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УЗИ^ентгенаппаратураларыДомпютерлш томографтар,Магниторезонансты томографтар,ягни
диагностикалы; жабдьщтар болып табылады.Медициналы;
жабдьщтар 0сiмi к0pнекi ба;ылансада барлы; жабдьщтар диагностиканы гана кдаайды.
ЭДЕБИЕТТЕР Т1З1М1
1 Исаев Д.С., Игликова А.Э., Сманов К.Д. К моделированию процессов ресурсного обеспечения медицинской помощи // Съезд врачей. - М.: 2009. - С. 45-48.
2 Исаев Д.С., Третьякова С.Н., Надиров Ж.К., Игликова А.Э. Системный подход в оценке ресурсного обеспечения медицинских организаций // Социальные и гуманитарные науки. - Бишкек: 2010. - № 1-2. - С. 212-214.
3 Сманов К.Д., Нурмухамбетова С.И., Надиров Ж.К., Исаев Д.С., Третьякова С.Н. Методология оценки процессов стабилизации и развития ресурсного обеспечения меди цинских организаций // Педиатрия и детская хирургия. - Алматы: 2011. - №1. - С. 5051.
4 Аканов А.А., Девятко В.Н., Кульжанов М.К. Общественное здравоохранение в Казахстане:концепии,проблемы и перспективы. -Алматы:2001. - 101 с.
5 Казхстан и мировой опыт рыночной трансформации. - Алматы: 2009. - 49 с.
Н.А. ТАЛКИМБАЕВА, А.М.ОРМАНОВА, Н.М. БАЙМОЛДИН
АНАЛИЗ РЫНКА МЕДИЦИНСКОГО ОБОРУДОВАНИЯ В КАЗАХСТАНЕ
Резюме: Эффективное функционирование рынка медицинского оборудования наиболее актуальная проблема в управлении системой здравоохранения. Для оптимального выполнения задач по улучшению качества медицинских услуг необходимо решение вопросов технологической оснащенности и обеспечения медицинских организаций.
Проведен анализ особенностей казахстанского рынка медицинского оборудования. Характерной особенностью рынка является присутствие на нем иностранного капитала и возрастающих объемов импортной продукции. Актуальна проблема развития отечественного поставщика медицинского оборудования и сервисного обслуживания. Проведенный анализ выявил необходимость разработки новых подходов в управлении качеством ресурсного обеспечения.
Ключевые слова: медицинское оборудование, система здравоохранения, сервисное обслуживание, ресурсное обеспечение.
N.A. TALKIMBAEVA, A.M. ORMANOVA, N.M. BAIMOLDIN
THE MARKET OF MEDICAL EQUIPMENT ANALYSIS IS IN KAZAKHSTAN
Resume: Effective functioning of market of medical equipment most issue of the day in a management by the system of health protection. For optimal implementation of tasks on the improvement of quality of medical services the decision of questions of technological equipped and providing of medical organizations is needed.
The analysis of features of the Kazakhstan market of medical equipment is conducted. The characteristic feature of market is a presence on him foreign capital and increasing volumes of the imported products. The problem of development of home supplier of medical equipment and service is actual. The conducted analysis educed the necessity of development of new approaches for a management by quality of the resource providing.
Keywords: medical equipment, system of health protection, service, resource providing
UDK 616-056.5:546.48+546.3]-036.1-092.4
D.D. ZHUNISTAYEV, K.K. TOGUZBAYEVA, SH.K. MYRZAKHMETOVA
S.D. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Department of Occupational Health
EVALUATION OF PROTEIN METABOLISM OF EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS DURING INTOXICATION WITH CADMIUM SULFATE AND ITS
COMBINATIONS WITH OTHER POISONS
The article presents the results of the study of some indicators of protein metabolism in experimental animals intoxicated with cadmium sulfate and its combination with other poisons, as well as the protective role of sulfate ion. These data indicate that the toxicity of cadmium when isolated is greater than at its effects in combination with other poisons. It has the importance in the diagnosis and prevention. Keywords: cadmium, sulfate ion, heavy metals.
At present, fairly large workers contingent is exposed to cadmium compounds occupationally, as they are widely used in various industries. Hygienic studies have been conducted in a number of industries, but the alkaline batteries manufacture has attracted great attention of scientists [1, 2]. Since 1920 years, there were descriptions of cases of industrial poisoning by compounds cadmium occurring mainly by inhalation [3]. Cadmium and its compounds are polytropic poisons influencing on many functions and systems of the body. In a number of cases, the toxicological studies have confirmed that changes in health
status found in workers are occupationally conditioned and effected by cadmium.
Physiological antagonism of cadmium and some other trace elements occur at the level of absorption. In particular, low zinc concentration (0.01-1 mmol/l ) increases the rate of cadmium absorption in the gut of rats, apparently, due to the induction of biosynthesis of zinc metalotionein. Higher zinc concentrations, on the contrary, hinder the absorption of cadmium. Moreover, in rats the expressed antagonism is mounted on the suction between cadmium and mercury, cadmium and copper [4].
407
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In chicken and mice the inhibition of iron absorption by cadmium and cobalt is demonstrated. In their turn, these poisons reduce the absorption of cadmium that partly can be explained by their protective effect in cadmium poisoning.
In this context, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of cadmium sulfate and its combination with other poisons on the protein metabolism in experimental animals.
Materials and methods
The studies are performed experimentally, in rabbits of both sexes with an initial weight of 2100-2900. Two series of experiments lasted for 4 months. In each series, there were 3 groups of animals.
1 series 2 series
1- group cadmium sulfate solution at 0.5 mg per 1 kg of body weight a mixture solution of toxic substances (mg per 1 kg of body weight): cadmium Cd+2 - 0,5; zinc Zn+2 - 0,5; lead Pb+2 - 0,4; iron Fe+3 - 0,5; copper Cu+2 - 0,3; surma Sb+3 - 0,05; arsenic As- - 0,25; fluorine F-- 1,0.
2- group as in the 1st group + Sulfate ion as in the 1st group + Sulfate ion
3- group Control Control
Note: The animals received substance orally and daily, except of w
Monthly, indicators such as DNA and RNA blood, total protein, blood urea were determined by well known methods in animals. Comparative analysis of the protein fractions in the serum in animals orally exposed to cadmium sulfate solution at 0.5 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg in combination with other poisons showed that after 1 month of the experiment the administration of the cadmium (0.5 mg/kg), the total protein content did not change in both experimental groups compared with the control, and had no significant difference.
After 2 months, the total protein content was reduced in animals treated by cadmium sulfate with significant difference compared to the control.
After 3 months, no changes in theses indices were shown in the experimental groups compared to control.
After 4 months, the total protein content was increased in the cadmium group with proved difference between them and the control group, i.e. in the sulfate group, there was practically no difference from the control.
Thus, after 4 months of the experiment, if cadmium at 0.5 mg/kg was administered coupled with sulfate, its protective function had place with proven probability.
The administration of cadmium with the poisons mixture had no changes in figures in the experimental groups and no difference was observed between them and control group after 1, 3 and 4 months of the experiment. After 2 months of the experiment, the total protein content was reduced in animals exposed to cadmium with the poisons mixture, with significant difference compared to the control group. The same happen to the group of animals treated by sulphate and the poisons mixture, but the difference between them and the control was not proven, i.e. we can say that a positive influence of sulfate has been there. Practically no changes found in the urea content in the experimental groups after 1 and 2 months of administration of cadmium (0.5 mg/kg). It was increased in the group exposed to cadmium, by the end of 3 and 4 months of the experiment, with significant difference compared to the control group. In the group of animals additionally treated by sulfate, not significant increase of urea content was observed. Thus, we can propose that the sulfate adjusts the changes caused by cadmium intoxication (0.5 mg/kg).
In animals exposed to cadmium with the poisons mixture the urea rate was increased twice, while in animals treated with additional sulfate, it was almost equal to the control group's rate.
and holidays.
After 2 and 3 months of the experiment, no changes in plasma urea level were observed in the experimental groups. In 4 months, the urea level increased in both experimental groups with significant difference compared to the control indicator, although it should be noted that in the cadmium group, it was higher than in the sulfate group.
The results indicate that the cadmium intoxication (0.5 mg/kg) there were no changes in DNA content in the experimental groups after 1 month of the experiment. After 2 months, this index increased with significant difference in the experimental groups. After 3 and 4 months, the reverse pattern is observed, and the indices were reduced, so the difference between the cadmium and control groups was significant, while between the cadmium and sulfate group no difference was not proved. Thus, in this case, the positive effect of sulfate has occurred. In animals exposed to cadmium (0.5 mg/kg) with the poison mixture no changes in DNA level were noted in 1 and 2 months of the experiment. In the end of 3 and 4 months of the experiment, this index increased in the cadmium group with reliable degree of difference compared to the control group. In animals treated with sulphate, sulfates were able to prevent changes, so there was no difference compared to the control index. As seen from the tables, the cadmium exposure (0.5 mg/kg of body weight) has no effect in plasma RNA level by the end of 1 month of the experiment. In the end of 2 months, this index increased significantly in the cadmium group. In animals exposed to additional sulfate, this index slightly increased, with no significant change compared to the control. After 3 and 4 months of the experiment, the index significantly dropped in the cadmium group, while in the sulfate group it practically did not differ from the control. Thus, again the sulfate provided significant positive impact throughout the experiment. In animals exposed to cadmium (0.5 mg/kg) with the poison mixture, the RNA levels did not changed by the end of 1 and 2 months of the experiment and were within the control. After 3 and 4 months of the experiment, this index increased in the cadmium group with reliable degree of difference to the control group, while in animals treated with sulphate, no changes noted, thus, there was no difference compared to the control group. From the described above, it follows that the exposure to only cadmium the toxic effect is greater than in combination with other poisons.
REFERENCE
1 Ishhuk I.G. Gigienicheskaja ocenka uslovii truda pri rabotah s okis'ju kadmija i dihlorjetanom v proizvodstve shhelochnyh akkumuljatorov: автореф. дис. ... канд. мед. наук - Алматы, 1971. - 258 с.
2 Mihaleva L.M. Kadmijzavisimaja patologija cheloveka //Arhiv patologii. - 1988. - T. 50. - № 9. - Р. 81-85.
3 A.A. Lukashev Biologicheskaja i gigienicheskaja rol' kadmija i mysh'jaka (jekologicheskie aspekty). - Almaty: 2004. - 326 с.
Д.Д. ЖУШСТАЕВ, К-К- ТОFЫЗБАЕВА, Ш.К. МЫРЗАХМЕТОВА
С.Ж. Асфендияров атындагы Казац улттыц медицина университетI, ецбек гигиенасы кафедрасы
КАДМИМЕН ЖЭНЕ ОНЫН, БАСКА УЛАРМЕН Б1Р1ККЕН ЭСЕР1НЕН УЛАНУ КЕЗ1НДЕП ТЭЖ1РИБЕЛ1К ЖАНУАРЛАРДЫН, АКУЫЗ АЛМАСУЫН БАFАЛАУ
ТYЙiн: Ма;алада кадмимен жэне оныц бас;а улармен бiрiккен эсерiнен улану кезшдеп тэжiрибелiк жануарлардагы акуыз алмасуыныц кейбiр к0рсеткiштерiн зерттеу нэтижелерi, сондай-а; сульфат-ионныц протективтiк р0лi туралы айтылган. Алынган мэлiметтер о;шау эсер еткен кадмидщ улылыгы оныц бас;а улармен бiрiгiп эсер еткендегiге к;араганда жогары болатындыгын K0рсетедi. Буныц диагностика жэне профилактика мэселелершдеп мацызы зор. ТYЙiндi свздер: кадмий, сульфат-ион, ауыр металдар.
Д.Д. ЖУНИСТАЕВ, К.К. ТОГУЗБАЕВА, Ш.К. МЫРЗАХМЕТОВА
Казахский Национальный медицинский университет им. С.Д. Асфендиярова, кафедра гигиены труда
ОЦЕНКА БЕЛКОВОГО ОБМЕНА ПРИ ИНТОКСИКАЦИИ СЕРНОКИСЛЫМ КАДМИЕМ И ЕГО КОМБИНАЦИЯМИ С ДРУГИМИ ЯДАМИ
ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫХ ЖИВОТНЫХ
Резюме: В статье приведены результаты исследования некоторых показателей белкового обмена у экспериментальных животных при интоксикации сернокислым кадмием и его комбинации с другими ядами, а также о протективой роли сульфат-иона. Полученные данные свидетельствуют о том, что токсичность кадмия при изолированном действии выше чем при его воздействии в комбинации другими ядами, что имеет важное значение в вопросах диагностики и профилактики. Ключевые слова: кадмий, сульфат-ион, тяжелые металлы.
UDK 616-056.5:546.48+546.3]-036.1-092.4
D.D. ZHUNISTAYEV, K.K. TOGUZBAYEVA, SH.K. MYRZAKHMETOVA, L.B. SEIDUANOVA, L.S. NIYAZBEKOVA,
E.T. TOLEU, A.E. DZHANBATYROVA
S.D. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Department of Occupational Health
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF INDICATORS OF MINERAL METABOLISM OF EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS EXPOSED TO CADMIUM SULPHATE IN DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS AND COMBINATIONS AND PROTECTIVE ROLE OF THE SULFATE ION
The article presents the study results of some indicators of mineral metabolism in experimental animals intoxicated with cadmium sulfate and its combination with other poisons, as well as the protectiverole of sulfate-ion.Thefindings indicate that there are no significant changes in the content of indicators in the serum.
Keywords: cadmium, mineral metabolism, sulfate ion, heavy metals.
Although cadmium is known relatively since recent time, its pollution takes place over several thousand years, ever since man began to produce metals from ores containing cadmium accident. Cadmium is one of the trace elements that are widely used in engineering and especially in metallurgy. The highest cadmium pollutionof the atmosphere in Europe is associated to the work of steel plants (34 tons annually) and burning of various wastes (31 tons per year) [1].
In this respect, the ore roasting process is particularly disadvantageous, when 90 % of cadmium presented in the ore flows into the air.
Cadmium has significant effect on themetabolism of a number of metals, especially zinc, copper, iron and heavy metals. This impact is expressed at the level of enzymatic processes, absorption, accumulation and elements allocation, as well as in functions of the whole organism. Cadmium poisoning depends on its relationship with the zinc. Due to the proximity of the structure of these two elements' atoms and the similarity of its tetrahedron complexes, cadmium is able to replace the zinc in the metal chelates, and in this respect it is superior to all the other metals including copper and gallium which aresimilar to it by chemical properties. Accordingly, cadmium can be regarded as thezinc'sspecific antimetabolite. In experiments,a number of pathological phenomena caused by the action of cadmium, such as hypertension, lesions of the skin, testis, ovary, nerve ganglia, can be preventedby timely giving zinc. Cadmium's antagonism towards several other elements is well known.
With the cadmium excess,the copper depletion of the bodycan lead to the death [3, 4].
Our study is aimed at the comparative assessment of influence of various concentrations of cadmium sulfate (0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg of body weight) and its mineral combinations on mineral metabolism of experimental animals and evaluation of the protective role of the sulfate ion in the chronic experiment. The 4-months experimentswere carried out on rabbits of both sexes with an initial weight of 2100-2900 g. The three experiment series were taken. In their turn, each seriesconsistedof the 3 animal groups. The first series: the first group received cadmium sulfate 0.1 mg/kg orallydaily, except for weekends and holidays; the second group received the same amount of cadmium and sulfate ion orally as sodium sulfate solution SO42- 25mg/kg of body weight a day, after2-3 hours; the third group served as the control.
The second series: the first animalgroup received a mixture of toxic soluble salts(in terms of the metal ion (mg/kg of body weight): cadmium Cd+2 - 0.1; Zinc Zn+2 - 0.5; lead Pb+2 - 0.4; iron Fe+3 - 0.5; copper Cu+2-0.3; antimony Sb+3 - 0.05; arsenic As- -0.25; fluorine F- - 0.1) orally,daily, except for weekends and holidays; the second group received the same mixture and optionally sulfate ion as sodium sulfate solution of 25 mg SO42 per kg of body weight a day; the third group is the control. The third series: the first animal group received a mixture of toxic soluble salts (in terms of the metal ion (mg/kg of body weight): cadmium Cd+2 - 0.5; Zinc Zn+2 - 0.5; lead Pb+2 - 0.4; iron
