CC BY
2Evaluation Protein Digestibility, Metabolic Energy of Autoclaved Komak Beans (Lablab purpureus L sweet) on Broiler
Dwi Wahyu Ayuning Tyas*, Osfar Sjofjan and Lilik Eka Radiati
Department of Feed and Animal Nutrition, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia Corresponding author's email: [email protected]
Received: Jul 26 2014 Accepted: Aug 29 2014
ABSTRACT
This research was aimed to evaluate protein digestibility and metabolic energy of autoclaved komak beans on broilers. The material used consisted of basal feed, komak bean, local soybean, imported soybean, twenty thirty-seven-day broilers, and metabolic henhouse. The methods in the research implemented completely randomized design with five treatments and four replications (Lablab Purpureus or LP0: basal diet; LP1: 15% local soybean; LP2: 15% imported soybean; LP3: 15% komak beans; LP4: 15% autoclaved of komak beans). The variables observed in this research were the protein digestibility, Nitrogen retention, Apparent Metabolic Energy, and Apparent Metabolic Energy corrected Nitrogen. The results showed that protein digestibility, nitrogen retention, AME and AMEN of autoclaved komak beans were not significant (P>0.05) on 37 days old broilers. It concluded that the protein digestibility, nitrogen retention, AME and AMEn in autoclaved komak beans had the same effectiveness as soybean.
Key words: Autoclave, Broiler, Lablab purpureus, Metabolic Energy, Protein Digestibility
INTRODUCTION
The use of soybean meal as a protein source feed ingredients in poultry feed industry still can not be replaced with other feed ingredients because it has a high protein content. Soybean meal accounted for 2550% of feed protein needs, in its use as a broiler feed formulation was 10-18% of the total broiler feed formulation. Based on Standard National Indonesia (1996), which is 40-46%, whereas the use of soybean meal as feed ingredients have several problems were related to the availability and price of soybean meal. In terms of availability, soybean meal up to now still dependent import of poultry farms so that business activities cannot be separated from imported feed ingredients, thus will result in deterioration of poultry farm, because the price of meal soybean imports depends on the dollar exchange rate fluctuations (Haliza et al., 2010).
Based on the existing constraints, it was necessary to feed a raw material alternative protein sources. Komak beans (Lablab purpureus L sweet) was one of the original Indonesian local feed material that have the potential to replace the use of soybean meal as a protein source of feed material. Productivity of komak beans is higher than soybeans, which range from 1.5-4 tons in a hectare, while the average for soybean production is only 1.3 tons in a hectare (Suharjanto, 2010). Protein content ranged from 22.4 to 31.3%, fat content 1% and carbohydrate content of 46 to 63.3% as well as contain of anti-nutrient which includes tannins,
phytic acid and trypsin inhibitor and study of (Osman, 2007).
Osman (2007) reported that processing can reduce the anti-nutrient content of komak bean. Frying can reduce the phytic acid content 60.69%, Autoclave (52.29%); germination (48.94%); steaming (44.85%) and soaking (21.19%). Boiling can reduce the phytic acid content (2.8%) (Ramakrishna, 2008).
Yulia (2005) reported that the activity of trypsin inhibitor be lost on heating at a temperature of 120 °C for 20 minutes in an autoclave. The heating was accompanied by pressure to break ties and reduce the content of trypsine inhibitors to the grain by 86-88% (Ramakrishna, 2008).
Based on the above explanation, it can be said that komak bean (Lablab purpureus L sweet) have potential as an alternative source of protein feed ingredients for broilers (Osman, 2007). Processing can reduce the anti-nutrient content of komak bean, so it was necessary to evaluate protein digestibility, metabolic energy of autoclaved komak beans (Lablab purpureus L sweet) on broiler.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Feed Processing
Komak beans processed by soaked with a water for 1 hour then autoclaved with pressure 2 atmosphere (ATM) or 14,7 Psi (Pound per square inch) at temperature 121 °C for 20 minutes and then dried at 60 °C with the oven for 24 hours.
To cite this paper: Ayuning Tyas DW, Sjofjan O and Eka Radiati L. 2014. Evaluation Protein Digestibility, Metabolic Energy of Autoclaved Komak Beans (Lablab on Broiler. J' World's Poult. Res. 4(3): 60-63.
Livestock and material
The research used of 20 broilers at aged 37 days. Broilers maintained in metabolic cages to feeding according to the study treatment. Broilers were placed in forty metabolic cages where each cage contained one broiler, separated by single metabolic cages to separate between treatments.
Research design
The experimental was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 4 replications, where each replication contained one broiler. The treatments consist of Basal diet (LP0); Basal diet + 15% local soybean (LP1); Basal diet + 15% import soybean (LP2); Basal diet + 15% komak bean (LP3); Basal diet + 15% autoclaved of komak bean (LP4). Measurement of protein digestibility and metabolic energy used comparisons between the treatment of basal diet and feed treatment was 85: 15. The composition and proximate analysis of basal diet showed in Table 1.
The values of protein digestibility and metabolic energy were measured by the method of total collection excreta. Measurement began with a period of adaptation of feed treatment for 2 days. After 2 days of adaptation, on the last day of adaptation period excreta plastic container placed after 6 hours. Furthermore recording the data of feed consumption, feeding was ad libitum.
Data were collected for 3 days, on the last day of data collection, the feed was taken and after 6 hours was taking excreta, each excreta that have accommodated sprayed with a solution of boric acid with a ratio of 1: 10 for binding nitrogen excreta then dried for measured dry matter, crude protein and gross energy excreta.
Research variables
The variables of this research consist of protein digestibility (%), Nitrogen retention (g), Apparent Metabolic Energy (AME) (Kcal/kg), and Apparent Metabolic Energy corrected nitrogen (AMEn) (Kcal/kg).
DISCUSSION
The use of soybeans without processing on non-ruminant caused low growth, decreased feed intake, decreased protein digestibility, pancreatic hypertrophy and deficiency of sulfur-containing amino acids (Liener and Kakade, 1980; Yulianti, 2005). Komak bean contain of antinutrition trypsin inhibitor, tannin and phytic acid based on Osman (2007). Tannins could reduce the digestibility of nutrients in broilers (Rusdi, 2006). Phytic acid can bind to the protein, so that it becomes difficult to digest protein in the gastrointestinal tract of broilers, exactly in the small
Table 1. Composition and nutrient analysis of the basal diet
Ingredient (%)
Corn 60.00
Bran 10.00
Meat Bone Meal 9.00
Corn Gluten Meal 15.60
Palm oil 2.40
Premix 0.90
Mineral 1.80
DL-Methionine 0.30
Proximate analysis
Nutrient Basal diet
Dry Matter (%) 86.76
Crude Protein (%) 20.77
Crude Lipid (%) 5.13
Crude Fiber (%) 5.16
ASH (%) 8.15
Metabolic Energy (%) 3148.00
Statistical analysis Data were analyzed with ANOVA (Steel and Torrie, 1992). The research design used completely
randomized design. Differences among treatment were tested using Duncan's multiple comparison test and statistical significance was declared at P<0.05 and P<0.01.
RESULTS
Table 2 refers to the results of this study. Autoclaved komak beans (LP4) had highest the result on protein digestibility (69.05±3.16); and nitrogen retention (6.24± 0.69). Import soybean (LP2) had highest on AME (3160±11); and AMEn (3160±11). In addition, statistical analysis results of the treatments on protein digestibility, nitrogen retention, AME and AMEn was not significantly different (P>0.05).
LP4
69.05±3.16 6.24±0.69 2093±35.7 2093±35.7
intestine caused by the nature of phytic acid which is very difficult at all to dissolve (Kornegay, 2000).
The protein digestibility content on autoclaved komak bean were highest compared to another treatment, because trypsine inhibitor content was reduced, where trypsin inhibitor was a kind of protein which inhibit the activity of enzymes trypsin on the body and are highly unstable against heating (Santoso, 2005). Yulia (2005) reported that the activity of trypsin inhibitor be lost on heating at a temperature of 120 °C for 20 minutes in an autoclave. The heating was accompanied by pressure to break ties and reduce the content of trypsine inhibitors to the grain by 86-88% (Ramakrishna, 2008). Osman (2007) reported trypsine
Variable
Table 2. Data of protein digestibility, nitrogen retention, AME and AMEn on Broilers
Treatment
LP0
LP1
LP2
LP3
Protein digestibility (%) Nitrogen retention (g) AME (Kcal/kg) AMEn (Kcal/kg)
66.9±3.05 6.09±0.38 3124±16 3124±16
65.8±2.42 5.01±0.30 3105±152 3105±152
64.3±1.96 4.40±0.55 3160±11 3160±11
64.03±1.78 4.36±0,98 2702±175 2702±175
AME = Apparent Metabolic Energy; AMEn = Apparent Metabolic Energy corrected nitrogen
T3BBtSBhB9BapSr: Ayuning Tyas DW, Sjofjan O and Eka Radiati L. 2014. Evaluation Protein Digestibility, Metabolic Energy of Autoclaved Komak Beans (Lablab purpureus L sweet) on Broiler. J. World's Poult. Res. 4(3): 60-63. wammrn http://jwpr.science-line.com/
inhibitor content of Lablab purpureus L sweet at 25.46 g/mg and autoclaved of purpureus L sweet 25.10 g/mg, whereas the content of soybeans trypsine inhibitors based on research conducted by Wiryawan and Dingle (2005) of 28.96 g/mg. The protein in soybeans is structured so that the low digestibility (Ramdhan, 2012).
The digestibility of feed protein in determining retention of nitrogen content has a positive correlation to the protein digestibility of feed by Mc Donald (1995). Protein digestibility content of autoclaved komak bean was highest caused nitrogen retention in this treatment also the highest. The total nitrogen was not secreted in the excreta obtained from the difference between the total nitrogen in feed intake by the total of nitrogen in the excreta without considering of endogenous nitrogen derived from uric acid nitrogen, bacteria and debris intestinal mucosa was nitrogen retention (Djunaidi and Natsir, 2003).
Lower energy metabolic on autoclaved komak beans caused the value of low energy digestibility associated with low content of mono-and disaccharide and high carbohydrate content such as a-galactosidase, resistant starch, and other polysaccharides that are insoluble by Anita (2009). The amount of gross energy in feed and the content of non-starch polysaccharides which were included in the coarse fiber fraction can affect the value of metabolic energy (Elvina, 2008). The AME content of autoclaved komak bean were lower compared to komak bean. Processed with autoclave caused reduce of nutrition component on komak bean could be the reason.
The AME content and N retention have an influence on AMEn content. Determining of metabolic energy needs to be done correction on total nitrogen retention, this is because the animal has the ability to take advantage of a very varied in gross energy (Mc Donald, 1995). Based on these possibilities, it used in the calculation of metabolizable energy calculation method based on nitrogen balance. The AMEn content of autoclaved komak bean were lower compared with komak beans cause processed of autoclave can reduce nutrition composition of komak beans.
CONCLUSION
Autoclaved of komak bean can decrease antinutrition. The protein digestibility, nitrogen retention, AME and AMEn in autoclaved komak bean were as effectiveness as soybean. Based on this research, suggested the autoclaved komak beans can be used as an alternative feedstuff protein source on broilers. The future research, suggested processing komak beans use autoclave combined with different processing.
REFERENCES
Anita S, (2009). Study of Physico-Chemical Properties,
Carbohydrate, Functional Properties,
Antioxidant Activity of Komak Bean (Lablab
Purpureus (L.) Sweet) Germination. Thesis.
Bogor Agricultural University. Bogor.
AOAC, (1990). Official Methods of Analysis 15th Edition. AOAC International, Arlington, UA, USA.
Djunaidi I and Natsir MH, (2003). Effect of Addition Flour Ginger (Curcuma ROXB Xanthoriza) in Feed on Metabolic Energy and Nitrogen Retention Broiler. Journal Animal Tropical 13(3): 26 - 38.
Elvina D, (2008). The Metabolic Energy of Broiler Based Rations Pollard Added Xylanase Enzyme and Processed by Machine Pelleter. Thesis. Bogor Agricultural University. Bogor.
Haliza WYP, Endang and Ridwan T, (2010). The Utilization of Local Beans Supports Food Diversification. Journal Development of Agricultural Innovation 3(3): 238 - 245.
Kornegay ET and Coelho MB, (2000). Phytase In Animal Nutrition and Waste Management. 2nd Edition. Bachilide Anilin and Sodda-Factory. Corporation, 8: 82-85.
Mc Donald PRA, Edwards and JFD Greenhalg, (1995). Animal Nutrition 5th Edition. Longman. New York.
Osman MA, (2007). Effect of Different Processing Methods on Nutrient Composition Anti Nutritional Factors and In Vitro Protein Digestibility of Dolichos Lablab Bean (Lablab purpureus (L) Sweet). J. Pakistan Nut. 6(4): 299303.
Ramakrishna, (2008). Changes In Anti-Nutritional Factors In Indian Bean (Dolichos lablab L.) Seeds During Germination and Their Behavior During Cooking. J. Nut and Food Sci. 38(1):6-14.
Ramdhan IA, (2012). Profile of Soluble Protein In Various Solvents From 7 Various Nuts. Thesis. Bogor Agricultural Institute. Bogor.
Rusdi, (2006). Digestibility of Nutrients on Broiler Given Various Protein Sources and Two Levels of Quebracho Tannin. Journal Animal Production 8(1): 50-58.
Santoso SP, (2005). Soybean Processing Technology. Faculty of Agricultural Food Chemistry. University Malang.
Standart National Indonesia, (1996). Standardization of Soybean Meal/Feed Ingredients.
http://pphp.deptan.go.id/xplore/files/MUTU-STANDARISASI/STANDAR-MUTU/Standar_nasional/SNI_Ternak/Pakan%2 0Ternak/5.pdf
Steel RGD and Torrie JH, (1992). Statistics Principles and Procedures, a Biometric Approach. Gramedia Co. Jakarta.
Suhaijanto, (2010). Growth Response Komak Nuts Against Drought Period. Department of Agrotechnology Widyagama. University of Malang.
Wiryawan KG and Dingle JG, (2005). Evaluation of Metabolizable Energy, Protein Digestibility, Starch and Ten Grain Legumes on Broilers. Livestock Bulletin, 29 (1):19-25.
ИЯИЯЯЯИВЯЯИЯЯеЯД Ayuning Tyas DW, Sjofjan O and Eka Radiati L. 2014. Evaluation Protein Digestibility, Metabolic Energy of Autoclaved Komak Beans (Lablab purpureus L sweet) on Broiler. J. World's Poult. Res. 4(3): 60-63. ИЯиШИЯтЯШ! http://jwpr.science-line.com/
Yulianti, (2005). Evaluation Nutritive Extrusion of Soybean (Glycine Max.) on Broiler Performance. Thesis. University of Brawijaya. Malang.
nOHflBBBSBSBIBB Ayuning Tyas DW, Sjofjan O and Eka Radiati L. 2014. Evaluation Protein Digestibility, Metabolic Energy of Autoclaved Komak Beans (Lablab purpureus L sweet) on Broiler. J. World's Poult. Res. 4(3): 60-63. http://jwpr.science-line.com/
