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50Эволюция строительства и строительного проектирования в Замбии
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Сысоева Елена Владимировна,
кандидат технических наук, доцент кафедры Проектирования зданий и сооружений, ФГБОУ ВО НИУ МГСУ, SysoevaEV@mgsu.ru
Мбеве Луфейо,
студент, ФГБОУ ВО НИУ МГСУ, lufeyombewe@gmail.com
Данильченко Александра Евгеньевна,
студент, ФГБОУ ВО НИУ МГСУ, sanex2498@gmail.com
Фомина Анастасия Дмитриевна,
студент, ФГБОУ ВО НИУ МГСУ, anastasia.a6277@yandex.ru
Введение. В данной статье представлены результаты исследования факторов, существенно повлиявших на развитие инфраструктуры и урбанизации Замбии, а так же перспективный путь будущей урбанизации.
Материалы и методы. Для определения актуальных проблем при создании данной статьи были использованы открытые источники, научные работы и исследования. Результаты. Эволюция и развитие архитектуры в Замбии тесно связаны с историческими и климатическими условиями, в которых находится страна. Влияние различных культур изменило принципы строительства, адаптировав их к законам экономики. Развитие туризма и промышленного производства определило внутренние потоки материальных и человеческих ресурсов. Согласно данным потокам были выделены основные направления развития транспорта. Инфраструктура сегодня требует реконструкции и развития. Пригородные территории крупных городов застроены одноэтажными постройками. Неразвитая инфраструктура подобных районов препятствует мобильности работоспособного населения. Выводы. Отсутствие доступа к основным фондам материальной и социальной инфраструктуры и рост безработицы являются основной причиной быстрой урбанизации. Из-за замедления экономического роста и отсутствия надлежащей стратегии развития инфраструктура не в состоянии удовлетворить быстро растущие потребности городского населения в жилье и услугах. В статье предлагаются некоторые способы развития строительства городов в Замбии с учетом роста населения страны.
Ключевые слова: Замбия, строительство, урбанизация, развитие инфраструктуры, архитектура, гражданское строительство Африка
Acknowledgements: The authors of the article express their appreciation to First Secretary, Education Attaché of Republic of Zambia Embassy in the Russian Federation Mrs. Mavis Mulenga for reading and recommendations, additions and clarifications on the article.
Introduction
Historical introduction
For hundreds of years people in different parts of Africa have evolved their methods of building to provide various environmental and social needs. In the Central and Eastern parts of Africa, there are various kinds of landscapes and climates that affect the way people live and design their buildings. One of the countries in Africa that has been affected by landscapes and climate is Zambia which is located in south-central Africa with a population of about seventeen million. [1]. Hundreds of years ago in Zambia a type of Architecture which is referred to as vernacular architecture was used. It was an architecture which clearly reflects the basic needs of the people who live in this part of the world. Temperature ranges from 5°Cabout40°C on average throughout the country, so conditions are very mild and comfortable. This means that the type of dwellings differs from each other depending on the locality, tribe and climate change in different parts of the country.. Eighty percent of the country is located on a plateau, with the different parts of it experiencing a wide range of natural features such as the rift valley in the North Eastern part of the country, and the Zambezi River winding its way through the North Western part of the country down to the South Eastern part of Zambia [2].
In early Zambia, architecture was widely determined by the tribes of people that lived there and different kinds of climate they lived in. The bushmen, who originally inhabited Zambia, for example, preferred to live in caves as they lived a nomadic way of life [3].
About 2000 years ago, the Bantu people arrived in Zambia from the Congo Basin in 500 BC and displaced the Bushmen Nomads. As compared to the Bushmen, the Bantu people were farmers, and so they decided to settle in Zambia which is a fertile land for farming. This meant that they had to put up permanent buildings where they would live with their families. The 'Ngoni's' one of the biggest tribes in Zambia, migrated from South Africa and also decided to settle in Zambia, precisely the Eastern part of Zambia [4].
Materials and methods
Factors that influenced vernacular architecture in Early Zambia
There were a lot of factors that influenced the designing of buildings in 500 BC. Among them were; tribe, local materials for building, geographical climate and tribe.
There are 72 ethnic groups. There about eighty five (85) different dialects which are spoken in Zambia, although only
seven are majorly spoke, Bemba, Nyanja, Lozi, Tonga, Luvale, Lunda, and Kaonde. The major ethnic groups such as the Ngoni's, Lozi's, Tonga's etc, have specific types of designs on their buildings that distinguish their tribes from other tribes. Though this trend is slowly fading away due to intermarriages of different tribes resulting into one common Zambian Culture, which plays a big role in the general lack of animosity between ethnic groups in the country [5].
Below are some pictures of buildings and old settlements which were built years ago by different tribes in different provinces of Zambia (fig. 1).
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Figure 1. Buildings built in the XVII century by different tribes in different provinces of Zambia: A) Mukuni Village for the Tonga People in Southern Province; B) A village house in Chipata, Eastern Province; C) A village in Mpulungu, Northern Province
Zambia has an abundance of natural materials that are very useful for building. The vernacular architecture makes good use of what is readily available locally to reduce building expenditures, so that people do not have to travel too far to get building materials. The type and color of building material should be considered in hot climate areas like Zambia to increase durability of the building and help control temperatures inside the building respectively. In addition to some building that are used in Zambia, 'timber' is one of them. Though Zambia has different types of timber, the most common ones are Mukwa, Mubanga, Mukusi due to their availability and resistance to termite attacks. In view of the same, termite remedies are not readily accessed by the interested parties. Due to high cost of timber, the locals prefer to use reeds and thatch to build their dwellings. In other parts soils are used to make bricks, and different colored soils to paint and weatherproof their buildings. People prefer to use local materials such as like bamboo, clay soil and grass due to such availability [6].
During the nineteenth century, with the arrival of the British, Zambia began to advance. People began to build using molded and burnt bricks made out of clay soil. Below, in table 1, there are some examples of houses made from bricks molded from clay soil [7].
As time passed, in the 1940s people started using asbestos roofing sheets which were more reliable than the ones made from grass and wood.
The type of construction in different parts of Zambia is highly dependent on the type of occupation of people (cattle, agriculture, etc.) and the type of trees prevailing in the territory [8-9].
When the colonization of Zambia began in 1888 by Britain, European architecture began to be introduced in Zambia. House designs were improved and Zambia started adopting an advanced and more developed way of building [10-11].
The British who worked and lived in Zambia built several administrative buildings and houses. Amongst the great buildings the constructed is the old state house which is still standing till date. It was completed in 1935.
In 1964, after gaining independence from British colonial rule, Zambia's first president Dr Kenneth Kaunda, embarked on the construction of several buildings to develop the country infrastructural wise. The buildings (fig. 2 and fig.3) were built from high strength steel, concrete and glass which added beauty and a better way of lighting [12-13].
However, after gaining independence, Dr Kenneth Kaunda, Zambia's first president, embarked on the construction of several buildings (fig. 2 and fig.3) built with concrete and much glass.
One of the important structures that he commissioned was FINDECO house (figure 2). Its construction was begun in 1971 and completed in 1974. Standing at 90 meters high, with 23 floors above ground, Findeco house is located at the corner of Independence Avenue and Cairo Road in the Central Business District of the city. The building is mainly used for commercial offices and is managed by the National Housing Authority.
Apart from FINDECO house, one of the buildings built at the same period is Zanaco house. This is a high raising building located along Cairo road and has 16 floors. Its height is 58,31 m.
Currently, the majority of Zambians prefer to live in houses with just a single floor because they are easily affordable and do not high expenditures. The biggest problem in Lusaka and many other parts of Zambia is lack
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of quality planning for certain settlements like Chibolya, Kuku, Kalikiliki compounds etc. Although the city councils have city plans for the cities, locals don't follow the better designed plans which leads to the mushrooming of unplanned settlements [14].
4. Although it is costly, it is necessary to increase the volume of construction of educational buildings and the introduction of compulsory free education for a better Zambia
Figure 2. Findeco house in Lusaka
Chibolya compound is populated with many houses which serve as just a place for living for many people. The Compound doesn't have a good road and drainage system.
However, there are settlements which were well planned for example Kabulonga, Woodlands, North Gate Gardens just to name a few. The Government of the republic of Zambia has several planned building projects which are already underway. There is a project in Lusaka which is called North Gate Gardens. Other projects include construction of Houses for Government workers, like the Zambia police and others just to name a few.
To develop and transform Zambian cities into modern ones, the Zambian Government has National Housing Authority (NHA) and National pensions Scheme Authority (NAPSA) to build well modern and well planned houses and administrative buildings so as to develop the country. Modern public buildings are built using reinforced concrete and glass, have a height of more than 50 meters and are the original dominants Lusaka City [15].
Results of the research
1. High quality road network and transport infrastructural development is very essential for rapid increase in construction volumes throughout the country. Most of the roads need reconstruction nowadays. Main transport communications were built during the colonization of Africa, and they are still in use. The Lusaka-Livingstone road, as well as the Livingstone-Ndola railway and Tanzania-Zambia international railway is the most sought-after.
The main directions of roads which have the biggest development potential and allow to quickly deploy construction in any region of Zambia are shown (fig. 6).
2. For the full development of construction, a system of local planning and rationing in construction for Zambia is necessary.
3 It is necessary to develop the training of local experts by engaging experts in this field from other developed countries like Russia, etc.
Fig. 3. Main directions of roads
5. It is high time Zambia invests in Construction technology because having constructors always from other countries is so costly. In view of the same, it is cardinal to use new construction technologies taking into account the rich resources of the country.
6. In 2001, a long-term development programme for Africa was established with industrialized countrie so as to aid development of African countries .An important part of the development of African countries, in particular Zambia, is the establishment of medium-rise residential buildings and multi-storey buildings for cities with a population of more than 500 000 inhabitants and small and medium-rise buildings for villages and towns that need to be brought closer to urban-type settlements in terms of convenience and infrastructure, which will attract an influx of young people to these territories and give them the opportunity for further development [16].
CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION
To ensure the life of any person satisfaction of the rational needs through the functions of the city and the creation of a favorable environment is necessary [17]: power, knowledge, creativity, entertainment, charity, connection with nature and life support. All these functions imply the availability of appropriate places, i.e. buildings to be able to fulfil them.
Fig. 4 Construction per capita in Zambia, 1970-2016
It is paramount to use advanced modern architectural technology in the field of construction to change construction technologies in Zambia (construction of residential buildings more than two floors), increase the construction of health facilities, invest in infrastructure for sport etc.
The volume of construction in Zambia has been uneven over the past 50 years, despite a general upward trend, and has been declining in some periods.
To increase the growth of the construction and development of the country require the presence of local engineers, engaging in the first 10 years of specialists of developed countries, creating regulatory documents for all areas of construction, evaluation of the possible resources of the country to minimize costs of construction materials, research in the field of building materials for construction from local materials [17].
It is high time the Zambian Government starts engaging and empowering local Engineers so as to expose them and give them confidence, to reduce expenditures and to show that the Government trusts the educational system in Zambia. In view of the same, Local engineers need to learn from international specialists who have vast experience in construction.
Evolution and prospects of building design and construction in Zambia
Sysoeva E.V., Lufeyo Mbewe, Danilchenko A.E., Fomina A.D.,
NIU MGSU
Introduction. This article presents the results of a researching of factors that significantly influenced the development of infrastructure and urbanization of Zambia and perspective way of future urbanization. Materials and method. In the creation of the article, verified open sources, scientific works and research were analyzed to identify relevant problems. Results. Evolution and development of architecture in Zambia are closely connected with historical and climate conditions the country abides. The influence of various cultures changed the principles of engineering, adapting them to the laws of the economy. The development of tourism and industrial production determined the internal flows of wealth and human resources. According to these flows the main directions of the transport development were distinguished. Infrastructure today requires reconstruction and development. Suburban territories of large cities are built up with one-store constructions. In such suburban areas the undeveloped infrastructure leads to the low mobility of working population. Conclusions. The lack of accessibility to the main funds of material and social infrastructure and the rising unemployment are the main reason of rapid urbanization. Due to the slowdown in economic growth and the absence of a proper development strategy, the infrastructure is not able to satisfy the rapidly growing needs of the urban population in housing and services. The article suggests some ways to develop the construction of cities in Zambia, taking into account the growth of its population. Key words: Zambia, construction, building, urbanization, infrastructure development, architecture, civil engineering, Africa.
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