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ИНФОРМАТИКА, ВЫЧИСЛИТЕЛЬНАЯ
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UDC 625.7/.8 https://doi.org/10.23947/2687-1653-2021-21-4-364-375
Evaluation of the elastic modulus of pavement layers using different types of neural networks models
M. M. M. Elshamy 12 , A. N. Tiraturyan1 ,E.V. Uglova1 ED
1 Don State Technical University (Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation)
2 Al-Azhar University (Cairo, Arab Republic of Egypt) И uglova.ev@,vandex.ru
Introduction. This paper studies the capability of different types of artificial neural networks (ANN) to predict the modulus of elasticity of pavement layers for flexible asphalt pavement under operating conditions. The falling weight deflectometer (FWD) was selected to simulate the dynamic traffic loads and measure the flexural bowls on the road surface to obtain the database of ANN models.
Materials and Methods. Artificial networks types (the feedforward backpropagation, layer-recurrent, cascade back-propagation, and Elman backpropagation) are developed to define the optimal ANN model using Matlab software. To appreciate the efficiency of every model, we used the constructed ANN models for predicting the elastic modulus values for 25 new pavement sections that were not used in the process of training, validation, or testing to ensure its suitability. The efficiency measures such as mean absolute error (MAE), the coefficient of multiple determinations R2, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Percent Error (MAPE) values were obtained for all models results.
Results. Based on the performance parameters, it was concluded that among these algorithms, the feed-forward model has a better performance compared to the other three ANN types. The results of the best four models were compared to each other and to the actual data obtained to determine the best method.
Discussion and Conclusions. The differences between the results of the four best models for the four types of algorithms used were very small, as they showed the closeness between them and the actual values. The research results confirm the possibility of ANN-based models to evaluate the elastic modulus of pavement layers speedily and reliably for using it in the structural assessment of (NDT) flexible pavement data at the appropriate time.
Keywords: asphalt pavements, artificial neural networks (ANN), falling weight deflectometer (FWD), backpropagation network, nondestructive test (NDT).
For citation: M. M. M. Elshamy, A. N. Tiraturyan, E. V. Uglova. Evaluation of the elastic modulus of pavement layers using different types of neural networks models. Advanced Engineering Research, 2021, vol. 21, no. 4, p. 364-375. g https://doi.org/10.23947/2687-1653-2021-21-4-364-375
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Оценка модуля упругости слоев дорожного покрытия с использованием различных типов моделей нейронных сетей
М. М. М Елшами12 , А. Н. Тиратурян1 , Е. В. Углова1
'ФГБОУ ВО «Донской государственный технический университет» (г. Ростов-на-Дону, Российская Федерация) 2 Аль-Азхар университет (Каир, Арабская Республика Египет)
И uglova.ev@yandex.ru
Введение. Данная статья посвящена исследованию способности искусственных нейронных сетей различных типов прогнозировать модуль упругости слоев нежестких дорожных одежд в условиях эксплуатации. Для моделирования динамических нагрузок дорожного движения и измерения чаш прогибов на поверхности покрытия для получения базы данных моделей ИНС была использована установка ударного нагружения FWD.
Материалы и методы. Были разработаны типы искусственных нейронных сетей (сетей обучающихся по принципу прямого обратного распространения, послойного рекуррентного распространения, каскадного обратного распространения и обратного распространения Элмана) для определения оптимальной модели ИНС с использованием программного обеспечения Matlab. Чтобы оценить эффективность каждой модели были использованы разработанные модели ИНС для прогнозирования значений модуля упругости для 25 новых участков дорожных одежд, которые не использовались в процессе обучения, проверки или тестирования, чтобы убедиться в их пригодности. Для всех результатов моделей были получены такие показатели эффективности, как средняя абсолютная ошибка (MAE), коэффициент детерминации R2, среднеквадратическая ошибка (RMSE), значения абсолютная процентная ошибка (MAPE).
Результаты исследования. Исходя из параметров эффективности, было сделано заключение, что среди этих алгоритмов модель распространения прямой связи обладает лучшей производительностью по сравнению с тремя другими типами ИНС. Результаты четырех лучших моделей сравнивались друг с другом и с реальными полученными данными для определения наиболее подходящего метода.
Обсуждение и заключения. Различия между результатами четырех лучших моделей для четырех типов используемых алгоритмов были очень малы, так как они показали близость между ними и фактическими значениями. Результаты исследования подтверждают возможность моделей на основе ИНС быстро и надежно оценивать модуль упругости слоев дорожного покрытия для его использования в структурной оценке (NDT) нежестких дорожных одежд.
Ключевые слова: асфальтовые покрытия, искусственные нейронные сети (ИНС), дефлектометр падающего веса (FWD), сеть обратного распространения, неразрушающий тест (NDT).
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Для цитирования: Елшами, М. М. М. Оценка модуля упругости слоев дорожного покрытия с использованием Я различных типов моделей нейронных сетей / М. М. М. Елшами, А. Н. Тиратурян, Е. В. Углова // Advanced и
Engineering Research. — 2021. — Т. 21, № 4. — С. 364-375. https://doi.org/10.23947/2687-1653-2021-21-4-364-375 &
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Introduction. All pavement roads will deteriorate over time, regardless of how well designed or constructed [1]. ^ Deterioration of the pavement is affected by traffic volume, climate condition, building quality, layers thickness and the efficiency of earlier rehabilitation and treatment plan. Usually, the pavement condition stays good in the first 50-75 % of §
service life and the processes of deterioration progress slowly. The degradation processes make rapid progress once the S
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The structural condition of pavements can be evaluated using non-destructive surface deflection testing; impulse §
load devices such as Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) and Heavy Weight Deflectometer (HWD). It is the most к
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material layer modules can be estimated using back-calculation [4, 5]. £
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The FWD load tests simulate traffic characteristics such as type, volume, and time of vehicle loading correctly. и
These devices apply an impulse load (P) through a mass in free fall on a circular plate with a cylindrical rubber buffer
mounted under the falling weight system [6, 7]. The device records the vertical pavement deformation using different ¡3
sensors located at various distances from the centre of the loading circle [8, 9], as shown in Figure 1. The maximum s
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displacement is known as the peak deflection, which occurs under the loading point. Traditional methods use the highest values of FWD deflections to back-calculate linear elastic modulus for each layer of pavement [10].
During the past few years, it has been observed that the pavement administrations use new and different methods of collecting and processing data for road maintenance [11]. Due to the rapid development of information technology and artificial intelligence, there have been multiple opportunities for implementation in developing pavements management systems.
More effective ways to address the problem of specifying (complex, non-linear, multivariate) parameters should be considered. ANN is one of the artificial intelligence techniques that provide solutions to classification and regression problems. It is known as one of the best techniques for data mining tasks. It has a framework for different machine learning algorithms to perform together with data inputs. ANN learns how to predict the output from a set of attributes. The algorithm learns to forecast during the training process, which must include data with a large domain, to avoid a problem of falling the expected data outside that range, which affects the validity of the results [12]. In addition, the frequency of sampling should be sufficient to learn correctly. It has been observed from a lot of research that ANN provided good accuracy in pavement performance prediction. The goal of ANN is to find solutions to problems in a similar manner that a human brain does [13].
In 2004, the authors submitted a formulation for the reverse calculation of the pavement layer modules using artificial neural networks (ANN). The research has shown that the proposed ANN method needs considerably less time computed than other methods such as layered elastic theory, equivalent layer thickness (ELT), and finite-element methods, respectively. The ANN is used in simulation at a high rate because it can learn complex nonlinear relationships [14].
Halil Ceylanet and the contributing authors (2008) developed back-calculation models based on artificial neural networks (ANNs) for predicting the elastic modulus of the Portland cement concrete (PCC) layer and the coefficient of subgrade reaction for the pavement foundation. ANN-based models have been trained to estimate the layer modules with deflective basin data (FWD) and the pavement structure thickness. The research indicates that the ANN models can predict the rigid module of paving layers with high precision [15].
More studies were conducted on the development of more accurate and effective models with algorithms of optimization and hybrid systems [16-19].
G. Beltrán and the contributing authors (2014) collected data from field tests to recalculate layer models by artificial neural network models. The results proved the efficiency of the ANN models in calculating the pavements parameters [20].
Maoyun Li and Hao Wang built a model for calculating the elasticity modulus for flexible pavement layers using both the genetic algorithm and the artificial neural network system based on the falling weight deflectometer data. The results of the ANN-GA model showed reasonable accuracy with the data registered in the LTPP test database, where there P were no big differences between the predicted values of the elastic modulus for the asphalt surface layer and the registered d in the LTPP data [21].
g In this investigation, several analyses were performed to define the best possible architecture along with learning
rules and the type of the ANN model to increase the forecasting capabilities of ANNs. The used database includes wide r^ ranges of deflection values obtained from impact load tests conducted on existing three-layer pavement systems on the roads network by the State Company Russian Highways from 2014 to 2018. It was utilized as an experimental basis for > training artificial neural network models.
Falling weight
pavement — deflection bowl Sensor deflection
Fig. 1: Pavement deflection according to FWD testing
Materials and Methods
The properties of the used sections.
In Table 1, the acceptable limits of the pavement layer parameters used in building models are mentioned for calculating the elasticity modulus for the pavement layers (surface, base, and subgrade).
Table 1
Limits of geometries and properties of materials for pavement sections
Material type Layer thickness (mm) Poisson's Ratio Layer elastic modulus (MPa)
Asphalt Concrete T(AC)= 190 : 220 V = 0.35 Ej= 900 : 4500
Base-layer T(B)= 350 : 460 V = 0.35 E2= 80 : 500
Subgrade-layer T(S)= œ V = 0.35 E3= 40 : 150
Back-calculation models based on ANNs approach.
In this work, we used the back-propagation algorithm function to solve the problem of the nonlinear function mapping, where it has high efficiency between ANN algorithms [22-25]. Furthermore, ANN networks of this type are defined as the neural networks of multilayer feed-forward. The traditional architecture of artificial neural networks is preserved in this algorithm. The structure of this algorithm consists of inputs and outputs represented by neurons, and between them, there are connections used to transfer the weights given to each cell according to its effect. The back-propagating algorithm is characterized by its ability to change the neuron weights to reduce the differences between the goals and the output values of the algorithm using the error reduction technique [26]. The final set of node biases and connection weights is known when the error rate is reduced to permissible limits [27].
The network is trained by different algorithms with the training dataset.
— Feed-Forward Model
The feed-forward network involves at least three layers (the input layer, the hidden layer, and the output layer), and it may increase to have more than one hidden layer according to the network needs. As it is clear from the name of the network, the information has one direction from the input to the hidden layer and then to the output layer, as in Figure 2.
— Layer Recurrent Model
The structures of the recurrent neural network and the feed-forward network are similar, but the recurrent neural network is unique in that there is a specific feedback loop to each layer in the network except for the last layer, as shown in Figure 3. This feedback loop permits the network to have an unlimited dynamic reaction to incoming time series data.
— Cascade Forward Network Model
The Cascade forward network is similar to a feed-forward network, with the only difference being that it includes a link from the input to each layer and from each layer to the following layers. As shown in Figure 4, the Cascade forward model produces links from the first to the second Layer, from Layer 2 to Layer 3, and from the first to the third Layer. These networks also provide input connections for all layers, where additional links can quickly improve the learning process of the network model.
— Elman Neural Network
The Elman neural network structure overrides the feed-forward network by having a layer called the context layer in addition to the input, output and hidden layers. The function of the context layer is to store the output of the hidden layer in each finished cycle and reuse it as input to the hidden layer in the next iteration to ensure that patterns are generated over time, as shown in Figure 5. Elman networks also reduce the error rate in the outputs to the permissible limits by using the back-propagation feature, as is the case in the forward propagation network.
Fig. 2: Structure of feed-forward network
Fig. 3: Structure of layer recurrent network
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Fig. 5: Structure of Elman back-propagation network
Through the command of "nntool" in the Matlab program, we implemented the created ANN models. The data that was used in building the models belong to a group of asphalt sections of the M-4 highway of the Russian road network. The set of training data used in this study included the results of calculating the elastic moduli of the structural layers of nonrigid road pavements, carried out in a specialized software package supplied with an FWD Primax shock loading unit on 555 pavement sections, managed by the State Company Russian Highways. We used four types of artificial neural networks, which were (feed-forward, layer recurrent, cascade, and Elman) back-propagation to get the best results. Several cells were selected in the hidden layer for each type of model to study its effect on the training process. The program divided the data at random with 70 % for the training process, 15 % for verification, and 15 % for the testing process. Figure 6 shows the architecture of the artificial neural network model.
We carried out three steps to obtain the optimal number of neurons and hidden layers in ANN models: we trained the model with different hidden layers (first step), estimated the results of the performance model (second step), and compared the predicted values of the tested data to the target values (third step).
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Fig. 6: Neural network architecture to determine the elastic moduli of the structural layers of the flexible pavements
D1, D2, D3 .... D10 are the results of the measured deflection values under the sensors — geophones; t° is the surface temperature of the pavement; P is the pressure on the pavement; T1 and T2 are the thickness of the layers of asphalt concrete and the thickness of the base layer of the pavement; E1, E2, and E3 - the elastic moduli of asphalt concrete layers, the base, and the subgrade, respectively.
The Models Evaluation.
The correctness of the values of the prediction results for every model is calculated using the mean absolute error (MAE), the multiple determinations coefficient R2, the mean root square error (RMSE), and the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), which are determined from the following formulas (1, 2 and 3):
MAE= 1 Sn=i|At- Et| (1)
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Results. Four types of NNA were developed with four different neuron numbers in the hidden layers to see which one is more suitable to use in the forecasting process. The total number of ANN models generated was sixteen. All models were trained under various conditions, including 10, 15, 17, and 20 neurons in the hidden layers. The values of the following MAE, R2, RMSE and MAPE indices for all models were calculated as shown in Table 2 to assess the model performance.
Table 2
Evaluation of the models performance
prediction E(AS) of feedforward models prediction E(AS) of cascade models prediction E(AS) of Elman models prediction E(AS) of layer-recurrent models
10n 15n 17n 20n 10 n 15n 17n 20n 10n 15n 17n 20n 10n 15n 17n 20n
MA E 2.58 3.24 5.61 4.9 41.2 2.48 5.61 31.8 1.46 1.81 1.39 6.45 4.11 7.66 4.85 9.27
R2 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.0 0.91 1.00 1.00 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
RM SE 3.38 10.3 10.7 11 202 7.78 10.7 149. 2.05 6.48 3.20 26.1 7.15 16.9 10.5 25.7
MA RE 0.11 0.15 0.24 .26 1.73 0.12 0.24 1.34 0.08 0.08 0.06 0.27 0.16 0.34 0.22 0.47
prediction E(base) of feed-forward models prediction E(base) of cascade models prediction E(base) of Elman models prediction E(base) of layer-recurrent models
10n 15n 17n 20n 10n 15n 17n 20n 10n 15n 17n 20n 10n 15n 17n 20n
MA E 1.11 0.61 1.39 1.15 0.55 0.77 1.39 1.74 0.89 0.86 1.02 1.65 1.37 1.43 0.87 1.17
R2 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
RM SE 2.10 2.16 3.58 2.8 0.82 2.70 3.58 6.01 2.14 3.51 3.34 6.19 1.80 2.62 1.19 3.24
MA RE 0.42 0.19 0.48 0.4 0.23 0.24 0.48 0.52 0.30 0.25 0.33 0.51 0.58 0.55 0.36 0.38
prediction E(sub-grade) of feed-forward models prediction E(sub-grade) of cascade models prediction E(sub-grade) of Elman models prediction E(sub-grade) of layer-recurrent models
10n 15n 17n 20n 10n 15n 17n 20n 10n 15n 17n 20n 10n 15n 17n 20n
MA E 1.82 0.38 1.81 4.5 1.51 2.90 1.81 2.22 3.34 0.92 2.90 4.37 1.74 1.63 1.89 2.12
R2 0.99 1.00 0.99 0.87 0.99 0.96 0.99 0.95 0.87 0.99 0.93 0.86 0.98 0.99 1.00 0.97
RM SE 4.48 0.73 3.91 13.3 2.81 10.6 3.91 5.85 10.5 2.48 7.19 17.4 4.16 2.78 4.07 4.84
MA RE 1.84 0.46 1.94 4.6 1.92 2.32 1.94 2.15 3.22 0.86 2.85 3.85 2.16 2.13 1.96 2.53
The best four models that express the four types of artificial neural networks were selected based on the values of the analytical parameters mentioned in the previous table for the results of the models to compare them and know the extent of their impact. Whereas, the best results were due to the models with two hidden layers and 14-15-3 structure for all developed types. All models took the maximum number of repetitions to complete the training process, which were 1000 repetitions. But they differed in the periods taken for training, as training of the models ended after (54, 157, 67, and 173) seconds for the four models, respectively, as shown in Figures (6-9). Being aware of that, the training process stops if the maximum number of repetitions or the time rate is exceeded.
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Fig. 6: Training window of feed-forward model
Fig. 8: Training window of cascade model
Fig. 7: Training window of layer recurrent model
4 Neural Network Training (nntraintool)
Fig. 9: Training window of Elman backpropagation
The weights and biases of all parameters were modified to decrease the error between target values and network output throughout the training phase. Each neuron weight is adjusted based on its impact on the network result. These weights and biases were evaluated during training as the weights of the inputs to the hidden layer.
Figures (10-13) illustrate the mean squared error values vs the number of iterations for the training process of the compared models, respectively. When using the feed-forward back-propagation model, the best validation performance was 16.68 at epoch 1000. Otherwise, the best validation performance for the layer recurrent, cascade and Elman back-propagation models were (11.52, 119,888 and 28,067) at epoch zero, respectively. In all of the curves, we observe the convergence of the test curves with the validation curves, which revealed that the test and validation curves are very similar.
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Fig. 10: Performance of feed-forward model Best Validation Performance is 119.8888 at epoch 0
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Fig. 11 : Performance of layer recurrent model
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Fig. 12: Performance of cascade model performance
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According to Figures (14 and 15), artificial neural networks are evaluated using a correlation function (R) between network result values against target data in feed-forward and cascading back-propagation models. Looking at the R-value of the models during the training, validation and testing phases, we notice a good agreement between the target values and the network results. Where we find that the slope of the line that represents the relationship between data and results is approximately equal to 1 in all stages of training, and this indicates the robustness of the models and the possibility of using them during the prediction process.
Training: R=0.99999
Validation: R=0.99999
Training: R=0.99997
Validation: R=0.99996
1000 2000 3000 4000
Target Test: R=0.99993
1000 2000 3000 4000 Target
All: R=0.99998
1000 2000 3000 4000 Target
1000 2000 3000 4000 Target
Fig. 14: Feed-forward model regression charts
2000 Target
4000
2000 Target
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Fig. 15: Cascade backpropagation regression charts
At the beginning of network learning, all learning stages of training, validation, and testing, run in an open loop. Once the training phase is over, the network performance turns into a closed loop during the multi-stages of prediction.
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The models that correctly represent the available data are selected during the stages of education, verification, and testing, based on the statistical parameters, as mentioned previously. It was required to determine if the models could forecast the elastic modulus for 25 segments that had not been utilized during model training and compare them to target values, along with knowing how much the network type affected its performance in terms of elastic modulus assessment. Table 3 shows the comparison of the elastic modulus target values for all layers (asphalt concrete, base, and subgrade) of 25 sections and the forecasting results values of the four ANN types (feed-forward, layer recurrent, cascade, and Elman) back-propagation models.
Table 3
The comparison of the predictions of the proposed models
Actual modulus of elasticity, MPa Predicted values of feedforward model, Mpa (15n) Predicted values of layer recurrent model, Mpa (15n) Predicted values of cascade backprop model, Mpa (15n) Predicted values of Elman backprop model, Mpa (15n)
Asphalt Base Subgrade Asphalt Base Subgrade Asphalt Base Subgrade Asphalt Base Subgrade Asphalt Base Subgrade
1017.0 208.1 63.1 1013.6 209.0 64.5 1024.6 208.0 67.3 1016.7 207.1 63.3 1017.7 209.3 64.5
1559.1 255.2 155.8 1565.1 254.9 157.8 1575.9 250.1 144.6 1565.1 255.8 151.1 1569.1 255.6 166.9
1226.2 200.7 88.9 1226.4 200.3 87.1 1227.7 201.6 88.1 1226.9 200.2 92.6 1222.9 201.0 93.9
2380.9 389.8 139.0 2431.7 400.5 137.2 2305.9 400.3 143.7 2349.2 407.3 149.8 2418.0 403.2 190.7
3309.2 329.5 61.9 3312.3 329.4 61.8 3302.4 332.5 62.4 3310.4 329.6 61.9 3309.9 329.8 62.2
1883.9 187.6 51.1 1881.0 187.1 51.0 1878.3 189.8 48.5 1885.4 187.7 51.4 1883.3 187.9 51.2
2104.6 209.6 45.3 2103.2 209.6 45.9 2099.3 209.3 45.1 2104.4 209.6 44.9 2104.7 210.0 44.9
2763.7 275.2 57.3 2761.9 275.1 57.0 2763.8 274.6 58.1 2763.4 275.3 57.3 2763.8 275.2 57.1
3124.2 311.1 61.2 3124.0 310.9 61.2 3120.2 312.3 60.9 3124.5 311.1 61.2 3124.0 311.2 61.5
2810.1 279.8 58.2 2809.8 279.8 58.2 2810.7 279.9 57.9 2810.0 279.8 58.2 2809.9 279.8 58.2
2733.7 272.2 60.1 2733.6 272.2 60.1 2733.3 271.9 59.1 2733.7 272.2 60.1 2733.7 272.1 60.2
2718.9 270.8 60.5 2718.7 270.5 60.6 2719.9 270.8 59.6 2718.8 270.6 60.5 2718.8 270.5 60.7
3266.2 325.3 73.0 3270.4 325.6 73.1 3254.1 324.4 71.9 3265.4 325.1 72.8 3265.8 325.4 73.1
2430.0 242.0 55.3 2430.4 242.0 55.3 2428.2 242.3 55.8 2429.9 242.1 55.1 2430.1 241.9 55.2
3671.5 365.6 69.3 3668.3 365.7 69.0 3700.0 365.8 70.5 3671.3 365.6 68.9 3666.3 365.0 69.7
2395.2 238.5 58.1 2395.2 238.6 58.0 2394.0 238.3 56.9 2395.1 238.5 58.1 2395.3 238.3 57.9
2328.7 231.9 63.2 2329.0 232.3 63.1 2327.0 232.5 62.8 2328.7 232.4 63.6 2328.2 232.0 63.3
2810.1 279.8 64.8 2809.8 279.8 64.7 2810.8 280.3 64.1 2809.8 279.8 64.7 2810.3 279.8 64.8
2350.5 234.1 60.2 2350.8 234.2 60.1 2346.3 233.2 59.1 2350.6 234.2 60.5 2350.4 234.1 60.3
2406.7 239.7 59.1 2406.8 239.7 59.0 2403.0 238.7 58.1 2406.8 239.7 59.1 2406.8 239.6 59.2
1927.2 191.9 54.8 1927.9 192.1 54.7 1929.3 193.7 56.1 1927.4 191.9 54.8 1927.2 192.1 54.8
1746.5 173.9 56.0 1746.0 173.7 55.8 1745.2 177.2 58.5 1746.5 173.9 56.4 1747.8 173.8 55.9
2149.6 214.1 55.6 2149.3 214.0 55.6 2146.1 213.3 55.7 2149.7 214.1 55.5 2149.6 214.3 55.6
1927.2 191.9 48.3 1927.1 191.8 48.5 1932.6 192.7 50.1 1927.8 191.8 47.8 1926.5 192.3 48.0
2095.8 208.7 50.5 2095.9 208.9 50.4 2095.6 208.6 51.3 2095.9 208.8 50.2 2095.7 209.1 50.2
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A high degree of convergence can be shown between the four models when they are compared to each other and r^ to actual data, as shown in Figure 16 (a, b, c). It is also understood from the results that the models can reduce the error during the process of predicting the elastic modulus, where the lowest value of the coefficient of multiple determination
CD 2
.> was R = 0.95" for the cascade back-propagation model. However, the best performance in the prediction process, as
si shown in Table 2, was for the feed-forward model with a 14-15-3 structure, which had the lowest values for the statistical £
parameters MAE, RMSE, and MAPE, and the largest value for the coefficient of multiple determination (R ) for the three pavement layers (asphalt, base, and substrate).
cS
cS Q
W
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25
Section No
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25
Section No
Actual modulus of elasticity layer recurrent model (15n) Elman model (15n)
a)
feed-forward model (15n) cascade model (15n)
120
Actual modulus of elasticity layer recurrent model (15n) Elman model (15n)
Feed-forward model (15n) Cascade model (15n)
b)
CS &I
M
t w
100
80
60
40
20
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25
Section No
Actual modulus of elasticity layer recurrent model (15n) Elman model(15n)
Feed-forward model(15n) Cascade model (15n)
c)
Fig. 16 (a, b, c): Illustration of the comparison between the values of the target elasticity modulus against the expected values of the
developed ANN models and each other for all pavement layers
Discussion and Conclusion. The authors constructed sixteen models in the study. Every four models follow four different artificial neural network types (feed-forward, layer recurrent, cascade, and Elman back-propagation) to calculate the elastic modulus of the pavement layers subjected to dynamic load. The FWD test was selected to represent the dynamic load generated by the road traffic and to measure the reaction of the pavement. Matlab software was used to create ANN models utilizing deflection data from the (M4) highway in the Russian Federation Road network.
The differences between the results of the four best models for the four types of used algorithms were very small, as they showed closeness between them and the target values. The best results were for the feed-forward model with 15 neurons in the two-hidden layers to form the structure of the model 14-15-3, which produced the best values for the statistical coefficients.
There is no correlation between an increase or a decrease of neurons in the hidden layers and an improvement in models' performance. Instead, the decision is dependent on trial and error.
From the results, we find the capability of ANN models to predict the elastic modulus of flexible pavement correctly and use it in managing the pavement deteriorations.
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Acknowledgments. Researcher Mohamed Mostafa Elshamy is funded by a scholarship under the executive program between the Arab Republic of Egypt and the Russian Federation. They have my thanks and appreciation.
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Claimed contributorship
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Submitted 11.10.2021 Reviewed 29.10.2021 Accepted for publication 01.11.2021
About the Authors:
Mohamed Mostafa Mahmoud Elshamy, PhD student of the Motorways Department, Don State Technical University (1, Gagarin sq., Rostov-on-Don, 344003, RF), assistant lecturer at the Faculty of Engineering, Al-Azhar University (11884, Arab Republic of Egypt/Egypt, Cairo, Nasr-City), Scopus, ORCID, mm.elshamy85@gmail.com
Tiraturyan, Artem N., associate professor of the Motorways Department, Don State Technical University (1, Gagarin sq., Rostov-on-Don, 344003, RF), Dr.Sci. (Eng.), associate professor, Scopus, Researcher, ORCID, tiraturian@list.ru
Uglova, Evgeniya V., associate professor of the Motorways Department, Don State Technical University (1, Gagarin sq., Rostov-on-Don, 344003, RF), Dr.Sci. (Eng.), professor, Scopus, Researcher, ORCID, uglova.ev@yandex.ru ^
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M. M. M. Elshamy: preparation of the text; preparation of the results and graphs; formulation of conclusions.
A. N. Tiraturyan: a review of literature sources; calculations; computational analysis; analysis of the research results. ^
E. V. Uglova: basic concept formulation; formulation of the research purpose and tasks; academic advising; text processing; ^
correction of the conclusions. ^
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All authors have read and approved the final manuscript. iu
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