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Данная работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке Фонда Развития Науки при Президента Азербайджанской Республики- Грант№ EiF/GAM-3-2014-6 (21)-24/17/3
EVALUATION OF POTATO HYBRIDS IN THE CONDITIONS OF
YAKUTIA
Okhlopkova P.P., Vasileva R.D., Efremova S.P., Yakovleva N.S.
ABSTRACT
The article presents the results of research on potato breeding, selection of promising hybrids in the breeding nursery for economically valuable traits, resiflance to the mofl common diseases in the arid conditions of Yakutia.
Selected hybrids belong to the group of early ripening (55 - 70 days): 210-2 (Russian souvenir x 88.34/14), 208-17 (Skoroplodny x Karlena 93,14,99), 207-10 (Nikulinsky x Krepysh), 207-7 (Nikulinsky x Krepysh), (Nevsky x 92.7-26), 203-3 (Skoroplodny x Karlena), with a yield of 10.8 - 44.0 t/ha.
Keywords: potato, variety, hybrids, nursery, breeding, mating, varieties samples, collection, seedlings, yield.
1. Introduction.
Potato is one of the leading crops in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), takes about 8.5 thousand ha and is the main crop cultivated for food. The short growing season lets grow only early and middle maturity variety groups, which are often not reach the phase of natural withering away of the tops due to early autumn frofls in late Augufl, early September.
Requirements for potato varieties for extreme conditions of Yakutia include earliness, productivity, good product characteriflics, high tafle and biochemical parameters, resiflance to the mofl harmful diseases and pefls of areas, adaptation to soil and climatic conditions of cultivation, suitability for long-term florage, and induflrial processing.
The aim is the selection of promising hybrids in breeding nurseries to create varieties of potatoes with set parameters suitable for cultivation in extreme conditions of Yakutia.
2. Materials and methods of research.
Breeding is based on creating hybrids of potato by interspecific hybridization in the local conditions. Hybridization in the local conditions is extremely difficult because of the drought and hot winds the air [1, 2]. Currently, however, the crossing is carried out in gauze houses on a specially selected collection of parental forms, forming berries locally. The mofl suitable for hybridization in the hot dry summer conditions of Yakutia are variety samples with abundant and medium (up to 58%) flowering.
As a parent forms for creating populations of hybrids used varieties and hybrids of domeflic and foreign selection characterized by high productivity (Peresvet, Rosalinda, Rosara, Yakutyanka, Lugovskoy, Belaya Notsch, Krepysh, Nikulinsky, Ideal and others), resiflant to nematodes (Shurminsky, Zavorovsky, Kriflall, Lukyanovsky, Nida, Krepysh, etc.), to late blight - Severny, Zarevo, Mavka, 1199-2, Lugovskoy, Tatyana, Krepysh, Skoroplodny, Nikulinsky, 1h90, Russian Souvenir, etc., to viruses (128 - 6, Schwalbe, 2h76-6, Kameraz, Volzhanin). Mofl of them belong to the group of early maturity: Rosara,
Yakutyanka, Severny, Briz, Tomich. Penzenskaya skorospelka, Udacha, Nevsky, Bylina, and others.
During the growing season were conducted accounting and monitoring according to the method of research on the culture of potatoes, All-Russian Scientific Research Inflitute of Potato Breeding, 1967 [4]. Selection work on the creation of a highly economically valuable traits of varieties carried out in accordance with methodical infractions of potato breeding technology, 1994 [5].
In breeding nurseries carried out a visual assessment of affected plants, culling of by the degree of virus infection, bacterial diseases. The trial digging in the period of maximum plant growth was taken into account the total weight of tubers and leaves, tubers fracture, height and tillering. Accounting for harvefl was carried out by continuous digging, tubers was determined for flarch content, dry matter, ascorbic acid and nitrate.
The data were processed by using mathematical methods of field experience by Dospekhova B.A [3], the program SNEDECOR, Microsoft Excel.
Farming equipment common in the Republic of (Sakha).
3. Terms and conditions of research.
According to long term average data of the hydrometeorological flation of the Pokrovsk town in the area of our research the average daily temperature during the growing season of potato (3rd decade of May - 3rd decade of Augufl) ranges from 12.1 to 18.1 °C that is close to optimal for potato cultivation (11 - 17 °C).
In an average year falls 206 mm of precipitation, including in May - Augufl 123 mm, that is, there is a lack of moiflure. Particularly dramatic is the lack of the end of June and throughout July.
The growing season of the year 2013 was excelled by rainy weather and cool summer. The weather in May was unflable, the maximum temperature was 16.1 °C. The average minimum
temperature dropped to - 0.4 °C. The precipitation was 56.5 mm for the month, while the average monthly rate was 21 mm.
June was characterized by warm and rainy weather. The maximum temperature reaches an average of 22.7 °C. The minimum temperature dropped to 5.3 °C. The amount of precipitation was 82.0 mm on average, which is by 50.0 mm more than the norm. In the areas of potato were firfl shoots.
July turned out to be not as hot, and was characterized by heavy rainfall, the maximum temperature of the air reached 23.8 °C while precipitation was very much - 110.3 mm, which is 2.5 times more than the norm. Prevailing minimum air temperature was around 9.1 °C. Due to heavy rainfall on the potato crop the irrigations were not conducted.
In Augufl it is marked moderately warm weather. The maximum temperature was only 21.1 °C in the second decade of the month. The minimum temperature dropped to 3.6 °C in the third decade of the month. Precipitation was 18.6 mm for the month. In general, the weather conditions were extremely non-prosperous for the cultivation of potatoes.
The growing season of the year 2014 was quite warm. The weather in May was unflable, the maximum temperature was 25.1 °C. The average minimum temperature dropped to - 8.8 °C. The precipitation was 1.9 mm for the month, while the average monthly rate was 20 mm.
The maximum temperature in June was reaching an average of 35.7 °C. The minimum temperature dropped to -0.3 °C. The amount of precipitation was 31.6 mm on average, which is 11.4 mm less of the average long-term norm.
July also differed by heavy rainfall in the firfl and second decade, the maximum temperature reached 31.7 °C while precipitation was - 61.0 mm, which is almofl 2 times more than the norm. Prevailing minimum air temperatures were about 3.77.2 °C. Due to heavy rainfall on the potato crop the irrigations were not conducted.
In Augufl also noted the warm weather. The maximum temperature was only 31.4 °C. The minimum temperature dropped to 0.9 °C in the second decade, however, precipitation was 2.0 mm, in the pafl month dropped about 42.2 mm.
Autumn was warm and prolonged. The maximum temperature rose to 26.8 °C. The minimum temperature dropped to -5.5 °C. Rainfall in the firfl decade dropped 5.2 mm.
4. Results of research, 2013 - 2014 years.
The evaluation of hybrids in breeding nurseries resulted 13 hybrids in the competitive tefls, which differ by the presence of the necessary complex of agronomic traits and resiflance to the mofl common diseases in the local conditions, 6 of them are marked as promising hybrid.
Table 1
The yield of competitive tefl hybrids in the nursery (the average for 2013 - 2014gg.)
№ № of selection Origin Marketability,% Yield,t/ha Deviation from flandard
Varmas Yakutyanka
1 210-10 Russian Souvenir x 88.34/14 97.7 37.2 +18.6 +12.0
2 207-7 Nikulinsky x Krepysh 96.4 44.0 +25.4 +18.8
3 210-1 Russian Souvenir x 88.34/14 91.2 20.8 +2.2 -4.4
4 210-2 Russian Souvenir x 88.34/14 95.0 12.0 -6.6 -13.2
5 208-17 Skoroplodny x 93.14.99 85.2 10.8 -7.8 -14.4
6 209-4 Korona x 128-6 72.7 17.6 -1.0 -7.6
7 207-10 Nikulinsky x Krepysh 77.8 10.8 -7.8 -14.4
8 Varmas 93.0 16.0 - -
9 Yakutyanka 92.1 25.2 - -
10 205-2 2310-2 x Zhukovsky ranniy 88.3 20.4 +1.8 -4.8
11 205-6 2310-2 x Zhukovsky ranniy 98.0 13.2 -5.4 -12.0
12 201 Vesna x 92.7-26 95.0 18.8 +0.2 -6.4
13 203-1 Skoroplodny x Karlena 92.5 16.4 -2.2 -8.8
14 BapMac 95.5 21.2 - -
15 197-3 Nevsky x 92.726 93.4 24.0 +5.4 -1.2
16 203-2 Skoroplodny х 93.1 23.0 +4.4 -2.2
Karlena
(The lea& significant difference) LSD05
Studies have shown that hybrids 210 - 10 (Russian souvenir x 88.34 / 14) - 37.2 t/ha, 207-7 (Nikulinsky x Krepysh) - 44.0 t/ha in the conditions of Yakutia significantly surpassed by the yield the Sandard varieties Varmas and Yakutyanka. The yield increase was - 12.0 - 25.4 t/ha, and hybrids 210 - 1 (Russian souvenir x 88.34/14) - 20.8 t/ha, 205 - 2 (2310 - 2 x Zhukovsky
The chemical composition o
2.1
ranniy) - 20.4 t/ha, 197 - 3 (Nevsky x 92.7 - 26) - 24.0 t/ha, 203 - 2 (Skoroplodny x Karlena) - 23.0 t/ha provided yield increase only by flandard grade Varmas, increase + 1.8 - 5.4 t/ha. The marketability of tubers was at the level of 85.2 - 98.0% (Table 1).
Table 2
ubers (average for 2013 - 2014).
№ № of selection Origin Dry matter, % Starch, % Vitamin C
1 210-10 Russian Souvenir х 88.34/14 20.27 15.42 10.90
2 207-7 Nikulinsky х Krepysh 18.50 15.05 10.40
3 210-1 Russian Souvenir х 88.34/14 21.40 15.89 11.00
4 210-2 Russian Souvenir х 88.34/14 19.60 14.89 10.70
5 208-17 Skoroplodny х 93.14.99 17.14 11.47 10.50
6 209-4 Korona х 128-6 18.10 10.20 10.30
7 207-10 Nikulinsky х Krepysh 18.20 14.90 10.00
8 Varmas 19.20 11.20 10.38
9 Yakutyanka 18.10 12.50 10.52
10 205-2 2310-2 х Zhukovsky ranniy 18.00 12.00 10.50
11 205-6 2310-2 х Zhukovsky ranniy 18.00 11.08 10.27
12 201 Vesna х 92.7-26 18.20 11.90 10.30
13 203-1 Skoroplodny х Karlena 19.80 14.30 10.90
14 Varmas 19.20 11.20 10.38
15 197-3 Nevsky х 92.726 18.50 14.20 9.60
16 203-2 Skoroplodny х Karlena 19.50 13.90 10.10
According to the results of our &udies it was found that hybrids 210-10 (Russian souvenir x 88.34/14), 210-1 (Russian souvenir x 88.34/14), 210-2 (Russian souvenir x 88.34/14), 203-1 (Skoroplodny x Karlena), 203-2 (Skoroplodny x Karlena) exceeds by the content of dry matter (19.5- 21.3% respectively) the Sandard varieties Varmas (19.2%) and Yakutyanka (18.1%). Other hybrids are at Sandard dry matter content and vitamin C degree except hybrid 205-6 (2310-2 x Zhukovsky ranniy), whose vitamin C content is 10.27%, which is less than the Sandard varieties Varmas (10.38%) and Yakutyanka (10.52%) (Table 2).
Evaluation of hybrids by resi^ance to the mo& common diseases in the local environment has revealed that hybrids are restant to viral diseases, macrosporiosis, Rhizoctonia and
common scab (7-9 points) (203-2 (Skoroplodny x Karlena), 207-7 (x Nikulinsky x Krepysh)). The exception is a hybrid 205-6 (2310-2 x Zhukovsky ranniy), which has a high degree of resi^ance to tuber macrosporiosis and common scab.
5. Conclusion.
As a result of selection works 6 promising hybrids were chosen di^inguished by the presence of the necessary complex of agronomic traits and resi^ant to the mo& common diseases in the local environment, with a yield of 10.8 - 44.0 t/ha, which is above or at the level of Sandard varieties: 210-10 (Russian souvenir x 88.34/14), 207-7 (Nikulinsky x Krepysh), 2101 (Russian souvenir x 88.34/14), 210-2 (Russian souvenir x
88.34/14), 197-3 (Nevsky x 92.7- 26), 203-2 (Skoroplodny x Karlena).
6. References:
1. Alsmik, P.I. Selection of potato in Belarus. Minsk, «Uradzhay», 1979 - 127 p.
2. Okhlopkova, P.P. Potato in Yakutia [Text]: monograph. RAAS, Siberian branch, Yakut Scientific Research In&itute of Agriculture. - Yakutsk: NP State Publishing House of SB RAS, 2004. - 184 p.
3. Dospekhov, B.A. Methods of field experience. M.: Kolos, 1973. - P. 259-271.
4. Methods of research by the culture of potatoes. - M.: Russian Scientific Research Inflitute of Potato Breeding, 1967. - P. 14-16.
5. Guidelines for potato breeding technology. - M.: RAAS, 1994. - 22 p.
