol. The upper horizon of the partially decomposed organic waste is seen mixed with mineral. At C horizons (at bottom) is seen the main material which is dissociated and moved from the environment [6].
Cumra agricultural land; bedrock. precipitation. temperature. influenced by conditions such as vegetation and rainfall have led to the emergence of a variety of soil types. In terms of structure of clay loam soil, Cumra soil has a suitable structure for cultivating many agricultural products. They are rich in minerals, young,deep and efficient. However they have problems such as lime, alkalinity (pH=7,5-8,5), drainage and wind erosion. Because of its lime it has toxic effects on plants [2].
While top and bottom soil of all irrigated agricultural areas have a heavy structure, loamy and sandy soil are seen on a small amount. Soil depth is very high. Clay varies between 5 and 75 m depth. While the soil color is light brown sometimes soil color is seen yellowish and
whitish tones due to excess lime. Due to most of plain soils remain effect of ground water along the profile from the surface yellowish stains and rust stains resulting from gray iron deficiency may occur. Soil structure is usually 0-30 cm depth in the upper processing angular blocks or granular solid in the down part. And water holding capacity of soil saturation values are quite high. 180-300 cm were attained in the relative barrier layer [6].
According to [7] Er and Erol's study, 100 soil sample which are picked from100 different areas were analyzed separately and identified the characteristics of Cumra agricultural land. According to the analysis of soil structure; 76 % of it is clay loam. 13 % of it is loamy and 11 % of it is clayish. 91,6's % of soil is salty; 2,8 % of soil is lightly salted; 1,4 % of soil is medium salty, 4,8 % of it is too salty and 8 % of it is limy 31 % of sand is medium lime; 31 % of sand is too limy and 30 % of sand is identified as too much limy. When analyzed in terms of the organic substance content 59 % of it contains small amount; 20 % of it contains precious little and 21 % of it contains moderately organic substance. In terms of pH values 98,6 % of it shows slightly alkaline character and 1,4% of it shows neutral characters [7].
Table 2 - Nutrient Distribution of Cumra's Agricultural Soil (%) [7]
Nutrient element Deficient (%) Excess (%)
Phosphorus 60 14
Potassium 7 48
Magnesium 12 32
Iron 77 6
Zinc 52 33
Agricultural land of Cumra is not sufficient in terms of macro nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus but it has been brought to a sufficient level with the addition of organic matter and fertilizer. Even if micro elements are in soil decently, they are not plant-available for plants due to the chalky soil [2].
Very few villages in the mountainous terrain of the town is built on the plains. In Apa and Dinek villages forested areas are available. The north, south and east of the district are covered with fertile agricultural areas. The only stream of the district called Carsamba is used for irrigation purposes. This stream is connected a water channel from Beysehir to Cumra. This channel is Turkey's first irrigation channel. And then Apa barrage was built on it. The excess water of Carsamba is drained to Salt Lake with another channel. In addition, Irrigation water are provided from the private wells which are opened and builded with the facility and help of
Table 3 - Field Distribution of Cumra [2]
Research in the area of the pattern of crop production
Production of agricultural land in Cumra where is selected as the study area
DSI (State Hydraulic Works), Irrigation cooperatives and farmers. Thanks to new wells the amount of irrigated land expands and consequently the wealth and productivity of product increases [8].
Carsamba is the largest and most important rivulet in Cumra. Its source is elevation of Bozkir. Combining with Beysehir Lake's outlet it creates Cumra Plain's irrigation network. Because Cumra Plain located in Konya closed basin there is no outlet port [2].
Field Presence of Research Area
Approximately 60 % of agricultural land can be irrigated in Cumra. Irrigation is done using surface and groundwater resources. The high possibility of irrigation let intensive agricultural practices in the region. At Table 3. the use of the area of the Cumra distribution are given. Also examining the chart can be seen as there is almost no inefficient agricultural areas. Intensive agriculture is done at all agricultural area of Cumra.
of the crop growing areas, production quantities, the yield condition are shown in table 4.
Usage Quantity(ha) %
Agricultural land 148,440 74,34
Grassland Area 39,558 19,81
Forest Area 3,750 1,88
Dam lake Area 2,220 1,11
The Swamp Area 1,008 0,50
Inefficient Area (slope) 1,430 0,72
Residential property Area 3,282 1,64
TOTAL 199,688 100,00
Table 4 - Cultivation Area of Agricultural Crops, Production and Yield Condition in 2013 in Cumra [2]
Products Planted Area (da) Manufacturing (ton) Yields (kg/da)
Wheat 435,000 213,000 490
Barley 130,500 48,860 374
Sugar beets 180,940 1,350,000 7461
Sun flowers 134,000 49,100 366
Corn 118,000 252,000 2136
Peas 21,500 3,325 155
Alfalfa 15,000 90,000 6000
Dry beans 60,000 21,600 360
Rye 250 113 452
Potato 15,000 60,000 4000
Oat 300 65 217
Sainfoin 60 66 1100
Vetch 15,000 30,000 2000
Lentil 1,200 112 93333
Safflower 100 7 70
Table 5 - Cultivation Area of vegetables grown in Cumra, its Production and Yield Condition [2]
Products Planted Area (da) Manufacturing (ton) Yields (kg/da)
Tomato 2550 11475 9007
Pumpkin Seeds 6000 840 140
Green Bean 500 550 1100
Melon 5000 25000 5000
Watermelon 2500 10000 4000
Carrot 17000 144500 8500
Table 6 - 2014 Distribution of Field and Production of All Orchards in Cumra [2]
Products Area of Orchard (da) Manufacturing (ton) %
Apple 6085 4728 57 %
Grape 2000 773 19 %
Walnut 1065 15 10 %
Cherry 800 670 7 %
Pear 310 274 3 %
Almond 125 80 1 %
Peach 140 161 1 %
Plum 90 138 1 %
Apricot 100 126 1 %
Quince 41 16 0 %
Total 10756 6981 100
According to the 2013 Cumra's Farmers registration system the largest production area belongs to wheat. As shown in Table 4. total cultivated area of wheat stood at 435,000 decares. The total cultivated area of barley, rye, oat is 131 050 decares. Other major products of Cumra: Sugar beets 80,940 acres, Dry beans 60,000 acres, Peas 21,500 acres, Potatoes 15,000 acres, Forage (alfalfa. sainfoin. vetch) 30 060 acres, Corn 118 000 acres, Sun flowers 134,000 acres.
At table 6 production quantities of fruit available in bulk at Cumra and and its field are given. Accordingly, maximal apple cultivation (in 6085) done in the field and 6,085 tons of product are obtained. In addition, the district has vineyards about 2000 square meters.
CONCLUSION Cumra is capable of being the center of agriculture. Since Republic Period, Cumra showed continuous improvement in agriculture, and sustained the feature of being a brand (Cumra melon. As Cumra tomatoes) 33 % of the Konya's carrot production belongs to Cum-ra- Kasinhani. 40 % of the cultivated carrot is exported [2]. When examining the diversity of products and production capacity of Cumra has a great importance as agricultural production. Agriculture is the most important source of livelihood in this region. The most important factor of this situation is the agricultural productivity of the soil and the suitability of climatic factors. In addition; the reason of high crop productivity in the region is presence of irrigation canal and irrigable farm land.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The presentation is supported by Selcuk University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit with Project number 15701649.
REFERENCES
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2 Anonymous. 2014 Yili Brifing Raporu / T.C Cumra Kaymakamligi. Ilce Tarim, Gida ve Hayvancilik Mudurlugu Haziran. - 2014 . - P. 105.
3 Akkus A. Cumra Cevresinin Fiziki Cografyasi ve Insan Cevre Iliskisi // 1.Uluslararasi Catal Hoyukten Gunumuze Cumra Kongresi. Cumra Belediyesi Kultur Hiz-metleri Yayinlari. - 2000. - P. 223.
4 Anonymous (2013). Turkish State Meteorological Service. - P. 681.
5 Tapur, T., and Tuncer, B. Cumra Ilcesinde Kirsal Yerlesmeler (The Rural Settlements in the District of Cumra). Selcuk Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitusu Dergisi. -2012. - P. 106.
6 Anonymous (1996). Karaman ve Konya Projeleri III. merhale (Karadag ve Konya -Cumra Sulamalari) planlama revize ve ek alan siniflandirma ve drenaj raporu. DSI Gen-el Mudurlugu, IV. Bolge Mudurlugu Proje No: 164-1605. - P. 583.
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тушн
^Ахмет Сами Эрол, 2Сабит Ersahin, 3Евгений Шеин, 4Фариз Микалсой, хДурмус Али
Сейлан, 5Фатих Эр
ОРТАЛЬЩ АНАТОЛИЯ 0ЩР1НЩ ТОПЫРАК; К;¥РЫЛЫМЫН, 0Н1МНЩ ЖЭНЕ 0Н1МД1Л1КТЩ ЭРТYРЛIЛIПН ЗЕРТТЕУ (КОНЬЯ АИМАFЫ - ЧУМРА АУДАНЫ
МЫСАЛЫНДА)
1Университет Сельжук, Чумра кэаби техникалык мектебу Чумра, Конья, Туркия 2Университет Чанкыры Каратекин, Университет, орман шаруашылыгы факультету Чанкыры, Туркия 3Москва мемлекетткуниверситету топырактану факультетi, Москва, Ресей 4 Университет Игдыр, ауыл шаруашылыгы факультетi, топырактану жэне
всiмдiк коректену департаменту Игдыр, Турции 5Университет Сельжук, Чумра колданбалы гылымдар мектебу Чумра, Конья, Турция, e-mail: aserol@selcuk.edu.tr Топырак к¥нарлылыгы ауыл шаруашылыгындагы ен манызды керсетшштердщ 6ipi болып табылады. Чумра таулармен коршалган жэне жазык к¥рылымды Конья Жабьщ алабынын OHTYCTiK белiгiнде, Орталык Анатолиянын ауыл шаруашылыгы ендiрiсiнiн ен манызды орталыгында орналаскан. Алап топырагы климаттык к¥рылымга жэне егiстiк рельефiне жэне ^зак уакыт бойы калыптаскан жас аллювиалды эктасты касиеттерге ие. Чумра климаттык жэне суармалы жагдайына байланысты есiмдiк шаруашылыгы енiмдерiнiн барлык тYрлерi есiрiлетiн ТYркиядаFы манызды ауыл шаруашылыгы ауданы болып табылады. Б^л зерттеуде Чумра аймагынын топырак жэне климаттык сипаттамасы, сонымен катар олардын тшмдшп талкыланып зертгелдi. вндiрiс эртYрлiлiгi мен экономикалык т^ргыдан т^рактылыгына багалау жYргiзiлдi.
TYrnHdi свздер: Орталык Анатолия, Чумра, топырак касиетгерi, климат, ауыл шаруашылыгынын енiмдiлiгi, енiмдiлiк.
РЕЗЮМЕ
хАхмет Сами Эрол, 2Сабит Ersahin, 3Евгении Шеин, 4Фариз Микалсои, хДурмус Али
Сеилан, 5Фатих Эр
ОБСЛЕДОВАНИЕ СТРУКТУРЫ ПОЧВЫ, РАЗНООБРАЗИЯ ПРОДУКЦИИ И ПРОДУКТИВНОСТИ В РЕГИОНЕ ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОИ АНАТОЛИИ
(на примере провинции конья - раИон ЧУМРЫ)
1Университет Сельжук, профтех школа Чумры, Чумра, Конья, Турция 2Университет Чанкыры Каратекин, Университет, факультет лесного хозяйства,
Чанкыры, Турция
3Московский государственный университет, факультет почвоведения,
Москва, Россия
4Университет Игдыр, факультет сельского хозяйства, Департамент почвоведения и питания растений, Игдыр, Турция 5Университет Сельжук, Чумринская школа прикладных наук, Чумра, Конья, Турция,
e-mail: aserol@selcuk.edu.tr Плодородие почвы является одним из самых важных параметров в сельском хозяи-стве. Чумра находится в южнои части Закрытого бассеина Коньи, в важнеишем центре сельскохозяиственного производства в Центральнои Анатолии, окруженном горами и имеет равнинную структуру. Почва бассеина, имеет климатическую структуру и рельеф пашни, и обладает молодыми аллювиальными известковыми своиствами, которые образовались в течение долгого времени. Регион Чумра является важнеишим сельскохозяи-
ственным районом в Турции, где все виды продукции растениеводства могут возделы-ваться благодаря климатическим условиям и орошению. В данном исследовании изучены и обсуждены почвенные и климатические характеристики региона Чумры, а также их эффективность. Проведена оценка разнообразия производства и устоичивости с эконо-мическои точки зрения.
Ключевые слова: Центральная Анатолия, Чумра, своиства почвы, климат, продуктивность сельского хозяиства, урожаиность.
