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EVALUATION OF WOOD INTRODUCED SPECIES IN PLANTATIONS OF PUBLIC AREAS IN OREL REGION
Zolotareva E.V., Dubovitskaya O.U., Associate Professors Orel State Agrarian University, Orel City, Russia Phone: +7 (4862) 45-40-64, E-mail: office1@orelsau.ru
ABSTRACT
In article the data of long-term studies of the composition and condition of woody exotic species in plantations of common use of Orel region are cited. Identified areas where the most promising as a source of attraction for further introductory material work.
KEY WORDS
Introduced species; Trees; Shrubs; Vines.
Plantations of public areas are necessary elements of both urban and rural landscape. They are inextricably linked to the planning of the village, have a positive effect on its climate. They have a recreational function; serve as one means of combating against urban noise. Greenery plays an important role in the enrichment of atmosphere with oxygen and in carbon sequestration.
A unique feature of green spaces is that they are almost the only natural component of the urban environment and are able to protect and improve its quality, while water, air and soil under the influence of man-made pollution is a buffer, and with a strong degree of pollution become sources of environmental hazards themselves. But at the same time, due to environmental degradation, and in the whole world in order all these positive qualities of plants are fully manifested, it is necessary to hold the array of services for them, to monitor their general condition and decorative qualities.
STATE-OF-THE-ART REVIEW
Habitat and living conditions of plants in an urban environment are very different from the conditions of growth of zonal vegetation types. The fact is that here the plants are exposed to a variety of environmental factors: climatic, edaphic, technogenic and others. Green areas in large parts are under high anthropogenic and technogenic load, expose to chemical, physical, biological and integrated pollution. The result of it is the existence of special circumstances of all elements in urboecosystems that determine their composition and structure, the complex itself and the degree of influence of factors adverse environmental impact on the state of plant communities, the possibilities and conditions for their survival, the peculiarities of the level of their ecological importance and performance of conserve, hygiene- and-sanitary and other useful functions [6, 7, 8, 10].
The impact of all factors of the urbanized environment has resulted in urban ecosystems which form specific plant communities with a unique species composition. On the one hand, many plant species which are peculiar for the conditions of the region are disappearing, on the other hand, new species appear [1].
So, in the flora of any village local (indigenous) species or autochthonous by origin and allochthonous species can be found, which got into this territory from other regions of the world. Relatively recently these species begin to call adventitious, or alien
The number of adventitious species is very high. Their weight can be up to 40%, especially in landfills and railways. Sometimes they can behave so aggressively that displace native species. Most local representatives disappear when placing cities and towns. It is difficult for them to acclimate to an unfamiliar environment as the new habitat conditions are not similar to the natural [7].
Ecological flora of settlements is also somewhat different from the zone. Naturally, the species adapted to the lack of moisture (xerophytes) and salinity (halophytes) are acclimatized better.
The leading role in planting different settlements occupy temperate deciduous trees, conifers are practically absent. This is due to the weak resistance of these species to the polluted environment. The deciduous trees are predominant - lime, including small-leaf, maple, balsam poplar, ash, Pennsylvania, elm smooth leaved - silver birch. The share of other species is less than 1%. In the streets you can see such species as elm rough, oak, pine, American maple, common horse chestnut, poplar trees of different species (Berlin, Canadian, black, Chinese) macrophylla linden, spruce, larch, and others [7].
Another characteristic of urban flora and its obvious difference from the natural flora is that it is more dynamic and variable. Floristic composition and total number of species may change in a short period of time.
The habitat conditions of plants in the towns are very similar. This leads to the fact that the floristic composition of cities of different climatic zones is very similar. Thus, 15% of plant species are common to all European cities, but if you compare only the centers of these cities, the figure is much higher - up to 50% [5].
The trees in the urban environment are extremely weak. Therefore, they present the perfect places for the development of various pests and diseases. This just adds to their weakening and sometimes is the cause of premature death [7].
Understanding the urgency of the issue is reflected in the attention that local government has traditionally paid to the maintenance of green economy.
Place reserved for the plant should meet their requirements and the needs of different plants in the composition should not be antagonistic [3].
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The Orel Region is located in the central part of Central Russian Upland in the steppe and forest-steppe zones. The climate is temperate continental with cold winters and moderately warm summers. Annual precipitation varies from 490 mm in the south to 620 mm in the north. [2]
The surface topography - hilly plain, transitional zone of soil from the sod-podzolic to predominantly leached and ash gray chernozems.
By the nature of the vegetation cover the territory belongs to the steppe zone. Forests are located mainly in small tracts, in the western and north-western part of the area there are relatively large forest areas.
Orel is subject to the strongest human impact, having on its territory the company of almost all industries. Pollutant emissions in Orel are crucial to the region and constitute more than 46% of the total emissions of all companies in the region.
The high degree of anthropogenic impact on large parts of a trend of ecosystem degradation. The greatest burden bears land adjacent to roads area. On some streets there is not enough landscaping and therefore there is not any prevention to the spread of noise and emissions.
In Orel an inventory of green space with the assessment of the growth and success of introduced species, their stability to a range of adverse factors of the large city and promising use for landscaping has not yet done. In this regard, since 2003 we have been working on an inventory of Orel street trees one of the goals of which was to identify the species of exotic species and the number of members, their assessment and development of practical recommendations for their use in urban forests.
In the course of study the taxation parameters of plantations and their assessment were determined.
Taxation characteristics were determined by conventional methods.
The condition of the groups is defined by assessment of viability in the urban environment, by peculiarities of growth and development [9].
THE RESULTS OF RESEARCH
During the studies we found 78 taxa (species) of trees and shrubs (trees - 40, bushes
- 38, including climbing vines presented by 1 species).
A systematic selection for green spaces in the study area is represented by 23 families.
Plantations of exotic species consist of 50.41%. They include 44 species, 18 families (Table 1), native vegetation - 34 species, 12 families, indicating the species and quantity prevalence of exotic species.
Most of all it is represented by a family Rosaceae - 13 taxa (29.55%), family olives -11.36%, pine family - 9.09% and legumes - 6.82%. The remaining 14 families are represented by 1- 2 species.
Table 1 - Representation of exotic species in urban plantings
The family Number of taxa Number %
taxa copies
Pine 4 9,09 1,39
Cypress 2 4,55 5,39
Boxwood 1 2,27 0,51
Elm 1 2,27 0,05
Beech 1 2,27 0,03
Willow 2 4.55 1,73
Lime 1 2,27 2,41
Hydrangea 2 4,55 4,88
Gooseberries 2 4,55 0,04
Rosaceae 13 29,55 39,25
Pulses 3 6,82 2,42
Sumach 1 2,27 0,22
Maple 1 2,27 20,11
Buckeye 1 2,27 8,83
Vine 1 2,27 0,03
Suckers 1 2,27 0,13
Maslin 5 11,36 11,03
Caprifoliaceae 2 4,55 1,68
Total 44 100 100
According to the number of copies in the stands again, most representatives is from the family Rosaceae (39.25%), which is due, above all, to the extensive use of flowering and ornamental shrubs in hedges. In the second place stands the maple family - 20.11%: due to streets oversaturation by box elder - low-maintenance, fast-growing and hardly eradicated view. Third place goes to the family of olives - 11.03%, fourth - family of buckeye - 8.83%: Aesculus hippocastanum is traditionally used in landscaping cities of central Russia.
We attempted to classify introduced species by their origin (Table 2). We destributed introduced species by four geographical zones. The greatest number of plants are in Europe and the Caucasus - 40.91%, in America - 38.64%. The smallest number - the Central and North Asia 6.81%.
Table 2 - Distribution of woody plant introductions by geographic area
The natural habitat Taxon %
Europe, the Caucasus 18 40,91
Central and North Asia 3 6,81
East Asia, the Far East 16 13,64
North America 17 38,64
Total 44 100
In connection with the data you can identify areas the most promising as a source of material for further involvement of introduction work.
In the course of many years of research we found out that the most promising in respect of introduction to local conditions is a region with a rich dendroflora - Southern Europe, the Caucasus, the Far East and North America [4].
In conducting research all species are combined in the following groups:
- Deciduous trees,
- Coniferous trees,
- Deciduous shrubs,
- Coniferous shrubs.
Table 3 - Status of introduced trees in urban plantings
Family Species ratio,% status, %
good ro t c si it a s poor
Pinaceae Colorado spruce 1,14 81 18 1
Canadian spruce 0,05 100 - -
White Pine 0,15 95 - 5
Lzhetsuga Menzies 0,05 100 - -
Cypress American arborvitae 4,72 85 11 4
Juniper Cossack 0,67 58 30 12
Boxwood Curves boxwood 0,51 78 22 -
Elm elm pinnately branched 0,05 100 - -
Beechwood Quercus rubra 0,03 100 - -
Willow Populus balsamifera 1,58 55 37 8
Populus balsanomic (Italian) 0.15 11 67 22
Linden Linden macrophylla 2,41 80 13 7
Hydrangea chubushnik coronal 4,86 37 61 2
Ashy hydrangea 0,02 100 - -
Grossularia Black currant 0,03 100 - -
European gooseberry 0,01 - 100 -
Rosaceae Cotoneaster brilliant 13,05 90 10 -
cotoneaster brilliant 0,22 100 - -
Saskatoon rotundifolia 2,59 88 11 1
Puzyreplodnik kalinolistny 7,93 72 19 9
Spirea 7,19 72 25 3
Japanese spirea 4,41 73 25 2
Spirea Dubrov kolistnaya 1,13 69 22 9
Shrubby cinquefoil 0,01 100 - -
Wrinkled rose 2,48 74 22 4
Raspberry scented 0,09 91 - 9
Bird cherry 0,01 100 - -
Cherry Felt 0,13 94 6 -
Apricot 0,01 - 100 -
Beans Robinia acacia 1,59 83 14 3
Amorphous shrub 0,26 85 15 -
Karagan tree 0,57 73 26 1
Sumac Sumac fluffy curves 0,22 86 14 -
Maple Box elder maple 20,11 74 21 5
Aesculus Aesculus hippocastanum 8,83 88 10 2
Vine Grapes maiden five-leaves 0,03 100 - -
Suckers Sea buckthorn 0,13 100 - -
Scale Ash lancet 0,73 73 18 9
Syringa 9,83 83 13 4
Hungarian lilac 0,06 100 - -
Ligustrum 0,23 52 45 3
Forsythia intermediate 0,05 100 - -
Bee hawk Snowberry white 0,82 43 14 43
Honeysuckle ordinary 0,86 12 70 18
Total 100,00 - - -
In the group of deciduous trees the most common are the following: box elder (20.11% of the total number of plants), Aesculus hippocastanum (8.83%). Sporadically occur sumac fluffy, cherry Maak, nuts black, gray, Manchurian, silver maple, red oak. Of all the species the red oak is in the best condition, it has successfully adapted to the climatic and environmental conditions of Orel.
Traditionally used for landscaping streets buckeye is not tolerate to high gas content and high temperature in the streets, that adversely affect its condition and ornamentality - by mid-summer its leaf blades have burnt. 51% of the exotic species are represented by introduced species: spruce prickly, White Pine, lzhetsuga Menzies, Thuja occidentalis. All these species have long introduced to the culture and well established in the city, but in Orel occur sporadically. The best state has White Pine: it tolerates gassed atmosphere, undemanding to soils, frost and drought resistant. Exotic species of introduced species shrub, unlike trees, account for 63%, local - only 37%.
Shiny cotoneaster (13.05% of the total number of plants) and puzyreplodnik kalinolistny (7.93%) dominate. The acacia yellow, golden currant, rose wrinkled japonica low (chaenomeles) Magon holm, almonds low, various types of barberry, spirea, mock orange crown, Hungarian lilac are also found. The condition of the species studied is good. They tolerate urban conditions, require minimal to soil conditions, are hardy breeds. To improve their condition timely pruning (including anti-aging) and fertilizing are necessary. Coniferous trees are juniper-introducents Cossack. Its condition is good.
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
1. In plantations of Orel public areas 44 species of trees and shrubs introduced species belonging to 18 families are identified.
2. In the group of deciduous trees box elder (20.11%) is the most common, Aesculus hippocastanum - (8.83%). In the group of pine trees Thuja occidentalis (4.72%), prickly spruce (1.14%) are the most common.
3. In the group of deciduous shrubs - shiny cotoneaster (13.05%), syringa (9.83%), puzyreplodnik kalinolistny (7.93%), shrubs, conifers - juniper Cossack.
4. The most promising in respect of introduction to the local conditions are Southern Europe, the Caucasus, the Far East, North America.
5. For further use common horse chestnut, acacia acacia, Thuja occidentalis, prickly pine, juniper Cossack, cotoneaster brilliant puzyreplodnik kalinolistny, different spirit can be recommended. These species are fairly well at urban, unpretentious care and are decorative.
6. When designing the green space technological and recreational pressure on a particular area should be considered. That is, given the impact of various anthropogenic factors breed, best adapted to the different conditions, must be chosen.
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