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PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES
Evolutional development of the genre of travel notes
Yunuszoda Z. (Republic of Uzbekistan) Эволюционное развитие жанра путевых заметок Юнусзода З. Ю. (Республика Узбекистан)
Юнусзода Зулфия Юнусовна / Yunuszoda Zulfiya - кандидат филологических наук, докторант, кафедра таджикского языка и литературы, филологический факультет, Самаркандский государственный университет, г. Самарканд, Республика Узбекистан
Abstract: the article deals with the genre development of belles-letters notes in the Tajik classic literature, formation stages, the development process as an independent genre, autobiography of various types and memoirs being close to the fictional genres both general and distinguishing features, peculiarities of real belles-letters notes.
Аннотация: в статье рассматриваются развитие жанра путевые заметки в таджикской классической литературе, этапы формирования, процесс развития как самостоятельного жанра, автография различных типов и воспоминаний, являющихся вымышленным жанром, общие и отличительные черты, особенности реальных путевых заметок.
Keywords: the genre, belles-letters travel notes, memoirs, synthesis, the content, the form, an evolutional development.
Ключевые слова: жанр, путевые заметки, мемуары, синтез, содержания, форма, эволюционного развития.
Belles-letters notes was one of widely used well-known genres in the world literature, especially, in the history of Persian-Tajik literature, which tells about journeys of writer's to cities of his country or foreign countries, details of the travel, and events.
According to the form and the structure the belle's letters notes is relatively a free genre complies with the writer's world outlook, literaryskill, and aestheticstyle to a reader which can introduce the history, culture, customs, religion, profession, mode of life, climate, economic and social conditions of people of different countries. Hence, we have come across the following noteworthy thoughts in the Russian literary critic: "A belles letters travel notes is partly a novel, partly the complex of the funny stories, partly history, partly politics, partly natural science. Every reader can get and know everything he/shewants" [4, p. 222]. That is to say, the belles letters travel notes is considered having geographical, historic, ethnographic and general encyclopediccontent genre.
The initial samples of the genre in the literature of Persian-Tajik of the Ancient period is givenin the book "Ardavirofnoma" as a real or only imaginary journey, "Sindbodthe Sailor" and "Hotam's adventures" can be seen like narrative prose of fictional samples.
The Persian literary critic Husain Razmju distinguishes two types imaginary and real adventure storieslooking into the formation and development of the genre of belles letters travel notes in the Persian-Tajik literature in terms of expressive point of view real events and fictional thoughts. He considers the imaginary belles letters travel notes is to narrate spititual moral journey of the beautiful adventures of symbolic works. Following fictional belles letters travel notes in accord with authentic ancient manuscript are regarded the samples of fictional belles letters travel notes such as"Ardavirofnoma" (VI-VII centuries), mesnevi (distich) of Fariduddin Attor "Logics of the birds" [5, p. 200].
The poems "The journey of people and returning to their places" of the Iranian literary critic Abdulhusain Zarrinkub Hakim Sanoiy and "Spiritual Mesnevi" of Mavlaviy Rumiy are referred as a spiritual and sacred belle's letters travel notes [1, p. 202].
There are a great number of symbolic works describing beautiful spiritual sacred travelling in the easten sufism literature such as the works of Ibn Sino "Treatise about birds", «An Alive
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wakeful son», the novel of Ibn al-Arabiy «Al-futuhot», the story of Bedil "The wonder of the magic", the novel of Ikbol «Jovidnoma», and the story of Ajziy "The sample of the mirror".
As an objective of the given article we carried out the research of the real belle's letters travel notes. These authentic belles letters travel notes are met in the works of the writers'activities, like Nosir Khusrav (XI century), Nizoriy Kuhistoniy (XIII century), Zayniddin Vosifiy (XV century), Mirzo Sodik Munshiy (first half of the XIX century).
The writers, themselves narrate about their direct impressions and commentaries of the travelling in the countries. As The Tajic researcher R.Musulmoniyon said the main peculiarities of belle's letters travel notes is "The author's direct seen, witnessed, and experienced events" [2, p. 150].
Real belles letters travel notes has an ancient history in the tajic classic literature. The founder of the genre is the great poet speculator Nosir Khusrav. The writer wrote "A belles letters travel notes" which is based on his seven-year journey (Egypt, Palestine, Syria etc. countries). Various thoughts and concepts are existed in the novel of Nosir Khusrav "A belles letters travel notes" defining the genre peculiarities of issues in the Tajik literary critics, for instance A. Atobulloev names it "Travel stories", the authors of educational manual "Journalism" mentiona belles letters travel notes of Nosir Khusrav as "Travel stories". There is no need to use the term story regarding to the novel of Nosir Khusrav. As The Tajic researcher R.Musulmoniyon stresses the genre "if this real belles letters travel notes has an ancient history in the tajic classic literature and widely used in the literary criticism, its better to call a belles letters travel notes" [2, p. 150]. As historical facts, proofs and documentary evidencies were widely used in the travel story of Nosir Khusrav, the novel is not seen in the literary feature at all. Here, it is important to mention the thoughts of the literary critic S. Sadiyev: "We can not consider the travel story of Nosir Khusravas a literary novel. On the whole, it is considered as a documentary story" [3, p. 41].
Given belles letters travel notes of Nosir Khusrav is based not on the point of the position and ideological objective but on the writing the travel details neutraly, unbiased and without changes. We can see these peculiarities in the belles letters travel notes of Nizoriy and Vosifiy.
Nizoriy's belles letters travel notes was written in the form of distich which consists of 1200 couplets. It tells the poet's impressions about the travelling to the different cities of the Caucasus during a year and half (1280-1281), alsothe customs of the countries, religion and directions, political and social events. Nizoriy's belles letters travel notes was also created on the basis of the principles presenting the fact and the documents, and describing real events. The poem of Nizoriy has its own peculiarities thatpoet's observed events and the discussions with wise menwere founded separately in the form of the guidebook events.
In the result of the research of the belles letters travel notes one of the important features in the genre sphere have been disclosedthe expression of the memories and impressionsof the author's memoirs and autobiography. The general and distinguishing features of the novels of the memoirs and autobiography in the Tajik literature critics were the research work by preceptor Sadriddin Ainiy "The adventages of the events"«The conclusions of the literary events», research work by M. Shukurov carried out scientific works in the novel "The peculiarities of the concept "The memoirs and the fiction adventuresof the preceptor S. Ayniy".
According to some genre peculiarities the belles letters travel notes is close to the novels such as the essay, memoirs and autobiography. This nearness constitutes the component elements: the writer himself is a main character, the novel has no the only gist, wide use of fact and documentary details, narration of real vital events. Literary genres have commonly interrelationwith their opportunities and essence. Therefore, they are considered to be general genres in the literary critics. Having these kinds of similarities in the literary genres it has its peculiarities and conformities. It is significant to mention that the belle's letters travel notes besides having the story peculiarities it can embody the features of the memoirs, autobiography, publicistic characteristics as well. Consequently, these kinds of peculiarities of the belles letters travel notes show large scale opportunities from the point of its theme-contents and the formation.
The commonness among the genres of memoirs, autobiography and belles letters travel notes create the basis for synthesis among them. Inasmuch as, thememoirs andautobiography consist of
the event complex related to the different years, the author's mode of life, comparatively fully embody his life, he is able to include his impressions in a novel.
The combination of two genre samples of memoirs "The fiction adventures" by Zayniddin Mahmud Vosifiy are example of the synthesis. Having great creative skill proprietor Zayniddin Mahmud Vosifiy impregnated peculiarities and regularities of two genres memoirs and belle's letters travel notes combining them into the concept and the content. The first part of the novel "The literary conclusions" describes the author's journeys to Turkistan and Movaronahr, adventures described involumes I-XI has the peculiarities of the belle's letters travel notes. The belle's letters travel notes in the work of Vosifiy appears not as separate and independent genre, but as component part of the memoirs genre. In other words, travel stories in "The fiction adventures" impregnated into its similar genre-memoirs component, which is why we called it the memories of the travel adventures or journey memoirs. Simultaneously carrying out the tradition of belles letters travel notes study Vosifiyusing a new style, new elements made an important contribution in the development and improvisation of the genre.
In the further development of the genre in belle letters travel notes, the novel of Mirzo Sodik Munshiy plays an important role. On request of belles letters travel notes genre the poet worked on distich genre consisting of 144 couplets in "The utterance about the districts Ohugir and Khayrobod". In his distiches the poet wrote about his travel impressions around the villages and neighborhoods of Bukhara (Ohugir, Husnobod, Khayrobod, Shishakhona, Toshmasjid, Toba, Jondor, malikkhon etc. the belles letters travel notes of Mirzo Sodikis believed to be the samples of journeys' impressions within the homeland, which does not reflect the details of the days, months, years, road details, the distances between villages, but had its own peculiarities.Since, the poet avoids the description of the information about adventures, mostly analyses the common people's mode of life, pays attention to their condition, important social problems, analyzing the social-political situation, and criticizespolitical situation and unhealthy condition of the country. The poet sees the strangles as "homeless", everybody as "to be parched with thirst". He names Bukhara as "mulkiabtar" ("ruins, a sparse country") and "the city of misfortune". The creative purpose of author's description this mournful condition was to criticize the developing tyranny, the injustice of the oppressorofficials. The distiches of the poet surpass the previous belle's letters travel notes with their concept peculiarities, as well as close to the enlightenment period of travel stories. It can be seen that belle's letters travel notes of Mirzo Sodik being close to the enlightenment period of travel stories with comparing and confronting them. Passing through he compares "vayronai bebomu bedar" ("roofless, ruins without doors") and "demolished" each village, street with the past of the abundance and town with many amenities. Disclosing the social life difects with the help of this comparison is considered as the main peculiarities of the enlightenment period of travel stories.
For the first time, Mirzo Sodik expressedconscious attitude to the object of description in the belles letters travel notes critisising the serious social situation of that period. Therefore, the author's subjuctive ideological attitude can be seen to the position, real discription of the poem belles letters travel notes. This case greatly increased in the enlightenment period of travel stories. We can say that this novel was founded the creation of the famous belles letters travel notes in the enlightenment literature. After Mirzo Sodik, uzbek and tajik enlighteners continued his tradition.
In particular, the poem of the travel stories (was written in 1870) by Jonmuhammad Joniy, by Mukimiy (1890), by Zavkiy (1898) and others belles letters travel notes are similar to the novel of Mirzo Sodik in the view of the notion and the iideological contents. In that way, Mirzo contributed with the development and evolution with his distich belles letters travel notes genre"The utterance about the districts Ohugir and Khayrobod.
In the result of the comparative research and analysis of the genre of the belles letters travel notes by Nosir Khusrav, Nizoriy Kuhistoniy, Mirzo Sodik Munshiy, and the memoirs of Vosifiy the following elements have been defined:
- the belles letters travel notes is a whole event, that is to say it has no a gist feature;
- the author himself is a main character, the events are told by his words, systemized and sequenced by means of his speech;
- events are placed on the basis of the date, according to the author's visiting time to the places, that is, following the chronological order;
- author's adventure, experiencies are told with the exact, real, authentic description;
- purposelyly, author's two types of attitudes are seen in the objective and social discrription: objective attitude and subjective attitude;
-the belles letters travel notes are created both in prose and poetry;
- according to the discription of the place devided into two: journey about homeland and foreign country;
- author's critical commentaries can be reflected in the travel stories;
- comparative description type in the belles letters travel notes is basic;
- a belles letters travel notes can be taken in its close literary genre-memoirs;
- the discription of the nature, that is the scenery can be met in the belles letters travel notes;
- the belles letters travel notes is a historic and documentary source in studying period peculiarities, author's life, and in learning personality.
Above mentioned genre occurred variously in accord with author's purpose and social style of the peculiarities, they are separately have their own features distinguishing from each other.
References
1. Zarrinkub A. The research work of the Sufism in Iran. Dushanbe. Enlightenment, 1990.
2. Musulmoniyon R. The theory of literature. Dushanbe. Enlightenment, 1990.
3. Sadiyev S. The genre of belles letters travel notes of the Tajic and Persian enlighteners // Issues of Tajik philology. Scientific conference and the article. Samarkand: Edition DDS, 1997.
4. A Letter about Spain by V. P. Botkin // Chernishevskiy N. G. Full collected essays in 15 volumes. V. 4: Articles and reviews 1856-1857. Moscow: Fiction Literature, 1948.
5. Husain Razmchu. Literary types and monuments in the Persian language. Mashhad, 1370.
Suffixation as means of technical terms formation Klepikovskaya N. (Russian Federation) Суффиксация как способ образования технических терминов Клепиковская Н. В. (Российская Федерация)
Клепиковская Наталья Владимировна /Klepikovskaya Natalia - кандидат филологических наук, доцент,
кафедра общего и германского языкознания, Северный арктический федеральный университет, г. Северодвинск
Аннотация: в статье анализируются технические термины, входящие в состав простой производной терминологии и образованные при помощи суффиксации. Выявляются наиболее частотные суффиксы, их происхождение и особенности семантики. Abstract: the article deals with technical terms, included into simple derived terminological systems and formed with the help of suffixation. The most frequent suffixes, their origin and peculiarities of its semantics are defined.
Ключевые слова: технический термин, терминология, суффиксация. Keywords: technical term, terminology, suffixation.
К производным терминам относятся термины, представляющие собой сочетание основы с терминоэлементами, выступающими в префиксальной, суффиксальной или префиксально-суффиксальной функции. Вычленение производных лексических единиц может быть затруднено наличием алломорфов (вариантов морфем), вследствие чего возникает проблема определения их в качестве одной или различных морфем. Например, префикс in- имеет следующие алломорфы
