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Journal of Stress Physiology & Biochemistry, Vol. 16, No. 2, 2020, pp. 45-56 ISSN 1997-0838 Original Text Copyright © 2020 by Wale and Adewunmi
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
OPEN /71 ACCESS
Evaluation of nutritional and phytochemical properties of Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Hibiscus sabdariffa and Morinda lucida from Ogun State, Nigeria
Ojewumi Anthony Wale1*, Dedeke Gabriel Adewunmi2
1 Department of Pure and Applied Botany, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
2 Department of Pure and Applied Zoology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
*E-Mail: [email protected]
Received January 19, 2020
This study investigated nutritional and phytochemical properties of three multipurpose savannah plants: Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Hibiscus sabdariffa and Morinda lucida. Proximate, mineral and anti-nutrient contents of leaves, stems and roots of the plants were determined. Data obtained were analysed using Statistical Analysis System (SAS). One way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was conducted to determine significant difference between parameters. Means were separated using Duncan's Multiple Range Test at p < 0.05. Results showed that the nutritional and anti-nutrient contents showed significant difference (p < 0.05) across leaves, stems and roots of the plants. Crude protein (13.83 mg/100g) and total nitrogen (2.21 mg/100g) were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in E. camaldulensis leaves, fat (1.48 mg/100g) and moisture (11.42 mg/100g) in M. lucida leaves while ash (7.66 mg/100g), crude fibre (15.84 mg/100g) and carbohydrate (75.30 mg/100g) were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in H. sabdariffa stems and roots. Potassium (277.71 mg/kg) and calcium (321.55 mg/kg) were significantly higher in ML leaves while higher sodium (51.05 mg/kg) was recorded in H. sabdariffa leaves. Tannins (0.55 mg/100g), oxalate (0.32 mg/100g), phytate (0.39 mg/100g) and trypsin inhibitor (0.33 mg/100g) were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the roots of the three plants than stems. Flavonoids (0.86 mg/100g), saponins (3.46 mg/100g), steroids (0.58 mg/100g) and anthocyannins (0.15 mg/100g) were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in M. lucida leaves. In conclusion, although nutritional, phytochemical and anti-nutrient contents varied within leaves, stems and roots of the plants but, M. lucida leaves contained highest amounts of mineral and phytochemicals.
Key words: Nutritional properties, phytochemical properties, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Morinda lucida
The use of plant products as food or medicine is beneficial to large populations such as Nigerians. This is because most plants contained chemotherapeutic and nutritional constituents suitable for synthesis of useful drugs and health improvement (Oluwatosin and Justine, 2010 and Ojewumi and Kadiri, 2014). Typical examples of such plants are E. camaldulensis (River red gum), H. sabdariffa (Roselle) and M. lucida (Brimstone) which are savannah plants known for several nutritional and pharmacological uses (Bamayi et al., 2004). According to Kadiri et al. (2014), the plants characterize versatile uses in food and textile productions, medicine and dye to mention but a few. Also, Ghulam et al. (2013) reported that most medicinal plants consumed contain nutritional compositions as well as pharmacological properties essential for human physiological functions. Although various investigations have been conducted on plants metabolites, yet literatures have indicated less attention on the quantity and variations of plant primary and secondary metabolites in the different parts of plants under study.
Physiological evaluation of quantity and variation of primary and secondary metabolites of these plants is necessary because many plants are consumed without adequate knowledge about their metabolites which when consumed in excess could limit the plants either as food or medicine. Also results of this study could severe as rational approach to validate the multipurpose claims of the plants. In view of these, the present study was carried out to evaluate nutritional and phytochemical properties of E. camaldulensis, H. sabdariffa and M. lucida.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sample collection
Fresh leaves, stem- barks and roots of E. camaldulensis H. sabdariffa and M. lucida were collected from various farms in Abeokuta, Ogun State Nigeria. The plant materials were identified at Forestry Research Institute, Ibadan, Nigeria, after which they were air-dried, grounded into powder and used for analysis.
Proximate analysis of E. camaldulensis H. sabdariffa and M. lucida leaves, stems and roots
Crude fibre: One gram each of de-fattened samples of powder of three parts of the three plants was boiled in 20ml of 1.25 % H2SO4 (sulphuric acid) for 30 minutes. After this, the content was filtered, washed with hot distilled water and boiled in 200 ml of 1.25% sodium hydroxide for about 30 minutes. Spotless beaker was dried at 100±5oC overnight, cooled in a desiccators and weighed to a constant weight. Then, the spoutless beakers with its content was put in a muffle furnace at 9320F - 11120F for 2-3 hour, cooled in a desiccators and weighed. Crude fibre was determined using formula (1) (AOAC 2000)
Crude protein: Total nitrogen (N) was determined using Micro-Kjeldahl method in (2009)
Protein (%) was determined using the mathematical relationship below.
where;
V -Titter value. 1.4 -Weight of nitrogen expressed in gram in the formula. 6.25 = Protein factor. W -Weight of sample. A -Aliquot digested sample used for distillation
Crude fat: One gram each of crushed dried sample was taken in paper thimble kept in a pre-weighed flask of fat extractor. Eighty (80ml) of petroleum ether was added and refluxed for 8hours. The flask was cooled, weighed and crude fat was determined using formula (2).
Moisture: Moisture was determined using hot air oven method (3).
Ash content: Ten grams (10.g) of the each samples was added to a reweighed crucible, weighed, placed in a muffle furnace at 9320F for 4hours, cooled in desiccator and reweighed. Ash content was determined using mathematical relationship;
Ash (%) =
Weight ofash
■JflDO
Weight of sample
Carbohydrate: Available carbohydrate was calculated using formula below; Carbohydrate (%) = 100 - (crude fibre + crude fat + ash + crude protein) % according to AOAC (2000)
Mineral Analysis of E. camaldulensi, H. sabdariffa and M. lucida leaves, stems and roots
Minerals in each sample of the plants were
determined after wet digestion of 3.0 g of each part of
each plant with a mixture of HNO3/HCIO4/H2SO4 in the
ratio 9:2:1 v/v, respectively. Mineral such Mg, Ca, P, Fe,
Cu, Zn and Na were determined using atomic absorption
spectrophotometer. The K and Na of the samples were
determined using atomic emission spectrometer and
phosphorus by colorimetric method of AOAC (1990).
Determination of Vitamins in E. camaldulensi, H. sabdariffa and M. lucida leaves, stems and roots Vitamin A: Vitamins A was determined according to
method of AOAC (2000). Two (2 g) of sample of each
plant was weighed into a flat bottom reflux flask, 10ml of
distilled water was added and shaken to form a paste
after which 25ml of alcoholic KOH solution was added
and a reflux condenser attached. The mixture was
heated using boiling water bath for one hour, shaken,
cooled rapidly and about 30 m1 of water was added
after which hydrolysate obtained was transferred into a
separatory funnel. The solution was extracted thrice with
250ml quantities of chloroform. In addition, 2g
anhydrous Sodium sulphate was added to the extract to
remove traces of water. The mixture was then filtered
into l00mI volumetric flask and made up to mark with
chloroform. Standard solution of B-carotene Vitamin A
ranged from 0 - 50 |g/mi and chloroform was used by
dissolving 0.003g of standard L-carotene in l00ml of
chloroform. The above gradients of different standard
solutions prepared were determined with reference to
their absorbance from which average gradient was
taken to calculate Vitamin A (B-carotene in |g/ l00g)
using Spectrophotometer (Metrohm Spectronic 21D
Model) at a wavelength of 328nm.
Vitamin B (Niacin): About 5 g of the sample was
treated with 50 ml of 1 N H2SO4 and shaken for 30
minutes. Thereafter, 3 drops of the ammonia solution
were added to the sample and filtered. Afterwards, 10 ml
of the filtrate was added into a 50 ml volumetric flask
and 5 ml of 0.02 N H2SO4 470 nm according to AOAC
(2000), Hussian et al. (2006) , Iqbal et al. (2011)
Vitamin C: One gram of each sample was weighed
in a 25 ml conical flask. Then, 10 ml of oxalic acid (0.05
M)-EDTA (0.02 M) solution was added and placed in the
sample for 24 hours to provide the required reaction
time. After 24 hours, the samples were filtered through using 0.45 Mm filter paper. Then, 2.5 ml of each sample was transferred to a separate 25 ml volumetric brown flask, after which 2.5 ml of the oxalic acid (0.05 M)-EDTA (0.02 M) solution was added.
Subsequently, metal phosphoric acid was added
separately with acetic acid (0.5 ml), H2SO4 (5 % v/v)
solution (1 ml) and ammonium molybdate solution (2 ml)
each volumetric brown flask and the volume made up to
25 ml with distilled water. The absorbance was
measured at 760 nm in a UV/visible spectrophotometer.
Determination of anti-nutrients in E. camaldulensi, H. sabdariffa and M. lucida
Phytic acid: Phytic acid was determined according
to method of Sofowora, (1993). Two (2g) of each sample was weighed into 250m1 conical flask. 100mls of 2% Hydrochloric Acid was added to soak each sample in the conical flask for 3 hours and filtered through a double layer of hardened filter paper. Then, 50rnl of each filterate was placed in 0.50ml conical flask and 107mls distilled water was added in each case to give proper acidity. Thereafter, 10mls of 0.3% Ammonium Thiocyanate (NH4SCM) solution was added into each solution as indicated. This was titrated with standard iron (Ill) chloride solution which contained 0.00 195g Iron per ml. The end point was slightly brownish-yellow which persisted for 5 minutes. The % phytic acid was calculated using the formula:
%Ph ti Add - Tltrevalucx°-0t)19S3£l l9j£:t0[)x3-5S
Tannin: Approximately, 0.50g of sample was measured into a 50ml beaker and 20ml of 50% methanol was added, covered with paraffin and placed in a water bath at 77-80°C for 1 hour and shaken to ensure a uniform mixing. The extract was quantitatively filtered using a double layered Whatman No. 41 filter paper into a 100ml volumetric flask, 20ml water added, 2.5m; Folin-Denis reagent and 10ml of 1% Sodium carbonate were added and. mixed properly. The mixture was made up to mark with water mixed well and allowed to stand for 20 min. The bluish-green colour was developed at the end and treated similarly as 1ml sample above. The absorbance of the tannic acid standard solutions as well as samples was read after colour development on a spectronic 21D
spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 760nm. % Tannin was calculated using the formula (4).
Trypsin inhibitor: One gram of each sample was dispersed in 50 ml of 0.5 M Sodium Chloride solution. The mixture was stirred for 30 minutes at room temperature and centrifuged at 1500 rpm for 5 min. The supernatant was filtered and the filtrate was used for the assay. Two millilitres of the standard trypsin solution were added to 10 ml of the substrate of each sample. The absorbance of the mixture was taken at 410 nm using 10 ml of the same substrate as blank
Oxalates: Approximately, 2 g powder sample of each bean was boiled in 40m1 of water for 30 minutes in a reflux condenser and 10ml of 20% Sodium carbonate was added and boiled for another 30 minutes. The mixture was filtered and liquid extract washed with hot water until the wash water does not show any alkaline reaction. The combined wash water was filtered to a small volume and cool. With constant stirring, hydrochloric acid (HCL) (1:1) in dropwise was added until final acid concentration of neutralization was about 4% and the extract was filtered into a 250 ml flask to make up to mark and kept overnight. Aliquot of this filtrate was taken in a 400m1 beaker, diluted with water to 200m1 and made just ammoniacal, and re-acidified with Lacotic Acid. In the cold, medium, 10 ml of a 10 % calcium chloride solution was added and stirred well to include calcium oxalate precipitate to appear and allowed to settle overnight. Clean supernatant liquid was decanted off through Whatman No. 42 filter paper, without disturbing the precipitate. Then, precipitate was dissolved in HCL (1:1). Oxalic acid was re-precipitated by adjusting pH with ammonium hydroxide solution. The contents were boiled, allowed to settle overnight and oxalic acid was determined by titrating against 0.05N Potassium permanganate solution.
Calculation was performed using the formula (5) Cardiac glycosides
Buljet's reagent according to Michael and Emmanuel (2012) was used to evaluate the cardiac glycoside content in the examined plant parts. 1g of each powdered sample was soaked in 100 ml of 70 % alcohol for 2 hours before filtration. Using lead acetate and Na2HPO4 solution, the obtained extracts were purified before the addition of freshly prepared Buljet's reagent.
The difference between the intensity of colours of the experimental and blank samples (distilled water and Buljet's reagent) gave the absorbance, which is proportional to the concentration of glycosides. Cyanogenic glycosides:
About five grams (5 g) of each sample were weighed into a 250 cm3 round botton flask and 200cm3 of distilled water was added and allowed to stand for 2 hours for autolysis to occur. An anti foaming agent (tannic acid) was added and full distillation carried out in a 250 cm3 conical flask containing 20cm3 of 2.5 % NaOH (Sodium hydroxide). To 100 cm3 of each distillate containing cyanogenic glycoside, 8cm3 of 6 M NH4OH (ammonium hydroxide) and 2 cm3 of 5 % KI (Potassium Iodide) was added, mixed and titrated with 0.02 M AgNO3 (silver nitrate) using a micro-burette against a black background. Permanent turbidity indicated the end point. Cyanogenic glycoside content of the sample was calculated as:
CVCVD eVlC I 'CDSidQ ~ XI00-
" " - 1 ^liquet
Determination of phytochemicals in E. camaldulensi, H. sabdariffa and M. lucida leaves, stems and roots
Phytochemical contents of the samples were
determined according to the methods of Harborne, (1973) and Awoyinka et al., (2016)
Alkaloids: Using distillation and titrimetric method described by of Harborne, (1973), 2 g of finely grounded simple was weighed into a 100 ml beaker and 20 ml of 80% absolute alcohol added to give a smooth paste. The mixture was transferred to a 250 ml flask and more alcohol was added to make up to 100 ml after which 1 g magnesium oxide added. The mixture was digested in a boiling water bath for 1.5 hrs under a reflux air condenser with occasional shaking. The mixture was filtered while hot through a small bucher funnel. The residue was returned to the flask, re-digested for 30 min and evaporated with 50 ml alcohol after which, 3 drops of 10% HCl was added. The whole solution was later transferred into a 250 ml volumetric flask 5ml of zinc acetate solution and 5ml of potassium ferrocyanide solution was added and mixed thoroughly to give a homogenous solution. The flask was allowed to stand for a few minutes after which 10ml of the filtrate was transferred into a separatory funnel. The alkaloids
present were extracted by shaking the filtrate vigorously with five successive portions of chloroform. The residue obtained was dissolved in 10ml hot distilled water and transferred into a Kjeldahl tube with addition of 0.20 g sucrose and 10 ml Conc. H2SO4 and 0.02g selenium for digestion to be a colourless solution after which % N was determined using Kjeldahl distillation method. % Nitrogen got was converted to % total alkaloid by multiplying it with a factor of 3.26 i.e % Total alkaloid = %N X 3.26 % alkaloids = %N X 3.26
Flavonoids: About 0.50 g of finely ground sample was weighed into a 100 ml beaker and 80 ml of 95% ethanol was added, stirred with a glass rod to prevent lumping, filtered into a 100 ml volumetric flask and made up to mark with ethanol. Also, 1 ml of the extract was pipetted into 50 ml volumetric flask and four drops of Conc. Hydrochloric acid was added via a dropping pipette after which 0.5 g of magnesium turnings was added to develop a magenta red colouration. Standard flavonoid solution which ranged 0-5ppm were prepared from 100ppm stock solution and treated in a similar way with HCl and magnesium turnings like sample. The absorbance of magenta red colouration of sample and standard solutions were read on a digital Jenway V6300 Spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 520 nm. The percentage flavonoid was calculated using the formula (6).
Saponins: One (1 g) of finely ground sample was weighed into a 250 ml beaker and 100ml of isobutyl alcohol was added. The mixture was shaken on a UDY shaker for 5 hours to ensure uniform mixing. Thereafter, the mixture was filtered through a Whatman No.1 filter paper into a 100 ml beaker and 20 ml of 40% saturated solution of magnesium carbonate was added. The mixture obtained with saturated Magnesium carbonate was again filtered to obtain a clear colourless solution. 1 ml of the colourless solution, was pipetted into 50 ml volumetric flask and 2 ml of 5% Iron(III) chloride solution was added and made up to mark with distilled water. The mixture was allowed to stand for 30 min for blood red colour to develop. 0-10 ppm standard Saponin solutions were prepared from saponin stock solution. The standard solutions were treated similarly with 2 ml of 5% Iron(III) chloride solution as done for 1 ml sample
above after which absorbance of the sample and standard saponin solutions were read after colour development in a Jenway V6300 Spectrophotometer (380mm). (7)
Steroids: About 0.50g of sample was weighed into a 100ml beaker and 20m1 of Chloroform-Methanol (2:1) mixture was added to dissolve the extract after which the mixture was filtered into another 100ml Conical Flask. The resultant residue was repeatedly treated with Chloroform-Methanol mixture until free of Steroids. One (1ml) of the filterate was pipetted into a 30ml test tube and 5ml of alcoholic potassium hydroxide was added and shaken thoroughly to obtain a homogenous mixture. The mixture was later placed in a water bath set at 37°C-40°C for 90minutes, cooled to room temperature and 10 ml of petroleum ether was added followed by the addition of 5ml distilled water and later evaporated to dryness on the water bath. 6 ml Liebermann Burchard reagent was added to the residue in dry bottle and absorbance was taken at a wavelength of 620nm on a Spectronic 21D digital Spectrophotometer.
Standard Steroids of concentration of 0-4 mg/mi were prepared from 100 mg/mi stock steroid solution and treated similarly like sample as above. (8) Anthocyanins: Approximately, 1g of the sample was blended in a blender with 75m1 (Methanol: Water: Acetic Acid) (25: 24: 1) mixture to extract anthocyanin. The extract was then centrifuged at 12,000rpm for 20mins at 15°C. The residue remaining was mixed thoroughly with the 75m1 of (rnethanol/water/ acetic acid) mixture. The extraction was repeated thrice. The three extracts were pulled together into a 250 ml beaker to evaporate to dryness in a rotary evaporator. The residue obtained above was re dissolved in 10ml of 15ml of 15% methanol and 85% of 5%(w/v) formic acid solution. This extract was diluted to 250 ml with 135 ml of a mixture of methanol/0.1M HCl at ratio of 85:15. Working standard solutions of anthocyanin of range 0-10 mg/mi were prepared from stock 50 mg/mi anthocyanin solution and treated like sample above. Absorbances of sample extracts as well as anthocyanin working standard solutions were read at a wavelength of 535nm on a UV Spectronic 21D Spectrophotometer. (9) Phenol: Approximately, 0.20 g of sample was weighed into a 50 ml beaker, 20 ml of acetone was added and
homogenized properly for 1 hr to prevent lumping. The mixture was filtered into a 100 ml Volumetric flask using acetone to rinse and made up to mark with distilled water. 1 ml of sample extract was pipetted into 50 ml Volumetric flask, 20 ml water added, 3 ml of phosphomolybdic acid added followed by the addition of 5 ml of 23% Sodium carbonate and mixed thoroughly, made up to mark with distilled water and allowed to stand for 10 min to develop bluish-green colour. Standard Phenol of concentration range 0-10 mg/ml were prepared from 100 mg/L stock Phenol solution from Sigma-Aldrich chemicals, U.S.A. The absorbance of sample and standard concentrations of Phenol were read on a Digital Spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 5l0 nm. The percentage Phenol is calculated using the formula (10).
Polyphenol: About 1 g of dry material of each plant was transferred to a 250 ml Erlenmeyer containing 150 ml of water which was maintained on a water-bath for 30 min at 80 - 90°C. After cooling, the mixture was transferred into a 250 ml volumetric flask and made up with water and decanted thereafter. This solution was filtered and the first 50 ml of the filtrate then discarded. Then 5 ml of the filtrate above were transferred to a 25 ml volumetric flask and volume made up with water. Statistical Analysis
Data obtained were analysed using Statistical Analysis System (SAS). One way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was conducted to determine significant difference between parameters. Means were separated using Duncan's Multiple Range Test at p < 0.05
RESULTS
Proximate composition in leaves, stem-bark and roots in E. camaldulensi, H. sabdariffa and M. lucida
Results showed that crude protein (13.83 mg/100g), fat (1.12 mg/100g) and total nitrogen (2.21 mg/100g) were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the leaves of E. camaldulensis while ash (7.51 mg/100g), moisture (10.63 mg/100g), carbohydrates (74.43 mg/100g) and crude fibre (12.88 mg/100g) were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in E. camaldulensis roots (Table 1). In H. sabdariffa, crude protein (13.23 mg/100g), fat (1.22 mg/ 100g), carbohydrate (74.43 mg/100g) and total nitrogen (2.12 mg/100g) were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the leaves, ash (7.66 mg/100g) and crude fibre (15.84
mg/100g) in stems while higher moisture (9.76 mg/100g) was recorded in the roots of the plant (Table 1).
Also, crude protein (12.84 mg/100g), fat (1.48 mg/100g), moisture (11.42 mg/100g) and total nitrogen (2.05 mg/100g) were significantly higher in M. lucida leaves, ash content (6.93 mg/100g) and crude fibre (14.82 mg/100g) in the stems while carbohydrate (74.49 mg/100g) was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in roots of the plant (Table 1).
Mineral elements in leaves, stem-bark and root of E. Camaldulensis, H. sabdariffa and M. lucida
Sodium (31.98 mg/kg), potassium (168.46 mg/kg), calcium (76.05 mg/kg), phosphorus (89.92 mg/kg) and magnesium (5.83 mg/kg) were significantly (p<0.05) higher in E. camaldulensis leaves (Table 2). Also, sodium (51.05 mg/kg) and potassium (232.81 mg/kg) were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in H. sabdariffa leaves while calcium (116.17 mg/kg) and magnesium (6.73 mg/kg) were significantly higher in stems of the three plants (Table 2). Similarly, results also revealed that sodium (34.46 mg/100g), potassium (277.71 mg/kg), calcium (321.53 mg/kg) and magnesium (6.58 mg/kg) were significantly higher in M. lucida leaves (Table 2).
Anti-nutriction in leaves, stem bark and root of E. Camaldulensis, H. sabdariffa and M. lucida
Anti-nutrients varied across leaves, stems and roots
of three plants. Tannin (0.55 mg/100g), oxalate (0.30
mg/100g), phytate (0.34 mg/100g), trypsin inhibitor (0.24
mg/100g) and cardiac glycoside (0.38 mg/100g) were
significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the root of E.
camaldulensis compared with stems and leaves (Table
3) while in H. sabdariffa, tannin (0.40 mg/100g), oxalate
(0.32 mg/100g), phytate (0.32 mg/100g) and trypsin
inhibitor (0.15 mg/100g) were significantly higher (p <
0.05) in roots than stems and leaves (Table 3). Similar
observation was noticed in the amount of oxalate (0.30
mg/100g) and phytate (0.39 mg/100g) determined in the
roots of M. lucida. (Table 3).
Phytochemical contents in leave, stem-bark and roots in E. camaldulensi, H. sabdariffa and M. lucida
Table 4 showed quantities of phytochemical in leaves stems and roots of E. camaldulensis, H. sabdariffa and M. lucida.. It was also observed that E. camaldulensis leaves contained higher amount of
alkaloids (7.23 mg/100g) and polyphenols (1.696 mg/100g) while roots of the plant contained higher amount of saponins (0.47 mg/100g), phenols (0.45 mg/100g) and anthocyanins (0.12 mg/100g). Alkaloids (6.89 mg/100g) and polyphenols (1.96 mg/100g) were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in H. sabdariffa leaves while saponinins (0.38 mg/100g) and steroids 0.23
Weight of Hask with fat — weight of empty flask") Crude fat O) = ---...... „ . . ,---—--X1DQ
Moisture =
% Tannin =
Weight of original sample
Weight of sample before drying - weight of sample after drying Weight of sample before drying
Absorb ante of sample X average gradient factor X dilution factor Wt. of sample X 10,000
mg/100g significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the stems of the plant (Table 4). In the same trend, alkaloids (6.67 mg/100g), flavonoids (0.86 mg/100g), steroids (0.58 mg/ 100g) anthocyanins (0.145 mg/100g) and polyphenol (2.96 mg/100g), were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the leaves of M .lucida than stems and roots (Table 4).
(1) (2)
(3)
(4)
X100
lml of Û.ÛSN KMN04 = 0.00225 anhydrous Oxalic Acid = % Oxalic At id
Titre value x O.OÛ22S 100
= -2-*T"
Flavonoids =
% Saponin =
= T.Vx 0,1125.
Absorbante of sample X average gradient factor X dilution factor Wt. of sample X 10000
Absorbant e of sample X gradient factor X dilution factor
Steroids =
Wt. of sample X 10000 Absorbance of Sample X Gradient X Dilution Factor
% Total Anthocyanin =
Wt of sample xlOOOO
Absorbante of sample X gradient X Dilution Factor
% Phenol =
10,000
Absorbante of sample X gradient factor X dilution factor WL of sample X 10,000
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8) (9)
(10)
Table 1: Proximate composition in leaves, stem-bark and roots in E. camaldulensi, H. sabdariffa and M. lucida
Plants /parts
Proximate composition (mg/100g)
Crude F t Ash Moisture Carbohydrat Crude fibre Total
protein content content e nitrogen
E.camaldulensis
Leaves 13.83±0.02a 1.12±0.01a 1.94±0.01c 9.44±0.02b 73.66±0.05b 5.39±0.038c 2.21±0.03:
Stems 8.94±0.02b 0.37±0.02c 6.84±0.13b 10.68±0.09a 73.17±0.17c 11.33±0.33b 1.35±0.10
Roots 6.95±0.03c 0.48±0.05b 7.51±0.06a 10.63±0.06a 74.43±0.13a 12.88±0.05a 1.11±0.02'
H.sabdariffa
Leaves 13.23±0.02a 1.22±0.30a 2.47±0.01c 8.65±0.03c 74.43±0.08a 5.65±0.02c 2.12±0.01
Stems 8.35±0.32b 0.16±0.01c 7.66±0.12a 8.79±0.02b 74.87±0.47a 15.84±0.03a 1.29±0.01'
Roots 7.42±0.02c 1.02±0.01b 6.49±0.34b 9.76±0.12a 75.30±0.43a 12.66±0.05b 1.42±0.23'
M.lucida
Leaves 12.84±0.2a 1.48±0.012a 3.66±0.01c 11.42±0.03a 70.60±0.06c 6.86±0.085c 2.05±0.01
Stems 8.77±0.012c 1.17±0.01b 6.93±0.17a 9.77±0.18b 73.37±0.17b 14.82±0.04b 1.40±0.04'
Roots 8.95±0.015b 1.14±0.012b 6.57±0.10b 8.85±0.03c 74.49±0.14a 10.74±0.12b 1.44±0.01'
Means (± standard error) followed by different superscript across columns of each plant are significantly different at 5% (p<0.05) using Duncan's Multiple Range Test.
a
b
a
Table 2: Mineral elements in leaves, stem-bark and root of E. Camaldulensis, H. sabdariffa and M. lucida
Sodium Potassium Calcium Phosphorus Magnesium
E. camaldulensis
Leaves 31.98±0.29a 168.46±0.90a 76.05±0.20a 89.92±0.79a 5.83±0.08a
Stems 20.90±0.25c 126.30±0.01c 69.707±0.44b 79.97±0.54b 5.21±0.06b
Roots 27.68±0.10b 143.88±0.50b 54.85±0.02c 5.89±0.08c 4.81±0.08c
H. sabdariffa
Leaves 51.05±0.18a 232.81±0.65a 81.02±0.29c 85.48±0.61a 5.68±1.63b
Stems 34.91±0.04b 127.84±0.70b 116.17±0.80a 85.66±1.05a 6.73±0.01a
Roots 28.77±0.05c 115.69±0.57c 94.45±0.03b 76.22±1.16b 5.27±0.09c
M. lucida
Leaves 34.46±0.23a 277.71±1.09a 321.55±0.65a 79.36±0.35c 5.58±015a
Stems 5.84±0.03c 116.48±0.54b 27.50±0.01c 96.18±0.66a 2.90±0.02c
Roots 21.45±0.03b 215.92±0.53b 96.42±0.01b 94.15±0.02b 5.75±0.01b
Means (± standard error) followed by different superscript across columns of each plant are significantly different at 5% (p<0.05) using Duncan's Multiple Range Test
Table 3: Anti-nutriction in leaves, stem bark and root of E. Camaldulensis, H. sabdariffa and M. lucida
Tannin Oxalate Phytate Cyanogenic glycosides Trypsin Inhibitor Steroids Cardiac glycoside
E. camaldul
ensis
EC Leaves 0.25±0.01c 0.16±0.03c 0.18±0.03c 0.08±0.01a 0.13±0.01c 0.22±0.02a 0.25±0.03b
EC Stems 0.49±0.05b 0.26±0.07b 0.26±0.01b 0.22±0.09a 0.23±0.05b 0.17±0.01b 0.21±0.02c
EC Roots 0.55±0.01a 0.30±0.02a 0.34±0.02a 0.12±0.01a 0.24±0.03a 0.15±0.01b 0.38±0.01a
H. sabdariffa
HS Leaves 0.22±0.02c 0.14±0.07b 0.23±0.01c 0.02±0.01a 0.14±0.02b 0.22±0.02a 0.20±0.01b
HS Stems 0.38±0.04c 0.27±0.02b 0.29±0.01a 0.019±0.01a 0.14±0.01b 0.16±0.01b 0.21±0.03b
HS Roots 0.40±0.01a 0.32±0.02a 0.320.01a 0.12±0.01b 0.16±0.01a 0.14±0.01b 0.33±0.02a
H. lucida
ML Leaves 0.426±0.01a 0.18±0.02c 0.19±0.01c 0.02±0.03c 0.33±0.01a 0.09±0.05a 0.10±0.05a
ML Stems 0.43±0.01a 0.27±0.1b 0.28±0.01b 0.25±0.01b 0.29±0.01a 0.09±0.04a 0.15±0.06a
ML Roots 0.43±0.01a 0.30±0.01a 0.39±0.04a 0.11±0.1b 0.25±0.01a 0.11±0.03a 0.03±0.002a
Means (± standard error) followed by different superscript across columns of each plant are significantly different at 5% (p<0.05) using Duncan's Multiple Range Test
Table 4: Phytochemical contents in leave, stem-bark and roots in E. camaldulensi, H. sabdariffa and M. lucida
Alkaloids Flavonoids Saponins Steroids Phenol Anthocyanins Polyphenol
E. camaldulensis
Leaves 7.23±0.02a 0.16±0.03b 0.35±0.01b 0.13±0.01b 0.26±0.02b 0.11±0.002c 1.67±0.24a
Stem-barks 4.66±0.01b 0.50±0.03a 0.38±0.01b 0.36±0.03a 0.22±0.01c 0.113±0.01b 1.20±0.05b
Roots 3.62±0.04c 0.49±0.01a 0.47±0.04a 0.27±0.04a 0.45±0.01a 0.131±0.02a 0.54±0.01c
H. sabdariffa
Leaves 6.89±0.01a 0.53±0.04a 0.38±0.03b 0.12±0.02c 0.23±0.04a 0.12±0.06a 1.96±0.03a
Stem-barks 4.21±0.03b 0.40±0.01a 0.42±0.01a 0.23±0.02a 0.35±0.01a 0.12±0.01a 1.42±00.6b
Roots 3.90±0.04c 0.65±0.17a 0.39±0.02b 0.21±0.02b 1.34±1.01a 0.12±0.01a 0.86±0.02c
M. lucida
Leaves 6.67±0.01a 0.86±0.02a 3,46±0.002a 0.58±0.01a 0.39±0.04b 0.15±0.02a 3.86±0.01a
Stems 4.57±004b 0.670.01b 0.49±0.01b 0.13±0.01c 0.38±0.01b 0.ir±0.01c 1.44±.02b
Roots 4.72±0.04c 0.54±0.02c 0.36±0.003c 0.15±0.0b 0.40±0.03a 0.12±0.01b 0.48±0.08c
Means (± standard error) followed by different superscript across columns of each plant are significantly different at 5% (p<0.05) using Duncan's Multiple Range Test
DISCUSSION
Nutritional and medicinal compositions of E camaldulensis, H. sabdariffa and M. lucida varied relatively across leaves, stems and roots of the plants.
The variation observed in proximate compositions across the three parts of the three plants could indicate that proximate contents of the plants showed certain level of discrepancy across leaves, stems and roots of
the plants. This submission may help to ascertain sites of production of metabolites and quantities that are responsible for therapeutic and nutritional effects. Amount of crude protein obtained in this study were higher than the protein contents in the leaves of Occimun gratissimum (9.10- 9.22 %) reported by Mlitan et al. (2014) but lower than those (29.78) and (23.74) in Mussaenda roxburghii reported by Pandey et al. (2016). Moderate variations in moisture contents determined in leaves, stems and roots of the three plants investigated compared with reports in literature could be due to loss of water by the sample during drying process (Ayuba 2011). This observation suggests that these plants in fresh form can be stored over a period of time without spoilage (Sobowale et al., 2011). Dehydration of the plants either as food or medicine may increase their shelf-life and reduce growth of microorganisms so that the plants could be used at any season of the year even in dry form (Esayas et al., 2011).
Higher amount of ash and fibre recorded in of H. sabdariffa and M. lucida stems as well as roots of E camaldulensis may indicate amount of minerals present in the leaves, stems and roots of the plants (Fagbohun et al., 2012). Also, it may be a justification for hypoglycemic potential of the plants (Ojewumi and Kadiri, 2014; Adesuyi et al., 2012; Odutuga et al., 2010), therefore, food rich in fibre content is usually recommended for diabetic patients. The significant amount of carbohydrate recorded and its variations across the plants investigated suggest that the plants contain appreciable amount of carbohydrates which serve as a source of energy and fuel for physical performance and regulation of nerve tissue of human body (Adesuyi et al., 2012; Mensah et al., 2008; Tanumihardjo et al., 2011; Olayiwola, 2013; and Kadiri et al., 2014; Achikanu et al., 2013; Nkafamiya et al., 2016).
Highest amount of nitrogen content reported in leaves of the plants investigated suggests that leaves are sites where nitrogen is synthesized and translocate to other plant parts (Farooq et al., 2012; Mingzhu et al., 2015).
Mineral elements investigated significantly varied across leaves, stems and roots of the three plants. The mineral elements in leaves of the plants may be a clear
justification of the nutritional relevance of leaves of the three plants or site of synthesis or storage of the minerals. On the other hand, high level of these minerals in H. sabdariffa may be a scientific proof why leaves of the plants are consumed as vegetables and prepared as local drink called 'zobo (Asaolu and Asaolu. 2010). High amount of macro elements observed in M. lucida roots and stems are used for physiological processes and as co-factors for various metabolic processes (Balogun and Olatidoye, 2012; Fakankun et al., 2013; Khan et al., 2015; Ojewumi et al., 2016).
Anti-nutrients were found to be significantly higher in the roots of E. camaldulensis, H. sabdariffa and M. lucida, the observation may suggest that anti-nutrients are produced or stored more in the roots before translocating to aerial parts of plant via adhesion-cohesion theory through xylem cells (Igwilo et al., 2014). Studies have shown that consumption of anti-nutrients beyond acceptable ranges (4 to 9 mg/L) could be nutritionally dangerous because the metabolites have ability to form complexes with mineral during physiological processes such as calcium absorption and nutrient mineralization. This association always make mineral unavailable for utilization or results into formation of kidney stone (Khan et al., 2015). Despite the effects of anti-nutrients on nutritional status of plants, Kadiri et al. (2015) and Osunbitan et al. (2015) revealed that moderate consumption of anti-nutrients is useful for management of kidney and liver disorders. Also, anti-nutrients found in leaves, stems and roots of the three plants investigated are relatively lower than established toxic level (6 %) Sobowale et al. (2011) and Kadiri et al. (2015) reported. The observation that phytochemicals such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, anthocyanins and polyphenols were significantly higher in the leaves of M. lucida could contribute to medicinal potential of leaves of the plant. This result is in line with findings of Harry and Samson (2014); Atamgba et al. (2015); Akinmoladun et al (2010) and Okeke et al. (2015) who observed high concentration of secondary metabolites in the leaves of Neem and Jatropha than other parts of the plants. Variations of phytochemical noticed in different parts of the plants may explain scientific basis for multi-purpose uses of the three plants in the trado-medical system (Ojewumi and Kadiri., 2014;
Kadiri et al., 2013; Kadiri et al., 2014; Taiye and Pass 2014).
CONCLUSION
The study showcased quantities and variations of nutritional and medicinal compositions in leaves, stems and roots of Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Hibiscuss sabdariffa and Morinda lucida. Out of the three plants under investigation, Morinda lucida leaves contained highest proportions of mineral and phytochemical contents.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors thank the Laboratory Technologists, Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest in this research.
DESIGNATION
OAW conceived the experiment. OAW and DGA designed the work, performed experiment and analyzed the data statistically. OAW drafted the article and critically revised by DGA, MK and OWA. All authors gave final approval.
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