Evolution of size and composition of a multicomponent gas bubble in liquid solution Текст научной статьи по специальности «Химические науки»

Evolution of size and composition of a multicomponent gas bubble in liquid solution

A. E. Kuchma, A. K. Shchekin

Department of Statistical Physics, Faculty of Physics, St. Petersburg State University, Ulyanovskaya 1, Petrodvoretz, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia

[email protected]

PACS 05.70.Fh, 05.70.Np, 47.55.db, 47.57.eb, 68.35.Rh DOI 10.17586/2220-8054-2015-6-4-479-488

The equations describing the transient and steady stages of size and composition evolution for a gas bubble which grows or shrinks due to the diffusion of several gases dissolved in liquid solution have been derived. The diffusion fluxes for gases in the liquid mixture caused by the bubble growth or dissolution were assumed to be quasi-stationary and the mixture of the gases in the bubble was treated as ideal. The analytical solutions for the obtained evolution equations have been found for bubbles of any size with an arbitrary number of components in the case of equal products of diffusivities and solubilities of dissolved gases in the liquid solution, and for sufficiently large binary bubbles for which capillary effects can be neglected.

Keywords: bubble, multicomponent, supersaturated solution, diffusion, kinetics of growth. Received: 20 June 2015

1. Introduction

This paper presents several analytical results in the theoretical description for the growth or dissolution kinetics of a single gas bubble in a supersaturated or undersaturated gas-liquid solution in the case when the bubble is comprised of several gases. Evidently, finding such description is a fundamental issue because it turns to be a necessary element for the general theory on the decay of multicomponent metastable liquid solutions [1,2]. As discussed previously, the formation of gas bubbles is widely applied in technological processes for the creationc of new porous materials and nano- and microcontainers [3,4]. The rapid, explosive growth of water vapor and accompanying dissolved gas bubbles in magmatic melt is one contributing mechanism for volcanic eruptions [5-7]. The control of gas bubble growth and dissolution in blood and biological tissues is a very important issue for those undergoing decompression [8]. These examples highlight how the problem of theoretically describing bubble growth or dissolution is still very relevant.

The diffusion growth of single-component bubbles in a supersaturated solution of gas in liquid has been previously considered under the assumption of a quasi-stationary state for the concentration fields of dissolved gas in the vicinity of bubble and with the use of a self-similar solution for the non-stationary diffusion equation [9-13]. Quasi-steady-state diffusion approaches to the description of multicomponent bubble evolution were considered by Ramos [14,15] and Cable and Frade [16]. In particular, it was reported in [15,16] that large enough bubbles reach a state of stationary growth with fixed composition and growth rate and may demonstrate a nonmonotonic change in their radius during the initial stage of their evolution. Formulation of the theory of non-stationary self-similar growth of a binary bubble

with stationary composition in the case of high supersaturation had been done by Gor and Kuchma [17].

Recently, we have formulated and analyzed a set of equations for the size, composition and temperature of a droplet consisting of a binary or multicomponent solution, which non-isothermally condenses or evaporates under a quasi-steady-state diffusion regime in a multi-component mixture of vapors and non-condensable carrier gas [18-22]. Some of these equations have been analytically solved. The problem of a multicomponent droplet growing or evaporating in the diffusion regime in the vapor-gas mixture is similar to the problem of growth or dissolution of a multicomponent bubble in the liquid solution with several dissolved gas. In this paper, we will extend the analytical approach which was useful for a small droplet to the case of a multicomponent bubble.

2. General relations

We consider a multicomponent spherical bubble of radius R which grows or shrinks due to the diffusion of several gases dissolved in liquid solution at fixed absolute temperature T and pressure P. Under mechanical equilibrium of the bubble and the solution, the total pressure Ptot (R) in the bubble depends on its radius R and pressure P in the solution according to the formula:

Ptot (R) = p + R (1)

where a is the surface tension at the bubble-liquid interface. Let ni be the volume concentration of the molecules of i-th gas (i = 1,2,... ,k) within the bubble, then the total gas concentration n in the bubble equals:

k

n = ^ Hi. i= 1

Assuming the gas mixture in the bubble is ideal, we have:

£ (2)

Ptot Hx 2a\_( RA (3)

n = kkBT = kBT PR) = n^+ -r) , (3)

where kB is the Boltzmann constant, and we have introduced the new notation:

n = kPT, R = (4)

ksT P

For characterization of the composition of the bubble, we will use the molecular fractions Xi of i-th component determined as:

Xi = - = N (i = 1, 2,... k), (5)

n N

where Ni is the number of molecules of i-th gas and N = k=i N is the total number of gas molecules in the bubble. Because i=1 xi = 1, only k — 1 molecular fractions xi can be considered to be independent. In light of Eqs. (3) and (4), the total number N of molecules in the bubble can also be expressed as:

N = ^nR3 = ^nR3 f 1 + = ^nR2 (R + R). (6)

3 3 \ R / 3

The emission and absorption of gas molecules by the bubble produce the diffusion profiles of each component around the bubble in a liquid solution. We denote the local volume concentration of i-th component at distance r > R from the center of the bubble as Pi (r,t). Correspondingly, the initial bulk volume concentration of the i-th component in liquid is pi0 = Pi (r ^ (X),t). We will assume that the concentration pi (R,t) at the boundary of the bubble is determined by conditions of chemical equilibrium for the i-th component in the bubble and solution and is related in this way with the volume concentration ni within the bubble. Henry's law gives:

Pi (R,t) = si'ni = SiXin (i = 1, 2, ...k), (7)

where si is the solubility of i-th component of the gas mixture in the liquid solution.

3. The equations governing the evolution of the composition and size of the bubble

Differentiating both sides of definition (5) with respect to time gives:

Xi = — — Xi — (i = 1, 2,... k),

N

'N

(8)

where the dot over the quantity marks the time derivative or rate of the corresponding quantity. The expression for the rates Ni and N have the following form under assumption of stationary diffusion of the dissolved gases in solution:

Ni = 4nRDi [pio — pi (R,t)] (i = 1, 2,... k), k

N = 4nR ^ Di [pio — Pi (R, t)] ,

(9) (10)

i=1

where Di is the diffusivity of i-th component of the gas mixture in the liquid solution. Substitution of Eqs. (9) and (10) into the right-hand side of Eq. (8) and using Eqs. (4) and (6) yields:

3

X i —

n R (R + R*)

Di [pio — Pi (R, t)] — Xi ^ Dj [pjo — Pj (R, t)] (i = 1, 2,... k). (11)

j=i

Let us now introduce the i-th gas supersaturation in solution as:

Zi = — - 1 (i = 1, 2,... k).

Sin

Eqs. (3) and (7) allows us to write:

R

pi (R, t) = SiXin i 1 + -R-Substituting Eqs. (12) and (13) in Eq. (11) yields:

(i = 1, 2,... k).

(12)

(13)

3

X i —

R (R + R*)

DiSi ( Zi + 1 — Xi J 1 + R

k

— Dj Sj ^j +1—Xj 1 + R j=1

(i = 1, 2,... k). (14)

Analogously, differentiating both sides of definition (6) with respect to time and using Eq. (3) gives:

4n / R \ • 4n R • -/2\

NV = 4nnR2R + — HR3 = 4nH 1 + R2R — — H-* RR3 = 4nfRR R + -R* , (15) 3 \R/ 3 R2 \3/

while substituting Eqs. (7) and (12) in Eq. (10) yields:

k

NV = 4nRH ^ D

ii

i=1

Zi + 1 - *i( 1+ R*

(16)

After comparing Eqs. (15) and (16), we obtain:

R (R + 2R-) = DiS^Zi + 1 - Si( 1+ R*)) . (17)

Finally, we have coupled evolution equations (14) and (17) for the bubble's composition and radius with initial conditions xi (t = 0) = xi0, R (t = 0) = Ro. Note that in the case of a single-component gas in solution and bubble (x1 = 1, Zi + 1 = 0 at i > 2), Eq. (17) is obviously reduced to the equation for the bubble radius in the known form:

RR = D1S1, (18)

Zi R — R*

where

Ra = 2 R*. (19)

For a supersaturated gas-liquid solution, when Z1 > 0, Eq. (18) can be rewritten:

RR R+RT = D1S1Z1, (20)

R — Rc

where Rc = R = is the radius of the critical bubble (at R0 > Rc the size of the bubble

Z1 PZ1

increases monotonically with time, while at R0 < Rc, the bubble dissolves irreversibly). The growth dynamics of a supercritical bubble in a highly supersaturated (Z1 >> 1) gas-liquid solution, determined by Eq. (20), was studied in detail in [11]. If there is Z1 < 0, a bubble of any initial size irreversibly dissolves.

4. Analytical solution of evolution equations in the case of equal products of diffusivities and solubilities of dissolved gases

Let us now consider the conditions on the system parameters which allows us to find analytical solutions for Eqs. (14) and (17). In the particular case when Disi = Ds, for any gas component, (i.e. when the diffusivity and solubility products for dissolved gases in liquid solution are equal) Eqs. (14) and (17) take the form:

3 ns

xi = rcr+r) Ki + 1 — xi(i = 1-2--k)- (21)

RR R—RTC = Dsc' (22)

where we have introduced new notation:

Z = Ë (Zi + 1) -1.

(23)

i=1

As is seen from Eqs. (20) and (22), changing the bubble size with time does not depend in this particular case on the bubble's composition and is described by the same equation as in the case of single-component bubble. The role of supersaturation is played now by the quantity and we have R*/Z instead of Rc. Proceeding by analogy with [11], taking into account the initial value R (t = 0) = R0 and Eq. (19), we find for the bubble radius at Z = 0 :

R2-R+(1+if> R (r - Ro+R

Z

Z

ZR — R*

ZRo — R*

DsZt.

(24)

In the case Z = 0, it follows from Eq. (22) that the bubble radius satisfies the equation:

rri RR+33

R* 3

-Ds.

(25)

It is clear from Eq. (25) that R < 0 and the bubble irreversibly dissolves in this case. Using the initial condition for the bubble radius, we find the solution of Eq. (25) in the form:

R3 - R

R

0 + R2 - r2

—Dst.

(26)

Setting R (td) = 0, we can find the time td of complete dissolution of the bubble of initial radius R0 at Z = 0 as:

Ro Ro + R*

td (Ro) =

(27)

3Ds R*

There is a special case when Zi + 1 = 0 for all gas components, and, correspondingly, Z + 1 = 0. This case refers to the dissolution of a gas bubble in pure solvent. As follows from Eq. (21), we have Xi = 0 for each gas component within the bubble in this case, and the composition of the bubble in the dissolution process remains unchanged. Such situation is fully equivalent to the description of the single-component bubble dissolution in the pure solvent. Substituting Z = — 1 into Eq. (24), we find:

R2 - R2 1R

""2 3R*

R — Ro — R* ln

R + R* Ro + R*

-Dst.

(28)

As follows from Eq. (28), the time of complete dissolution of the bubble of initial radius R0 at Z = —1 is determined as:

Û(Ro) = ds

R2 1R

- — _ R*

2 3 *

Ro - R* Ro + 1

R

In the case R0 << R*, this time approximately equals:

id (Ro)

Ro2 Ro

3Ds

1+

3R

(29)

(30)

Let us now consider a relation between the bubble radius and composition. If Z + 1 > 0, then we have from Eq. (21):

x i

3Ds (Z + 1) R (R + R*)

(xi - Xis), (i =1, 2,... k),

(31)

484 where:

_ Ci + 1

xis - T

(32)

C + 1'

is the stationary value of molecular fraction of i-th component of the gas mixture in the bubble. With the help of Eq. (22), we can find from Eq. (31) the relation between differentials dxi and

dR:

dxi 3 (C + 1) (R + RCT) dR

xi xi.

(i = 1,2,...k).

(33)

(R + R*) (CR - R*)

The solution of Eq. (33) at ( = 0 and R (t = 0) = R0, xi (t = 0) = xi0 (i = 1, 2,... k) has the form:

, , , , 2Ç + 3

R0 + R

^Pi 'X i

xi0 xis

Z Ro — R*

Z R — R*

Z

(34)

R + R*

Equation (34) shows that molecular fractions of all gas components in the bubble relax to their steady-state values according to one and the same power law. If R >> R*/ | and R0 >> R*/ |(|, Eq. (34) simplifies as:

,< + 1

xi xis R0

xi0 xis R

3

Z

or

(i = 1, 2,... k), 2Z

(35)

r2 = R2 f Xi0 — Xi^ 3 Z + 1

_ . (36)

xi xi

In the case when Z = 0, the dependence Xj (R) (i = 1, 2,... k) can be easily found by two ways. First we can set ( = 0 just in Eq. (33) for Xj and solve it to obtain:

xi xis

xi0 xis

R0 + R* / 0 R0 — R

exp —3

R + R*

R

(i = 1, 2,... k).

(37)

The same result can also be obtained by taking the limit Z ^ 0 in the solution (34) and using the relation:

2Z + 3

2Z + 3

Z R0 — R* c = 1 — Z R0/R* C

Z R — R* 1 — Z R/R*

1 — c

R0 - R R

C^0

exp -3

R0 R

R

3

5. Analytical solution of evolution equations in the case of neglecting the capillary contributions

For sufficiently large bubbles, when R0 >> R* and R >> R*, we can neglect the capillary contributions to the evolution equations (14) and (17) and write:

xi = R ^As (Zi+1—xi)—xi (o +1—xj) j, (38)

k

RR = ^ DiSi (Zi + 1 — xi). (39)

i=1

An analytical solution for this set of equations is possible for k = 2 (for a binary gas bubble). In this case, Eqs. (38) and (39) are reduced to the form:

3

Xi = R2 f > (40)

f (xi) = -Disi [(7 - 1) xi + (Zi + 7C2 + 2) xi - Zi - 1] , (41)

RR = g (xi), (42)

g (xi) = Disi [Zi + 1 + 7Z2 + xi (7 - 1)] , (43)

where:

7 - Di£2. <44)

Disi

This set of equations is similar to the set of equations describing the evolution of a two component droplet in the gas mixture, which has been studied in [18].

Recognizing that the case of 7 =1 (when D2s2 = Disi = Ds) was completely described in the previous section for multicomponent bubbles of any size, we consider further the situation with 7 =1, assuming for definiteness 7 > 1. It is convenient to rewrite Eq. (41) in the form:

f (xi) = -Disi (7 - 1) (xi - xis) (xi - xis) , (45)

where xis and are the roots of function f (xi):

- (Zi + 2 + 7Z2) + J[Zi + 2 + 7Z2]2 + 4(7 - 1) (Zi + 1)

xis =-2(7-1-' (46)

- (Zi + 2 + 7Z2) - V[Zi + 2 + 7Z2]2 + 4(7 - 1) (Zi + 1)

=-S+--1)-* (47)

As follows from Eq. (47), at 7 > 1, the root xis is negative, < 0, and has no physical meaning. The root xis lies in the interval 0 < xi < 1 and corresponds to the stationary

composition of the bubble. As follows from Eqs. (42) and (43), the stationary rate ^rR of

the changing the bubble size is determined as:

(rR) ^ = g (xis) = Disi [Zi + 1 + 7Z2 + xis (7 - 1)] , (48)

or, in view of Eq. (46), as:

RR) = 1 +( 7 1) Disi (Zi + Z2 + 1). (49)

)s 1 + (7 - 1) xis

As one can see from Eq. (49), the size of the bubble increases monotonically in the stationary case at Zi + Z2 + 1 > 0. If the opposite inequality holds, the bubble dissolves.

Since function f (xi) monotonically decreases over the 0 < xi < 1 interval, it then follows from Eq. (40) that molecular fraction xi tends monotonically with time to its stationary value xis. This allows us to use the current value xi (t) as the independent variable for solving the system of equations for the evolution of the composition and size of the bubble. Accordingly, we find from Eqs. (40) and (42) the following differential equation:

dR2 2 g (xi) (50)

R^ = 3 To^dxi' (50)

the solution of which at R (t = 0) = R0, xi (t = 0) = xi0 has the form:

R2 (xi) = R02 exp i 3 j dy j . (51)

\ xio /

Substituting Eq. (51) in Eq. (40) yields another differential equation:

dxi 3 3 T"......°2'

the solution of which can be written as:

2 xi / y

t (xi) = R /f^P (f /fi dz, . (53)

xio \ xio

It is convenient to transform expression (43) for function g (x1) as:

g (xi) = Disi (7 - 1) (xi - xi*), (54)

where:

Zi + yzo + 1 (55)

xi* =---. (55)

1 - Y

Using Eqs. (45) and (54) allows us to represent the ratio g(xi)/f (xi) in the form:

g(xi) = xi — xi* = 1 / xis — xi* xis — xi

f (xi) (xi - xis) (xi - xis) xis - xis V xi - xis xi - xis and to perform integration:

2 xis xi* 2 xis xi*

(56)

exp I fi dy j =(x^-xi^^ 3 xis - xi^3 xis - xis . (57) 3J f (y) / V xi - xis / Vxio - xis/

xio

Using Eq. (57) in Eqs. (51) and (53), we finally obtain for the square of the radius, R2(x) and time, t(x) the following expressions:

2 xis xi* 2 xis xi*

R2(xi) = R° (xi0 - M 3 xis - xi^ xi - M 3 xis - xis , (58)

xi - xis / \xi0 - xis,

2 xis xi* , 2 xis xi*

i?2 r / \---+ 1 / ~ \---1

R0 / A I xi0 - xis \ 3 xis - xis I y - xis \ 3 xis - xis

t(xi) =_-0_ dy —_— Xis -x^ _-i^]0 Xis is . (59)

3f (xio) y V y - xis / Vxio - xis/

Xio

The dependence xi (t) can be found by reversing the dependence t(xi) obtained with the help of Eq. (59). Substituting the reversal function xi (t) in Eq. (58) determines the dependence R2 (t).

Let us now consider the possibility of nonmonotonic behavior for rate RR as a function of system parameters and an initial bubble composition. As is clear from Eqs. (42) and (54), a nonmonotonic growth or dissolution of the bubble becomes possible when the parameter xi*, determined by Eq. (55), appears within the 0 < xi* < 1 interval, and the concentration xi (t) passes during the bubble evolution through the value xi = xi*. In such a case, we have R > 0 at xi < xi* and R < 0 at xi > xi*. According to Eq. (55), the condition 0 < xi* < 1 is

reached if the double inequality 1 — y < Z1 + 7(2 + 1 < 0 is fulfilled. Moreover, if we have 0 < < x1s < 1 and x10 < x1*, then the bubble radius will diminish at the initial stage of its evolution until the concentration x1 = is reached and then grow monotonically after that. Note that, as follows from Eqs. (46) and (55), inequality < x1s fulfils at (1 + (2 + 1 > 0.

To control our results, we will check the case when 7 ^ 1 in Eq. (58). Setting 7 ^ 1 in Eqs. (46), (47) and (55) and recognizing with the help of Eq. (23) that ( = (1 + (2 + 1 in the case of two dissolved gases, we find:

X1s ^

(1 + 1 Z + 1;

X1s

Z + 1

Y — 1

—> 00,

x1*

Z

Y — 1

—> 00,

x1s x1* X1s X1s

C + 1:

2 x1s x1*

x1 — x1s \ 3 x1s — X1s

X10 — X1s

->• 1.

+ R2

2

310 — 3 C+1

(60)

(61)

As

Using Eqs. (60) and (61) in Eq. (58), we obtain R2(x1)

Y^1 " \ 31 — 31s

expected, this result coincides with Eq. (36) for the case when D1s1 = D2s2 = Ds and R >> R*/ |Z I , R0 >> R*/ |Z I which was considered in section 3.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project No. 13-03-01049-a) and the Program of Development of St. Petersburg State University (project No. 11.37.183.2014).

References

[1] Skripov V.P. Metastable Liquid. New York: Wiley, 1974.

[2] Baidakov V.G. Explosive Boiling of Superheated Cryogenic Liquids. Berlin: Wiley-VCH, 2007.

[3] Kolasinski K.W. Bubbles: A review of their relationship to the formation of thin films and porous materials. Mesoporous Biomaterials, 2014, 1, P. 49-60.

[4] Liu P.S., Chen G.F. Porous Materials: Processing and Applications. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2014.

[5] Gonnermann H.M. and Manga M. The fluid mechanics inside a volcano. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 2007, 39, P. 321-356.

[6] Kuchma A.E., Kuni F.M., and Shchekin A.K. Nucleation stage with nonsteady growth of supercritical gas bubbles in a strongly supersaturated liquid solution and the effect of excluded volume. Phys. Rev. E, 2009, 80, 061125.

[7] Chernov A.A., Kedrinsky V.K., and Pil'nik A.A. Kinetics of gas bubble nucleation and growth in magmatic melt at its rapid decompression. Physics of Fluids, 2014, 26, 116602.

[8] Srinivasan R.S., Gerth W.A., Powell M.R. Mathematical model of diffusion-limited evolution of multiple gas bubbles in tissue. Ann. Biomed. Eng., 2003, 31 (4), P. 471-81.

[9] Epstein P.S. and Plesset M.S. On the Stability of Gas Bubbles in Liquid-Gas Solutions. J. Chem. Phys., 1950, 18, P. 1505-1509.

[10] Grinin A.P., Kuni F.M., Gor G.Y. Theory of nonsteady diffusion growth of a gas bubble in a supersaturated solution of gas in liquid. Colloid Journal, 2009, 71 (1), P. 46-54.

[11] Kuchma A.E., Gor G.Y., Kuni F.M. Stages of Steady Diffusion Growth of a Gas Bubble in Strongly Supersaturated Gas-Liquid Solution. Colloid Journal, 2009, 71 (4), P. 520-528.

[12] Grinin A.P., Kuni F.M., Gor G.Y. The rate of nonsteady gas bubble growth in liquid supersaturated with gas. J. Mol. Liq, 2009, 148 (1), P. 32-34.

[13] Gor G.Y., Kuchma A.E. Dynamics of gas bubble growth in a supersaturated solution with Sievert's solubility law. J. Chem. Phys., 2009, 131, 034507.

[14] Ramos J.I. Growth of multicomponent gas bubbles. Chem. Eng. Commun., 1986, 40, P. 321-334.

[15] Ramos J.I. Multicomponent Gas Bubbles. I. Growth of Stationary Bubbles. J. Non-Equilib. Thermodyn., 1988, 13, P. 1-25.

[16] Cable M. and Frade J.R. Diffusion-controlled growth of multi-component gas bubbles. Journal of Materials Science, 1987, 22 (3), P. 919-924.

[17] Gor G.Y., Kuchma A.E. Steady-state composition of a two-component gas bubble growing in a liquid solution: self-similar approach. J. Chem. Phys., 2009, 131, 234705.

[18] Kuchma A.E., Shchekin A.K., Kuni F.M. Simultaneous establishing of stationary growth rate and composition of supercritical droplets at isothermal binary condensation in the diffusion-controlled regime. Physica A, 2011, 390, P. 3308-3316.

[19] Martyukova D.S., Kuchma A.E., Shchekin A.K. Dynamics of variations in size and composition of a binary droplet in a mixture of two condensing vapors and a passive gas under arbitrary initial conditions. Colloid Journal, 2013, 75 (5), P. 571-578.

[20] Kuchma A.E., Martyukova D.S., Lezova A.A., Shchekin A.K. Size, temperature and composition of a spherical droplet as a function of time at the transient stage of nonisothermal binary condensation or evaporation. Colloids and Surfaces A, 2013, 432 (5), P. 147-156.

[21] Kuchma A.E., Shchekin A.K., Lezova A.A., Martyukova D.S. On the Evolution of a Multicomponent Droplet during Nonisothermal Diffusion Growth or Evaporation. Colloid Journal, 2014, 76 (5), P. 576-584.

[22] Kuchma A.E., Shchekin A.K., Martyukova D.S., Lezova A.A. Growth or evaporation of a free microdroplet. General equations for the regime of nonstationary diffusion and heat transfer in multicomponent vapor-gas environment. Aerosol Science & Technology, submitted 2015.