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Вестник РУДН. Серия: АГРОНОМИЯ И ЖИВОТНОВОДСТВО
RUDN Journal of Agronomy and Animal Industries
2020; 15 (3): 272-280 http://agrojournal.rudn.ru
Генетика и селекция растений Genetics and plant breeding
DOI 10.22363/2312-797X-2020-15-3-272-280 UDC 631.559:633.521
Research article / Научная статья
Evaluation of yield and its components for some flax genotypes
Abstract. Sixteen flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) genotypes were evaluated at Gemmeiza Agricultural Research Station, Agricultural Research Center, El-Gharbia Governorate, Egypt during the two successive seasons 2015/2016 and 2016/2017. Randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation for all studied traits had closely values. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance (as % of mean) for most studied traits. Plant height, technical length and stem diameter were the best selection indices to improve straw yield /plant, along with number of branches, capsules and seeds were effective selection criteria for improving seed yield /plant as proven by phenotypic and genotypic correlation. Keywords: Flax, genetic variability, correlation, heritability, genetic advance
Article history:
Received: 22 July 2020. Accepted: 12 August 2020 For citation:
Omar TA. Evaluation of yield and its components for some flax genotypes. RUDN Journal of Agronomy and Animal Industries. 2020; 15(3):272—280. doi: 10.22363/2312-797X-2020-15-3-272-280
Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) as the oldest fiber crop in Egypt is one of the most important industrial crops for straw and seed yields. Genetically improvement of flax yield either straw and seed are considered the major challenge of flax breeder around the world. It could be achieved by identifying the nature and magnitude of genetic variability, determining the best selection criteria via phenotypic and genotypic correlation in the breeding materials.
© Omar T.A., 2020
Taha A. Omar
Field Crops Research Institute, Giza, Egypt drtahaomar@yahoo.com
Introduction
K^^Hl^H This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/1
Earlier literature of variability flax genotypes showed significant differences for yield and yield attributes and is considered as one of the most important sources of genetic variability that was reported by [1—5].
Moreover, the study of phenotypic and genotypic correlation is considered an effective selection tool for selecting the best individual traits of strong correlation with yield. This was reported by [6] who indicated that straw weight had significant positive correlation with each of plant height, seed weight/plant, number of capsules/ plant and 1000-seed weight. However, seed weight/plant was positively and significantly correlated with both number of capsules/plant and 1000-seed weight. In [7] showed that straw weight / plant was positive and significantly correlated with each of technical length, plant height and seed weight/plant. Also, plant height exhibited positive correlation with technical length. Whereas, seed weight per plant exhibited positive correlation with both capsules number/plant and 1000-seed weight. Whereas, the correlation between oil percentage with both of 1000-seed weight and capsules number per plant was positive.
Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate sixteen flax genotypes in relation to straw and seed yields and their components, to assess genetic parameters for various traits and to estimate correlation coefficients between traits.
Materials and methods
Two field experiments were carried out at Gemmeza Agric. Res. Station during the two successive seasons 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 to evaluate sixteen flax genotypes for yield and yield components, to estimate some genetic parameters, to determinate selection criteria for improving yield of flax genotypes.
These genotypes included the local nine commercial varieties i.e. Sakha 1, Sakha 2, Sakha 3, Sakha 4, Sakha 6, Giza 9, Giza 10 Giza 11 and Giza 12, five imported varieties; Belinka, Sezir, Sofya, Prhiton and Pilton in addition to the two promising strains; S.2467/1 and S.2419/1 which were released by Fiber Crops Res Dep. The pedigree of flax genotypes is described in Table 1. These materials were planted on the second week of November at both seasons by using a randomized complete block design with three replications.
Table 1
Pedigree of the sixteen flax genotypes under study and their classification (fiber type — F., dual type — D., oil type — O.)
Genotypes Pedigree Type
1- Sakha 1 Bombay x I. 1485 D
2- Sakha 2 Hera x I. 2348 D
3- Sakha 3 Belinka x 1.2569 F
4- Sakha 4 Belinka x 1.2069 F
5- Sakah 6 Giza 8 x S.2419/1 D
6- Giza 9 S.420/140/5/10 x Bombay F
7- Giza 10 S.420/140/5/10 x Bambay F
8- Giza 11 Giza 8 x S.2419/1 D
Ending Table 1
Genotypes Pedigree Type
9- Giza 12 S.2419/1 x S.148/6/1 D
10- Belinka Introduction from Holand F
11- Sezir Introduction from Belgium F
12- Sofya Introduction from Belgium F
13- S.2467/1 Introduction from indian (selection from Hira 17/34-1) O
14- S.2419/1 I.715 x I.2465 O
15- Prhiton Introduction from Ethiopia O
16- Pilton Introduction from Ethiopia O
Normal cultural practices for flax production as recommended were followed for each genotype type. At full maturity, ten randomly guarded plants from each plot were recorded to determinate the averages of the individual plant traits. Straw and seed yields were calculated on plot basis. Oil percentage was determined as an average of two random seed samples / plot using Soxhlet apparatus [8]. The following characters were recorded i. e. Plant height, cm, Technical length, cm, Main stem diameter, mm, number of fruiting branches., Straw yield /plant, g, Straw yield/fad, ton, Fiber percentage, %, number of capsules/plant., number of seeds /capsule., Seed yield/plant., g, Seed yield/ fad, kg and Oil percentage, %.
Standard statistical techniques of the mean values for all traits such as analyses of variance using randomized complete block design with three replications was performed according to [9]. The combined analyses of variance (across the two seasons) were done after confirmed of error variance of homogenous according to [9] for two evaluated seasons. Genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation were estimated according to [10], broad sense heritability (H2b) [11], genetic advance as percent of the mean [12], phenotypic and genotypic correlation coefficient [13].
Results and discussion
Mean performance. Highly significant differences were detected among flax genotypes for all studied traits in both seasons and their combined analyses as presented in Table 2. This result indicating the presence of sufficient magnitude of genetic variability allow to effective selecting of superior or preferred genotypes.
As shown in the combined analyses (Table 2), Giza 11 gave the highest values for straw yield / fad (5.05 ton) followed by Giza 12 (5.02 ton) and Giza 9 (4.45 ton). While Giza 11 gave the highest values for seed yield/fad (743.83 kg) followed by introduced variety Prhiton (683.00 kg) and Giza 12 (649.50 kg). The maximum values were in Giza 12 for plant height; 94.69 for technical stem length; 2.19 for stem diameter; 20.07 for number of fruiting branches / plant; 8.20 for number of seeds / capsule; 0.92 for seed yield / plant and 35.82 for oil % based on combined data. Several investigators found varietal differences among flax genotypes such as [2—5, 7, 14—16].
Table 2
Means of straw, seed yields and their related characters for sixteen flax genotypes in 2015/16 (1st) and 2016/17 (2nd) seasons and their combined analyses (Com.)
Genotypes Plant height (cm) Technical stem length (cm) Stem diameter (mm)
1st 2nd com 1st 2nd com 1st 2nd com
Sakha 1 100.38 105.22 102.80 85.59 87.47 86.53 1.05 1.07 1.06
Sakha 2 104.92 105.70 105.31 88.40 89.48 88.94 2.33 2.04 2.19
Sakha 3 100.85 101.62 101.24 89.00 81.90 85.45 1.55 1.43 1.49
Sakha 4 96.33 96.48 96.41 86.75 88.86 87.81 0.95 1.01 0.98
Sakha 6 103.06 102.33 102.70 89.58 88.41 88.99 1.01 1.02 1.02
Giza 9 99.66 101.04 100.35 89.99 91.90 90.95 0.91 1.05 0.98
Giza 10 94.59 95.80 95.20 80.54 82.40 81.47 1.05 1.12 1.09
Giza 11 104.10 105.54 104.82 91.96 91.01 91.49 2.03 1.93 1.98
Giza 12 105.28 106.14 105.71 95.54 93.83 94.69 1.92 2.08 2.00
Belinka 86.33 90.13 88.23 83.06 83.50 83.28 0.72 0.70 0.71
Sezier 87.64 88.29 87.97 83.19 83.84 83.52 0.90 0.89 0.90
Sofia 90.96 90.04 90.50 88.72 83.82 86.27 1.52 1.48 1.50
S.2467/ 90.68 91.29 90.99 81.14 78.99 80.06 1.41 1.37 1.39
S.2419/ 89.26 90.09 89.68 81.84 76.69 79.26 0.79 0.83 0.81
Prhiton 81.31 81.98 81.65 69.88 73.92 71.90 2.00 2.02 2.01
Pilton 88.51 88.30 88.41 72.80 73.24 73.02 1.47 2.12 1.79
LSD5 % 8.77 6.80 7.30 5.78 7.38 4.98 0.41 0.26 0.30
LSD1 % 11.80 9.15 9.82 7.78 9.94 6.70 0.56 0.35 0.40
Continued Table 2
Genotypes Number of fruiting branches/ plant Straw yield/ plant (g) Straw yield / fad (ton)
1st 2nd com 1st 2nd com 1st 2nd com
Sakha 1 11.11 11.45 11.28 4.34 3.86 4.10 3.87 3.88 3.88
Sakha 2 15.67 16.01 15.84 3.84 4.04 3.94 4.54 4.21 4.37
Sakha 3 7.94 7.17 7.56 3.82 3.86 3.84 3.99 4.17 4.08
Sakha 4 7.25 8.07 7.66 3.27 3.68 3.48 4.02 4.23 4.13
Sakha 6 6.90 7.67 7.29 4.05 4.13 4.09 4.46 4.24 4.35
Giza 9 8.67 8.22 8.45 3.99 3.97 3.98 4.57 4.32 4.45
Giza 10 9.16 8.82 8.99 3.32 3.68 3.50 4.47 4.31 4.39
Giza 11 20.52 14.11 17.32 4.90 4.06 4.48 5.35 4.75 5.05
Giza 12 21.75 14.72 18.24 4.94 4.12 4.53 5.23 4.81 5.02
Belinka 6.55 6.64 6.59 3.19 3.16 3.18 3.44 3.74 3.59
Sezier 5.45 5.92 5.69 2.47 2.61 2.54 3.74 3.73 3.74
Sofia 6.52 6.14 6.33 2.38 2.41 2.40 3.95 3.61 3.78
S.2467/ 10.72 12.19 11.46 3.53 3.28 3.41 4.33 4.12 4.22
S.2419/ 11.51 11.48 11.49 3.40 3.11 3.25 4.04 4.19 4.11
Prhiton 19.60 20.53 20.07 3.58 3.52 3.55 3.65 3.69 3.67
Pilton 16.98 19.67 18.33 2.65 2.14 2.39 3.75 3.80 3.77
LSD5 % 2.53 1.97 1.74 0.76 0.46 0.50 0.63 0.25 0.37
LSD1 % 3.41 2.66 2.34 1.03 0.62 0.68 0.85 0.33 0.50
Continued Table 2
Genotypes Fiber percentage (%) Number of capsules /plant Number of seeds /capsule
1st 2nd com 1st 2nd com 1st 2nd Com
Sakha 1 15.63 16.70 16.16 23.37 26.35 24.86 6.46 6.87 6.66
Sakha 2 13.91 14.53 14.22 24.03 26.64 25.33 6.91 7.40 7.16
Sakha 3 18.39 20.30 19.35 22.19 22.40 22.29 5.41 5.50 5.45
Sakha 4 18.86 17.72 18.29 19.44 21.05 20.25 5.64 5.27 5.45
Sakha 6 17.56 18.87 18.21 23.92 24.67 24.30 6.27 6.13 6.20
Giza 9 18.15 19.40 18.78 22.06 23.78 22.92 5.95 6.20 6.07
Giza 10 18.74 17.47 18.11 26.89 26.94 26.92 5.83 5.27 5.55
Giza 11 15.61 16.20 15.91 31.29 31.52 31.41 7.67 5.53 6.60
Giza 12 15.36 16.97 16.16 32.74 33.87 33.31 9.13 7.27 8.20
Belinka 18.69 21.75 20.22 17.32 17.91 17.61 5.78 5.03 5.41
Sezier 20.62 21.58 21.10 15.24 15.73 15.49 5.76 5.13 5.45
Sofia 20.52 21.53 21.03 14.38 14.23 14.31 5.60 5.03 5.32
S.2467/ 16.17 16.63 16.40 22.12 23.76 22.94 7.57 5.67 6.62
S.2419/ 16.21 16.70 16.46 21.70 22.00 21.85 7.31 5.60 6.46
Prhiton 15.09 15.62 15.35 33.07 30.98 32.03 7.70 5.20 6.45
Pilton 17.40 18.66 18.03 28.41 29.00 28.71 7.47 5.17 6.32
LSD5 % 2.20 1.88 1.42 3.76 4.84 4.03 1.17 0.74 0.68
LSD1 % 2.96 2.52 1.91 5.07 6.52 5.43 1.57 1.00 0.91
Ending Table 2
Genotypes Seed yield /plant (g) Seed yield / fad (kg) Oil present age (%)
1st 2nd com 1st 2nd com 1st 2nd com
Sakha 1 0.79 0.80 0.80 595.00 547.67 571.33 32.48 32.59 32.54
Sakha 2 0.83 0.97 0.90 661.00 632.00 646.50 32.71 32.22 32.47
Sakha 3 0.67 0.63 0.65 376.00 418.33 397.17 32.22 31.85 32.04
Sakha 4 0.63 0.61 0.62 394.33 392.67 393.50 32.15 31.60 31.88
Sakha 6 0.65 0.62 0.63 653.33 406.00 529.67 33.25 33.37 33.31
Giza 9 0.72 0.68 0.70 411.00 399.33 405.17 32.67 31.55 32.11
Giza 10 0.61 0.57 0.59 436.67 284.00 360.33 31.67 31.88 31.78
Giza 11 0.95 0.81 0.88 730.67 757.00 743.83 33.37 33.37 33.37
Giza 12 0.97 0.48 0.72 786.00 513.00 649.50 32.67 32.34 32.50
Belinka 0.40 0.34 0.37 304.00 255.67 279.83 32.41 32.37 32.39
Sezier 0.44 0.37 0.40 336.33 330.67 333.50 29.18 31.90 30.54
Sofia 0.47 0.42 0.45 327.67 215.33 271.50 32.48 32.30 32.39
S.2467/ 0.86 0.62 0.74 499.00 505.33 502.17 35.33 32.71 34.02
S.2419/ 0.85 0.68 0.77 492.67 533.00 512.83 35.37 31.18 33.27
Prhiton 0.91 0.93 0.92 661.33 704.67 683.00 35.78 35.86 35.82
Pilton 0.90 0.87 0.88 623.00 551.00 587.00 35.03 35.10 35.06
LSD5% 0.08 0.13 0.09 91.45 160.40 102.08 2.34 1.35 1.53
LSD1 % 0.11 0.18 0.12 123.15 215.99 137.45 3.15 1.82 2.06
Estimation of genetic parameters. To identify the amount of genetic variability of the tested flax genotypes, the range, mean, phenotypic (PCV) and genotypic (GCV) coefficients of variation, heritability in broad sense (H2b) and genetic advance (GA) were computed for twelve traits (Table 3).
It is apparent from Table 3 that all flax genotypes tested exhibited broad-range values for all traits. Plant height varied from 81.65 to 105.71 with a mean of 95.75 cm; technical stem length from 71.90 to 94.69 with a mean of 84.60 cm, main stem diameter from 0.71 to 2.19 with a mean of 1.37 mm; number of fruiting branches from 5.69 to 20.07 with a mean of 11.41; straw yield per plant from 2.39 to 4.53 with a mean of 3.54 g; fiber percentage from 14.22 to 21.10 with a mean of 17.74; number of capsules per plant from 14.31 to 33.31 with a mean of 24.03; number of seeds per capsule from 5.32 to 8.20 with an average of 6.21; seed yield per plant from 0.37 to 0.92 with an average of 0.69 g and oil percentage from 30.54 to 35.82 with an average of 32.84 kg.
Phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) differed from their corresponding genotypic (GCV) one for plant height, technical stem length, number of fruiting branches / plant and number of capsules / plant, whereas phenotypic and genotypic coefficients variation for stem diameter, straw yield / plant, fiber%, number of seeds / capsule, seed yield / plant and oil% had close values.
Genotypic coefficient of variation reached maximum (70.26) for number of fruiting branches, number of capsules per plant (40.78), plant height (18.21) and technical length (14.65).
Heritability in broad sense along with genetic advance are considered as a reliable indices for selecting the effective traits in improvement flax yield as confirmed earlier by [12].
High heritability coupled with high values of genetic advance (as % of mean) for all characters, except plant height and oil% which were moderate as presented in Table 3. This indicates the importance of additive gene action in the inheritance of these traits, thus selecting one or more of these traits would be effective in improving flax yield. Similar results were reported by [1, 3, 6—7, 17—18].
Table 3
Genetic parameters of sixteen flax genotypes for straw, seed yields and their related characters as combined analyses of 2015/16 and 2016/17 seasons
Genotypes Plant height (cm) Technical stem length (cm) Stem diameter (mm) Number of fruiting branches/plant Straw yield/ plant (g)
Range Min 81.65 71.90 0.71 5.69 2.39
Max 105.71 94.69 2.19 20.07 4.53
Mean 95.75 84.60 1.37 11.41 3.54
VG 52.29 37.18 0.23 24.05 0.42
VP 52.29 37.18 0.23 24.05 0.42
PCV 24.87 18.16 6.41 73.45 4.84
GCV 18.21 14.65 5.62 70.26 3.98
H2 0.73 0.81 0.88 0.96 0.82
GA 5 % 12.76 11.30 0.93 9.90 1.22
GA% of means 13.33 13.36 67.77 86.73 34.37
Ending Table 3
Genotypes Fiber percentage (%) Number of capsules /plant Number of seeds /capsule Seed yield /plant (g) Oil (%)
Range Min 14.22 14.31 5.32 0.37 30.54
Max 21.10 33.31 8.20 0.92 35.82
Mean 17.74 24.03 6.21 0.69 32.84
VG 3.93 29.40 0.55 0.03 1.40
VP 4.65 35.25 0.72 0.03 2.24
PCV 8.73 48.89 3.86 1.57 2.27
GCV 7.38 40.78 2.98 1.44 1.42
H2 0.84 0.83 0.77 0.92 0.63
GA 5 % 3.76 10.22 1.35 0.34 1.93
GA% of means 21.18 42.51 21.74 49.33 5.88
PCV: phenotypic coefficient of variation, GCV: Genotypic coefficient of variation, H2b: broad sense heritability, GA: Genetic advance, GAM%: Genetic advance as percent of mean
Association of traits. Phenotypic (rp) and genotypic (rg) correlations were estimated between straw/plant, seed yield/plant and its attributes for sixteen flax genotypes based on average of 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 seasons as presented in Table 4. Straw yield per plant was positively and significantly or highly significantly correlated with plant height and technical stem length. Also, high significant positive correlations were observed among seed yield/plant and main stem diameter, number of fruiting branches, number of capsules/plant and number of seeds/capsule, indicating that the breeder can utilize such correlated response to obtain high straw and seed yielding genotypes through selection for one or more of these characters. These results are in harmony with those reported by [6—7, 19—20]. In general, the pattern of association of straw and seed yields with other related traits supports the evidence for the possibility of selecting genotypes characterized with high straw yielding ability and in the same time high seed yield potentialities.
Table 4
Phenotypic and genotypic correlation of sixteen flax genotypes for straw, seed yields and its related characters as combined analyses of 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 seasons
Traits X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X8 X9 X10
X1 1.000 0.733** 0.200 0.055 0.688** -0.282 0.242 0.351 0.205 -0.274
X2 0.916** 1.000 -0.018 -0.203 0.522* 0.033 -0.055 0.241 -0.150 -0.456
X3 0.246 0.035 1.000 0.777** 0.234 -0.529* 0.576* 0.523* 0.631** 0.356
X4 0.059 -0.228 0.826** 1.000 0.294 -0.733** 0.792** 0.694** 0.809** 0.595*
X5 0.853** 0.680** 0.277 0.305 1.000 -0.555* 0.524* 0.480 0.419 -0.059
X6 -0.354 -0.001 -0.606* -0.805** -0.618* 1.000 -0.665** -0.653** -0.806** -0.394
X7 0.350 -0.011 0.705** 0.907** 0.645** -0.804** 1.000 0.662** 0.694** 0.499*
X8 0.504* 0.261 0.634** 0.786** 0.646** -0.871** 0.756** 1.000 0.592* 0.298
X9 0.261 -0.184 0.671** 0.862** 0.439 -0.919** 0.838** 0.700** 1.000 0.558
X10 -0.403 -0.703** 0.558* 0.780** 0.016 -0.595* 0.618* 0.381 0.749 1.000
X1: Total plant height, X2: Technical length, X3: Stem diameter, X4: Number of fruiting branches/plant, X5: straw yield/ plant, X6: Fiber percentage, X7: Number of capsule /plant, X8: Number of seeds /capsule, X9: Seed yield /plant, X10: Oil percentage.
Conclusion
From above mentioned results, it can be concluded that valuable phenotypic and genotypic variability or divergence were detected among tested flax genotypes for the studied characters. Thus, there is a great opportunity in improvement flax yield through direct selection and crossing among tested flax genotypes to create viable and potential segregant populations for the subsequent breeding work.
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About author:
Taha Ahmed Omar — Agricultural Research Center, Fiber Crops Research Department, Field Crops Research Institute, 9 Gamaa st., Giza, 12619, Egypt; e-mail: drtahaomar@yahoo.com
Оценка урожайности генотипов льна
Таха А. Омар
Институт исследований полевых культур, г. Гиза, Египет drtahaomar@yahoo.com
Аннотация. Шестнадцать генотипов льна Linum usitatissimum L. исследованы по показателям урожайности на сельскохозяйственной исследовательской станции Геммейза в Центре сельскохозяйственных исследований (Египет, мухафаза Эль-Гарбия) в течение двух вегетационных периодов 2015/2016 и 2016/2017 гг. Блочный рандомизированный эксперимент выполнялся с тремя повторностями. Фено-типические и генотипические коэффициенты вариации для всех изученных признаков имели близкие значения. Высокая наследуемость коррелировала с высоким генетическим прогрессом,% от среднего, для большинства изученных признаков. Высота растения, техническая длина и диаметр стебля служили лучшими критериями для контроля увеличения урожайности. Количество ветвей, коробочек и семян также использовались и были не менее эффективными критериями отбора для повышения урожайности растений льна, что подтвердилось фенотипической и генотипической корреляцией.
Ключевые слова: лен, генетическая изменчивость, корреляция, наследственность, генетический прогресс
История статьи:
Поступила в редакцию: 22 июля 2020 г. Принята к публикации: 12 августа 2020 г. Для цитирования:
Omar T.A Evaluation of yield and its components for some flax genotypes // Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Агрономия и животноводство. 2020. Т. 15. № 3. С. 272—280 doi: 10.22363/2312-797X-2020-15-3-272-280
Об авторе:
Таха Ахмед Омар — центр сельскохозяйственных исследований, департамент исследований прядильных культур, Институт исследований полевых культур, 12619, Египет, г. Гиза, ул. Гамаа, д. 9; e-mail: drtahaomar@yahoo.com
