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HayKOBMM BicHkiK H/lTyyKpaÏHM Scientific Bulletin of UNFU http://nv.nltu.edu.ua
https://doi.org/10.15421/40270816
Article received 4.11.2017 p. Article accepted 24.11.2017 p. UDC 630.453:595.76
ISSN 1994-7836 (print) ISSN 2519-2477 (online)
@ EE3 Correspondence author V. L. Meshkova [email protected]
V. L. Meshkova
Ukrainian Research Institute of Forestry & Forest Melioration named after G. M. Vysotsky, Kharkiv, Ukraine
EVALUATION OF HARM OF STEM INSECTS IN PINE FORESTS
The score of some traits for stem insects' injuriousness evaluation was clarified using the data from Forest-Steppe and Steppe zones of Ukraine. Physiological harmfulness of Monochamus galloprovinci-alis can be scored as 4-15 points, of Ips sexdentatus and I. acuminatus as 4-5 points. Depending on preferences to colonize the different parts of stem, technical injuriousness of M. galloprovincialis is 12-13.8 points, of I. sexdentatus- 3.9-4.5 points, and of I. acuminatus -2.8-3.6 points. By general injuriousness, adjusted for insect spread, I. acuminatus can be low or moderately harmful in Kharkiv region and non-harmful or low harmful in Luhansk region. I. sexdentatus can be moderately harmful in Kharkiv region and non-harmful or low harmful in Luhansk region.
Keywords: stem insect; health condition; maturation feeding; physiological injuriousness; technical injuriousness; general injuriousness.
Introduction
The guild "stem pests" includes the insects, which develop, at least the part of their life cycle, inside xylem or phloem tissues of trees. Traditionally, it is the insects of families Scolytidae, Buprestidae and Cerambycidae that are most often considered as stem pests (Lieutier, et al., 2004). Stem pests of seedlings and saplings are considered as "the pests of unclosed plantations" or "the pests of young stands", and special approach has been developed to evaluate their injuriousness (Meshkova, 2016).
Some stem pests make their galleries and undergo maturation feeding in living trees, which leads to their weakening or death. These pests manifest the so-called physiological injuriousness (Mozolevskaya, 1974). Sometimes their galleries are rather deep in the wood, which causes the deterioration of its quality, so these pests manifest the so-called technical injuriousness (Mozolevskaya, 1974). Other species colonize only severely weakened, dead, wind-broken or felled trees and never colonize healthy or slightly weakened trees. These insects are not dangerous for living trees and are even useful to forest, because they take part in destruction of dead wood, but they cause considerable losses of harvested wood and thus manifest technical injuriousness.
An approach to evaluation of stem pests injuriousness was developed by E. Mozolevskaya (1974). According to this approach, the appraisal by points of general injuriousness for certain insect species must take into account physiological injuriousness and technical injuriousness. The scoring of different peculiarities of tree colonization and life cycle of stem pests was evaluated taking into consideration also timber value of damaged tree species, particularly in different parts of stem.
Such methodical approach has been applied by its author for evaluation mainly pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) pests' injuriousness in European part of Russia (Mozolevskaya, 1974),
later by Belorussian researchers in spruce stands (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst) (Kukhta, Blintsov & Sazonov, 2014), by Ukrainian researchers in oak (Quercus robur L.) (Meshkova & Kukina, 2011) and pine stands (Skrylnyk, 2013; 2015).
Our investigations show that the injuriousness of the same stem pests varies in different regions and forest site conditions, and we suggested that the peculiarities and population size should be taken into account when determining the score. Therefore the aim of this research is to analyze the score for some traits of stem pests using the data of field research in the Forest-Steppe and Steppe zones of Ukraine.
Material and methods
The field data were obtained in 2004-2016 in pine forests of the Left-bank Forest Steppe Zone (the Okhtyrske Forestry Enterprise, the Vovchanske Forestry Enterprise, the Chuhuyevo-Babchanske Forestry Enterprise, the Zmi-ivske Forestry Enterprise, and the Kharkiv Forest Research Station of Ukrainian Research Institute of Forestry and Forest Melioration named after G. M. Vysotsky) and of the Steppe zone (the Iziumske Forestry Enterprise, the Sieviero-donetske Forest & Hunting Enterprise, the Kreminske Forest & Hunting Enterprise, and the Stanychno-Luhanske Experimental Forest & Hunting Enterprise).
The category of tree health condition was determined according to "Sanitary rules in the forests of Ukraine" (1995). Each tree was referred to one of six categories of health condition (I - healthy; II - weakened; III - severely weakened; IV - drying; V - recently died; VI - died over year ago).
Population parameters of stem insects, including characteristics of galleries, were assessed according to "Guidelines... " (Meshkova, 2011).
The score of physiological injuriousness of certain insect species was calculated as a sum of points for three
^TyBaHHfl 3a flCTY: Meshkova V. L. Evaluation of injuriousness of stem insects in pine forest. HayKOBMM BicHMK HIITy yKpaÏHM. 2017. Bun. 27(8). C. 101-104.
Citation APA: Meshkova, V. L. (2017). Evaluation of injuriousness of stem insects in pine forest. Scientific Bulletin of UNFU, 27(8), 101104. https://doi.org/10.15421/40270816
indicators: ability to colonize living trees, ability to damage the trees during maturation feeding and ability to vector the pathogens.
The score of technical injuriousness of certain insect species was calculated as a product of points for three indicators: tree species, location of galleries in the stem (parts of stem with rough, thin or transitional bark) and destruction ability, whereas destruction ability was calculated as a sum of points for assessment of the width of galleries, depth of timber destruction and colonized surface.
General injuriousness of certain insect species was evaluated as a product of points for physiological injuriousness, technical injuriousness and the number of generations per year (Mozolevskaya, 1974). The points for every indicator will be discussed later on.
Results and discussion
The galleries of the most of stem pests can be found in the trees of categories IV-VI of health condition, however many insects could colonize the tree, when it belonged to categories II-III of health condition. It was suggested (Mo-zolevskaya, 1974) to evaluate the ability to colonize living trees by the score of 10 for insects that colonize the trees of categories I-II of health condition, the score of 1 for insects that colonize the trees of categories III-IV of health condition and recently felled trees, and the score of 0.1 for insects that colonize only dead trees (categories V-VI of health condition), as well as dead wood.
However to find the signs of stem colonization by insects is almost impossible, if their entrance holes are located at a height of more than 2m on the stem, while other signs of the tree colonization are invisible. At high pest population one can see the frass on the forest litter, but such trees already belong to category III of health condition.
At the same time, the trees, which belonged before felling to categories I, II or III of health condition and then were used as trap trees, are often colonized by many stem insects, which could have never colonized them before felling. Therefore, if we inspect the trees some days or weeks after felling, we may incorrectly conclude that some insect species are able to colonize healthy trees.
Thus, Monochamus galloprovincialis (Olivier, 1795) ssp. pistor (Germar, 1818), Tomicus minor (Hartig, 1834) and Tomicus piniperda (Linnaeus, 1758) colonize the trees, which belonged to categories I and II of health condition before felling or windthrow. Pest colonization of trees, which belonged before felling to category II of health condition is often higher than colonization of trees which belonged before felling to category I of health condition (Zinchenko & Skrylnyk, 2013). It may be accounted for by rather good phloem quality for larvae development and lower content of protective substances in the trees of category II of health condition compared with trees of the category I.
The ability to damage the trees during maturation feeding is scored as 2 points (considerable damage), 1 point (low damage) and 0 points (without damage) (Mozolevska-ya, 1974). It is considered, that Tomicus sp., which damages shoots, and Monochamus sp., which damages bark of living trees, are scored as 2 points. Ips sexdentatus (Boerner, 1767) is scored as 2 points, if it makes the galleries for maturation feeding under bark of healthy or weakened trees. However, if it makes the galleries in the sites of its development, the tree is already severely weakened or drying, and such maturation feeding does not increase the pest harmful-
ness. In such case, the ability to damage the trees during maturation feeding must be scored as 1 point.
As we could see, the intensity of tree damage during maturation feeding of stem pests in the Steppe zone is less than in Forest-Steppe and Forest zone. It may be connected with quick mortality and phloem drying of weakened pines in the southern regions, especially after fire or damage by foliage browsing insects (Meshkova & Kolenkina, 2016). Therefore, both the population size and injuriousness of stem pests may be rather low in such conditions.
The ability to vector the pathogens is suggested to score as 3 points, if the insect is a vector of vascular diseases, necrosis or cancer. It is suggested to score as 2 points the vectors of wood destructing fungi and to score as 1 point the vectors of fungi, which cause wood discoloration (Mo-zolevskaya, 1974). In practice, the most of stem pests have no special organs for fungi vectoring, but can vector them and other pathogens during colonizing the tree and during maturation feeding (Davydenko, Vasaitis & Menkis, 2017; Davydenko, et al., 2014; Lieutier, et al., 2004). Therefore, it is difficult to assess the score of this indicator. This aspect must be studied separately, taking into account also the role of stem insects in vectoring bacteria and nematodes.
Thus, for M. galloprovincialis the ability to colonize living trees can be scored as 1 or 10 points, the ability to damage the trees during maturation feeding as 2 points and the ability to vector pathogens as 1 or 3 points (in the last case we take into account its possibility to vector pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner & Buhrer, 1934) Nickle, 1970, which has not yet penetrated in Ukraine). Therefore, physiological injuriousness of this pest can be scored as 15 or 4 points.
For I. sexdentatus and Ips acuminatus (Gyllenhal, 1827), the ability to colonize living trees can be scored as 1 point, the ability to damage the trees during maturation feeding as 1 or 2 points, and the ability to vector pathogens as 2 points. Therefore, physiological injuriousness of these pests can be scored as 5 or 4 points.
In the assessment of technical injuriousness of certain stem pest, it is suggested to use the factors which characterize the value of timber of certain tree species, namely, 1 -for aspen, 1.3 - for birch, 1.7 - for spruce, 2 - for pine and 4.5 - for oak (Mozolevskaya, 1974). This factor depends on market price of timber, and when we compare the injurious-ness of different pests for one tree species, this factor is not so important. But if the cost of timber for different conifer species is similar, it is difficult to compare the injuriousness of one pest in different tree species (for example, Ips typog-raphus Linnaeus, 1758 in pine and spruce stands).
Location of galleries in the stem (in parts of stem with rough, thin or transitional bark) is the second component in the evaluation of technical injuriousness of certain insect species. It was revealed, that preferences of insects to colonize the parts of stem with rough, thin or transitional bark vary in different regions and are different in living and felled trees.
For example, in Kharkov region, 72 % of galleries of M. galloprovincialis were located in the parts of stem with rough bark, and in Luhansk region only 35 % of galleries were located in the parts of stem with rough bark, about 50 % of galleries - in the parts of stem with transitional bark, and 15 % of galleries - in the parts of stem with thin bark. Almost 70 % of I. acuminatus galleries were located in the parts of stem with thin bark in Kharkov region, and in Luhansk region they were located almost with equal freq-
uency in the parts of stem with thin and transitional bark (52 and 48 %, respectively).
Like this, over 80 % of I. sexdentatus galleries were located in the parts of stem with rough bark in Kharkov region, and in Luhansk region they were located almost with equal frequency in the parts of stem with rough and transitional bark (56 and 44 % respectively).
Colonization of stem parts with transition bark by I. acuminatus was significantly higher for the trees, which were colonized after felling, than for the trees, which were colonized before felling (Meshkova, Kochetova & Zinchen-ko, 2015). Almost all galleries of T. piniperda were located in living trees in the part of stem with rough bark, and in the felled trap trees the galleries of this pest were located in the parts of stem with rough (59 %), transitional (25 %) and thin (16 %) bark.
Over 80 % of T. minor galleries were located in the part of stem with thin bark in living trees, and in the felled trap trees the galleries of this pest were located in the parts of stem with thin (56 %), transitional (30 %) and rough (14 %) bark. Destruction ability of stem insect is calculated as a sum of gallery width, depth of timber destruction and colonized surface (Mozolevskaya, 1974).
A detailed analysis of these parameters for pine stem pests was carried out by Yu. Skrylnyk in the Forest-Steppe zone. He has shown that the most of bark beetles can damage only outer layer of timber (Skrylnyk, 2015), which leads to decrease in the timber grade from I to II and can be scored as 1.2 points (Mozolevskaya, 1974).
Only Xyleborus sp., Xyleborinus sp. and Trypodendron sp. from bark beetles and longhorn beetle M. galloprovinci-alis browse the galleries in sapwood and heartwood and this can be scored as 4.3 points. Of course, the grade of timber can decrease additionally due to wood-destructing fungi even after superficial damage, but the scoring determination has not yet carried out for this phenomenon.
Therefore, timber destruction ability for M. galloprovin-cialis is calculated as a sum of points for width of galleries, depth of timber destruction and colonized surface, which is (4.3 + 0.1 + 0.2) = 4.6 (Table 1). The score for pine is 2 points. Thus technical injuriousness of this pest is 4.6^2x1.5=13.8 points, if we consider that the most of galleries are located in the part of stem with rough bark. But if the parts of stem with rough and transitional bark are colonized almost equal, or parts with transitional bark are the most colonized, then the factor is 1.3, and technical injuriousness of this pest is 4.6x2x1.3=12 points.
Table 1. Calculation of general injuriousness of some stem _pests of pine (min/ max, in points)_
Insect species Physiological injuriouness Technical injuriousness Number of generations General injuriousness
M. gallop-rovincialis 4 / 15 12 / 13.8 1 / 1.0 48 / 207
I. acuminatus 4 / 5 2,8 / 3.6 1 / 2.5 11.2 / 28
I. sexdentatus 4 / 5 3.9 / 4.5 1 / 2.5 15.6 / 39
The depth of timber destruction by I. sexdentatus and the width of its galleries is low (1.2 points and 0.1 points respectively), but colonized surface is rather large (0.2 points). Destruction ability of this pest is (1.2+0.1+0.2) = 1.5 points. Technical injuriousness of this pest is 1.5x2x1.5=4.5 points if the most of galleries are located in the part of stem with rough bark. However, if the most of galleries are located in the part of stem with transitional
bark, then technical injuriousness of this pest is 1.5x2x1.3=3.9 points (see Table 1).
The depth of timber destruction, the width of galleries and colonized surface by I. acuminatus is 1.2, 0.1, and 0.1 points, respectively. Destruction ability of this pest is (1.2+0.1+0.1) = 1.4 points. Technical injuriousness of this pest is 1.4x2x1= 2.8 points, if the most of galleries are located in the part of stem with thin bark. However, if the most of galleries are located in the part of stem with transitional bark, then technical injuriousness of this pest is 1.4x2x1.3=3.6 points.
General injuriousness of stem pests is calculated as a product of physiological injuriousness, technical injurious-ness and number of generations per year (Mozolevskaya, 1974). Most of stem pests of pine in the territory of Ukraine have 1 generation per year. Only I. acuminatus, I. sexdenta-tus and Orthotomicus proximus (Eichhoff, 1867) are proved to have more than one generation (Skrylnyk, 2015). The number of these generations depends on air temperature of the season, they can overlap, and it is difficult to distinguish the specimens of the first, second or sister broods. We can assume for calculation the existence of 2 main generations and one sister generation.
Therefore, to calculate general injuriousness for these species, we multiply the score for physiological, technical injuriousness and factor 2.5 but in some years it would be 1 or 1.5. It was suggested (Mozolevskaya, 1974) to classify as particularly harmful stem pests the species with general injuriousness over 80 points, moderately harmful - the species with general injuriousness 20-79 points, low harmful -with general injuriousness 10-19 points and non-harmful -with general injuriousness less than 10 points. According to this, M. galloprovincialis can be moderately harmful or particularly harmful, and the both Ips species can be low harmful or moderately harmful.
Our research shows that estimated general injuriousness of certain insect species characterizes their potential injuri-ousness, while the actual injuriousness depends on spread of these pests. Therefore, to consider the spread of certain stem pests, it is necessary to multiply their general injuri-ousness by a factor, which describes the level of insect spread. According to expert estimates (Meshkova, 2011), colonization of 21-60 % of trees by stem pests corresponds to the moderate level of spread (factor 1). Colonization of less than 20 % of trees corresponds to the low level of spread (factor 0.5), and colonization over 60 % of trees corresponds to the high level of spread (factor 1.5) (Table 2).
Table 2. General injuriousness of some pine stem pests _adjusted for spread_
Insect species Spread Adjusted general injuriousness*
Kharkiv region Luhansk region Kharkiv region Luhansk region
% factor % factor
M. galloprovincialis 73 1.5 24.1 1 72 / 310.5 48 / 207
I. acuminatus 50 1.5 10.7 0.5 16.8 / 42 5.6 / 14
I. sexdentatus 52 1.5 15 0.5 23.4 / 58.5 7.8 / 19.5
Note: min / max, in points
According to adjusted general injuriousness, M. gallop-rovincialis can be moderately harmful or particularly harmful in the both regions. I. acuminatus can be low or moderately harmful in Kharkiv region and non-harmful or low harmful in Luhansk region. I. sexdentatus is moderately harmful in Kharkiv region and non-harmful or low harmful in Luhansk region (see Table 2).
Meshkova, V. L., Kochetova, A. I., & Zinchenko, O. V. (2015). Verkhivkovyy koroyid Ips acuminatus (Gyllenhal, 1827): Insecta: Coleoptera: Scolytinae u Pivnichno-Skhidnomu Stepu Ukrayiny [Pine engraver beetle Ips acuminatus (Gyllenhal, 1827): Insecta: Coleoptera: Scolytinae in the South-Eastern Steppe of Ukraine]: The Kharkov Entomol. Soc. Gaz., ХХШ(2), 64-69. [in Ukrainian]. Meshkova, V. L. (2016). Otsinyuvannya shkidlyvosti komakh u ne-zimknenykh sosnovykh kulturakh [Evaluation of insect injurious-ness in unclosed pine plantations]: Ukrainskyj entomologichnyj zhurnal, 11(1-2), 140-146. [in Ukrainian]. Meshkova, V. L., & Kolenkina, M. S. (2016). Masovi rozmnozhennya sosnovykh pyl shchykiv u nasadzhennyakh Luhans koyi oblasti [Mass propagation of pine sawflies in the stands of Luhansk region]. Kharkiv: Planeta-Print, 180 p. [in Ukrainian]. Meshkova, V. L., & Kukina, O. N. (2011). Vredonosnost ksilobiontov na dubovykh vyrubkakh v Levoberezhnoy Ukraine [Injuriousness of xylobionts in the oak clear-cuts in the Left-Bank Ukraine]: Izves-tiya SPB lesotekhnicheskoy akademii [Proceedings of St. Petersburg Forestry Academy], 196, 238-245[In Russian]. Mozolevskaya, E. G. (1974). Otcenka vredonosnosti stvolovykh vredi-telei [Evaluation of stem pests injuriousness], 65, 124-132. Moscow: MLTI. Iss. [in Russian]. Sanitary rules in the forests of Ukraine (1995). Kiev: Derzhkomlis-
gosp Ukrayiny, 19 p. [in Ukrainian]. Skrylnyk, Yu. Ye. (2013). Shkidlyvist vusachiv (Coleoptera, Ce-rambycidae) u sosnovykh nasadzhennyakh Livoberezhnoyi Ukra-yiny [Injuriousness of longhorn beetles (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) in pine stands of the Left-bank Ukraine]: Visnyk KHNAU (seriya entomolohiya ta fitopatolohiya) [The Bulletin of Kharkiv National Agrarian University (series "Entomology and Phytopathology")], 10, 148-159. [in Ukrainian]. Skrylnyk, Yu. Ye. (2015). Shkidlyvist stovburovykh komakh u sos-novykh nasadzhennyakh Livoberezhnoho Lisostepu Ukrayiny [In-juriousness of stem insects in the pine stands of the Left-bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine]. Abstract of Candidate Dissertation for Agricultural Sciences. Kharkiv, 20 p. [in Ukrainian]. Zinchenko, O. V., & Skrylnyk, Yu. Ye. (2013). Vstrechayemost iplot-nost poseleniy sosnovykh luboyedov na lovchikh derevyakh v Khar-kovskoy oblasti [Occurrence and population density of pine bark beetles in trap trees in Kharkov region]: Sovremennoye sostoyaniye i perspektivy okhrany i zashchity lesov v sisteme ustoychivogo raz-vitiya [Current status and prospects of defense and protection of forests in sustainable development system]: Proc. of international scientific-practical conference, October, 9-11. Gomel, pp. 78-81.
В. Л. Мешкова
Укратський науково-до^дний тститут л^ового господарства i агрол^омелюраци iM. Г. М. Висоцького, м. Хартв, Украта
ОЦ1НЮВАННЯ ШК1ДЛИВОСТ1 СТОВБУРОВИХ КОМАХ У СОСНОВИХ Л1САХ
Уточнено бальну оцшку окремих napaMeTpiB для розрахунку шюдливоси стовбурових комах з використанням даних i3 люостепово! та степово! зон Украши. Фiзiологiчну шюдливють Monochamus galloprovincialis оцшено у 4-15 балiв, Ips sex-dentatus та I. acuminatus - у 4-5 балiв. Залежно вщ переважного заселення окремих частин стовбура техшчна шюдливють M. galloprovincialis становить 12-13,8 бала, I. sexdentatus 3,9-4,5 бала, а I. acuminatus 2,8-3,6 бала. За загальною шюдливютю з поправкою на поширешсть I. acuminatus може бути мало або помiрно шюдливим у Харювськш област та нешюдливим або мало шюдливим у Луганськш области I. sexdentatus може бути помiрно шюдливим у Харювськш област та нешюдливим або малошюдливим у Луганськш области
Ключовi слова: стовбуровi комахи; саштарний стан; додаткове живлення; фiзiологiчна шюдливють; техшчна шюдли-вють; загальна шюдливють.
В. Л. Мешкова
Украинский научно-исследовательский институт лесного хозяйства и агромелиорации им. Г. М. Высоцкого, г. Харьков, Украина
ОЦЕНКА ВРЕДОНОСНОСТИ СТВОЛОВЫХ НАСЕКОМЫХ В СОСНОВЫХ ЛЕСАХ
Уточнена балльная оценка отдельных параметров для расчета вредоносности стволовых насекомых с использованием данных из лесостепной и степной зон Украины. Физиологическая вредоносность Monochamus galloprovincialis оценена в 4-15 баллов, Ips sexdentatus и I. acuminatus - в 4-5 баллов. В зависимости от преимущественного заселения отдельных частей ствола техническая вредоносность M. galloprovincialis составляет 12-13,8 балла, I. sexdentatus 3,9-4,5 балла, а I. acuminatus 2,8-3,6 балла. По общей вредоносности с поправкой на распространенность насекомых I. acuminatus может быть мало или умеренно вредоносным в Харьковской области и безвредным или мало вредоносным в Луганской области. I. sexdentatus может быть умеренно вредоносным в Харьковской области и безвредным или мало вредоносным в Луганской области.
Ключевые слова: стволовые насекомые; санитарное состояние; дополнительное питание; физиологическая вредоносность; техническая вредоносность; общая вредоносность.
Conclusions
1. Injuriousness of stem pests varies in different regions, in living and felled trees.
2. Physiological injuriousness of Monochamus galloprovincialis can be scored as 4-15 points, of Ips sexdentatus and Ips acuminatus as 4-5 points.
3. Depending on preferences to colonize the different parts of stem, technical injuriousness of Monochamus galloprovincialis is 12-13.8 points, of Ips sexdentatus -3.9-4.5 points, and of Ips acuminatus 2.8-3.6 points.
4. By general injuriousness, Monochamus galloprovincialis can be moderately harmful or particularly harmful, and the both Ips species can be low harmful or moderately harmful. By general injuriousness, adjusted for insect spread, Ips acuminatus can be low or moderately harmful in Kharkiv region and non-harmful or low harmful in Luhansk region. Ips sex-dentatus can be moderately harmful in Kharkiv region and non-harmful or low harmful in Luhansk region.
5. Scoring of stem insects' ability to vector fungi, bacteria and nematodes, as well as additional decrease in timber quality due to wood-destructing fungi is necessary to be carried out.
References
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