CC BY
3JWPR
Journal of World's Poultry Research
2019, Scienceline Publication
J. World Poult. Res. 9(2): 82-88, June 25, 2019
Research Paper, PII: S2322455X1900011-9
License: CC BY 4.0
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/jwpr.2019.10
Evaluation of Dietary Medicinal Plants and algae in
Laying Japanese Quails
Hassan Habibi1, Najmeh Ghahtan2 and Mohammad Amin Kohanmoo1
'Assistant Professor of Agricultural and Natural Resources College, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran 2Student of Horticultural Sciences, Agriculture and Natural Resources College, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran
♦Corresponding author's Email: [email protected] ; ORCID: 0000-0001-8162-6205
Received: 01 May 2019 Accepted: 28 May 2019
ABSTRACT
The current study was conducted to examine the influences of Sargassam cristafolium, Gracilaria pulvinata, Rhus coriaria, and Punica granatum peel dried powder in two levels (10 and 20gr/kg) of dietary on productive performance and some egg quality characteristics of laying Japanese quail. A total of 675 (49 days old) Japanese quail were randomly distributed into nine groups with three replicates of 25 birds in each. Results showed that egg weight, shell weight, albumen weight and shell thickness were not influenced by treatments. The effects of medicinal plants on weekly egg production differ depending on the dietary medicinal plant type and dosage. Moreover, the birds fed diet supplemented with Sargassum cristaefolium at 10g/kg had greater weekly egg production compared to others. Haugh unit was reduced by diet supplemented with R. coriaria. Diet supplemented with S. cristaefolium at 20 g/kg increased yolk weight. Furthermore, greater albumen protein and thiobarbituric acid content of the tenth day's eggs (TBAd10) were perceived in birds fed diet supplemented with G. pulvinata. In present study, the lowest levels of cholesterol (9.66 mg/g) was determined in the egg yolk of groups R. coriaria and G. pulvinata, and the control group showed to have the most amounts (12.00 mg/g). Based on obtained data, addition of 0.5% and 2% of S. cristafolium, G. pulvinata, R. coriaria, and P. granatum peel to the diet lead to be progress in egg production rate, enhanced the egg quality and egg biochemical properties in Japanese quail.
Key words: Egg production, Egg quality, Laying quails, Medicinal plants, Thiobarbituric acid
Protein with animal source such as eggs are of a major significance for balanced and adequate human nutrition and health (Al-Daraji et al., 2010). Recently, antibiotics have been used as growth promoters for higher yields in poultry production (Sinar et al., 2013; Mehdi et al., 2018). However, the use of antibiotics in animal nutrition has a negative consequence because animals will become resistant to antibiotics and residues of antibiotics in animal products will be carried away over eggs and meat (Abd El-Galil and Henda, 2015). Thus, search for effective alternatives to antibiotics in intensive animal production is a very important topic, considering not only the impact in animal welfare but also in human health (Abd El-Galil and Henda, 2015). The use of herbs and algae as poultry feed ingredients is continuously increasing after the ban of nutritive antibiotics in the European union (Gerzilov et al., 2015; Abouelezz, 2017). During the last ten years, the
beneficial nutritional aspects and pharmaceutical of seaweeds have been advertised extensively worldwide, and therefore the algae enterprises started to gain a clear interest among producers (De Almeida et al., 2011; Abouelezz, 2017). There is a wide variety of active compounds such as carotenoids, vitamin B12, vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin, pyridoxine in algae, and it could be applied in the diets of layers and chicken, to improve the quality of yolk and flesh (Abouelezz, 2017; Aljumaily and Taha, 2019). Fucosan or sulfated fucans is a polysaccharide mainly produced by brown algae. Fucoidan has been reported with high and various bioactivities such as immunostimulating activity, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anticoagulant, anti-thrombosis, anti-liver fibrosis and antioxidant (Isnansetyo et al., 2016).
Herbal products are harmless to humans and animals with no undesired side effects. In addition, there is no complication of drug resistance due to their consumption (Behnamifar et al., 2015). Aminzade et al. (2012)
nBHTSffBIBBBfflBBI Habibi H, Ghahtan N and kohanmoo MA (2019). Evaluation of Dietary Medicinal Plants and algae in Laying Japanese Quails. J. World Poult. Res., 9 (2): 8288. http://jwpr.science-line.com/
recommended the use of dietary antioxidants to reduce lipid peroxidation in the feeding animal and to preserve product quality. Punica granatum and R. coriaria are medicinal plants with antioxidant properties (Sharbati et al., 2015; Yassein et al., 2015). In one study, it was found that diet supplemented with 15 g PPP/kg (pomegranate peel powder) led to improve in production, physiological parameters as well as meat shelf-life in Japanese quails (Yassein et al., 2015). Also, seed pulp of pomegranate (<15% in poultry diet) improved egg production, however, higher amounts showed detrimental effects on laying performance (Saki et al., 2014a). In another study, R. coriaria L. and pomegranate peel were reported to contain high levels of tannins, flavonoids, and phenolics with antioxidant properties and improvement digestion and metabolism (Abbas et al., 2017; Gurbuz and Salih, 2017).
The present experiment was designed to study the possibility of using S. cristafolium, G. pulvinata, P. granatum and R. coriaria dried powder as supplements to Japanese quail diets to evaluate its effect on productive performance, egg quality and egg biochemical compounds.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Preparation of herbal materials
The plants Sargassam cristafolium, Gracilaria pulvinata, Punica granatum and Rhus coriaria were harvested from their natural habitat in Bushehr province, south-west of Iran, and then were dried in a dry and dark environment. Then, obtained dried seeds were powdered.
Experimental birds
All procedures used during this study were approved by animal care committee of Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran. At the beginning of the experiment, 1200 day-old quail were grown simultaneously and with the same diet until 49 days old. Then among them a total of 675 (49 days old) Japanese quail were randomly distributed into nine groups with three replicates of 25 birds each. The birds' average body weight (212.00±4.00) did not differ between the experimental groups when placed in the cages at the beginning of trial period. All birds were allowed to adapt for a period of seven days, consuming a commercial laying quail's diet ad libitum (Table 1). The same diet was fed to the control group during the experimental period. Control group (C) was fed a commercial laying diet. The control group was fed with a diet containing no supplements, while other groups received diets containing 10 gr/kg or 20 gr/kg of S.
cristafolium, G. pulvinata dried powder, R. coriaria dried powder and P. granatum peel dried powder. Under commercial conditions, the birds were offered feed and water ad libitum during a period of 28 days.
Table 1. Composition of basal diet
Ingredient g/kg
Corn 518.00
Soybean meal 355.00
Soybean oil 31.40
Dicalcium phosphate 7.00
Limestone 75.00
Sodium chloride 2.80
Sodium bicarbonate 1.00
L-Lys-HCl 1.30
DL-Met 3.40
Vitamin and mineral premix1 5.00
Phytase 10000 0.10
Total 1000.00
Analysis
Metabolizable energy, Kcal/kg 2800.00
Crude protein 19.84
Calcium 3.10
Available phosphorous 0.32
Sodium 0.15
Chloride 0.23
Lysine 1.08
Methionine 0.48
Methionine + Cysteine 0.88
Threonine 0.65
Tryptophan 0.22
Arginine 1.26
Isoleucine 0.77
Valine 0.83
Basal diet was provided (per kg): vitamin A, 10000 IU; vitamin D3, 4500 IU; vitamin E, 65 IU; vitamin K3, 3 mg; vitamin B1, 2.5 mg; vitamin B2, 6.5 mg; vitamin B3, 60 mg; vitamin B5, 18 mg; vitamin B6, 3.2 mg; vitamin biotin, 0.22 mg; folic acid, 1.9 mg; vitamin B12, 0.017 mg; choline chloride, 1400 mg, Mn, 120 mg; Zn, 110 mg; Fe, 20 mg; Cu, 16 mg; I, 1.25 mg; Se, 0.3 mg
Production performance
Egg collection was done daily from eight weeks of age, and eggs' weight were measured by a digital balance (Olawumi and Ogunlade, 2014). The yolk was separated from the albumen and then weighed while the albumen weight was found by subtracting the weights of yolk and shell from egg weight. Haugh unit (HU) values were calculated using the following formula (Aboonajmi et al., 2010):
HU =100 Log (H+7.57-1.7XW037)
Where H is the albumen height (mm) and W is the egg weight (g).
Biochemical factors
Yolk and albumin of three eggs obtained from each replicate were separated and their chemical composition was determined according to the methods of Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (AOAC, 1990). In order to determine the egg yolk cholesterol concentration, 1g of pooled yolks of each replication was added to 9ml of 2% NaCl solution. Samples were shaken for 2h. Then, 1 ml of the diluted yolk was re-diluted 10 times. In this study, 10^1 of this sample was mixed with 100^l of salt solution and 1ml of the enzymatic reagent. The same procedure was also implemented for the standard of cholesterol. As the blank sample, 10^l of deionized water was used instead of sample or standard of cholesterol. Samples were incubated in a water bath at 37°C for 15 min and then the light absorbance of 500 nm was measured (Behnamifar et al., 2015).
Statistical analysis
All data were subjected to ANOVA using the general linear models procedure of SAS software (SAS, 2004). Treatment means were tested using the Duncan's (1995) multiple range test, and statistical differences declared at P<0.05 (Duncan, 1955).
Ethical approval
The present study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Agriculture College of Persian Gulf University. The experiments were performed in the
poultry research ward, Agricultural and Natural Resources College Persian Gulf University, Boushehr, Iran.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Egg production and egg quality traits
Herbal plant powder could encourage the digestive system in poultry, to improve the function of digestive enzymes as well as liver efficacy and increase the pancreatic. Expansion of the metabolism of herbal plant powder, generally carbohydrates and proteins in the major nutrient would increase growth rates (Pooryousef and Hosseini, 2012). Many medicinal plants and their extracts are used widely in poultry diets because the herbs have biological activities and stimulate the digestive system (Hamodi and Al-Khilani, 2014). Results of the effects of different levels of S. cristafolium, G. pulvinata, P. granatum peel dried powder and R. coriaria on Egg production and egg quality traits have been reported in tables 2, 3 and 4.
Most egg weight and week eggs production were due to the treatment with S. cristafolium powder content. As macro-algae contain high levels of vitamin and trace element, as well as properties of lipid mobilization, and suitable absorption rates can lead to improvement in performance (Morshedi et al., 2018). Abd El-Galil and Henda, (2015) mentioned that anti-inflammatory, restoratives, antibacterial and anti-parasitic properties of medicinal plants can enhance the productive performance in poultry.
Table 2. Effect of different dietary herbal plant food supplement ratios on egg weight and egg production of Japanese quail from 8 to 10 weeks of age.
Treatment Egg weight (g) - Weekly egg production (%)
Week 8 Week 9 Week 10 Week 11
C 11.33 3.33c 24.66b 63.33b 72.00b
S-1.0 11.56 12.33a 38.66a 75.33a 85.33a
S-2.0 11.39 7.33ab 29.33b 63.66b 79.00b
G-1.0 10.43 10.66a 37.66a 66.00b 80.33ab
G-2.0 11.10 10.00a 29.66b 61.33b 77.00bc
R-1.0 10.96 1.33c 17.00c 64.66b 71.33cd
R-2.0 11.12 2.66bc 15.33c 61.33b 70.00d
P-1.0 10.56 0.66c 24.33b 61.00b 72.66dc
P-2.0 10.95 2.66bc 14.66c 53.66c 67.33d
SEM 0.86 0.93 1.73 1.16 1.18
P value 0.47 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
Egg weight was calculated as the mean of whole experimental period. - Means within a column sharing a common superscript are not different (P < 0.05). C: control. S-1.0: Sargassum cristafolium 1.0%. S-2.0: Sargassum cristafolium 2.0%. G-1.0: Gracilaria corticata 1.0%. G-2.0: Gracilaria corticata 2.0%. R-1.0: Rhus coriaria 1.0%. R-2.0: Rhus coriaria 2.0%. P-1.0: Punica granatum 1.0%. P-2.0: Punica granatum 2.0%. S.E.M: standard error of the means.
Table 3. Effect of different dietary herbal plant food supplement ratios on egg quality parameters of Japanese quail on 70 days of age.
Treatment HU SW YW AW ST
C 70.33a 1.80 4.13b 6.03 0.17
S-1.0 69.66a 1.83 4.40ab 6.03 0.17
S-2.0 71.33a 1.76 4.73a 6.20 0.15
G-1.0 71.33a 1.63 4.16b 6.06 0.18
G-2.0 70.66a 1.60 4.16b 6.06 0.17
R-1.0 66.00b 1.66 4.40ab 6.00 0.18
R-2.0 65.33b 1.80 4.60ab 5.23 0.17
P-1.0 70.00a 1.70 4.13b 5.96 0.17
P-2.0 69.66a 1.63 4.13b 5.96 0.14
SEM 0.88 0.04 0.05 0.08 0.00
P value 0.00 0.93 0.03 0.38 0.18
common superscript are not different (P<0.05). C: control. S-1.0: Sargassum cristafolium 1.0%. S-2.0: Sargassum cristafolium 2.0%. G-1.0: Gracilaria corticata 1.0%. G-2.0: Gracilaria corticata 2.0%. R-1.0: Rhus coriaria 1.0%. R-2.0: Rhus coriaria 2.0%. P-1.0: Punica granatum 1.0%. P-2.0: Punica granatum 2.0%. S.E.M: standard error of the means.
Table 4. Effect of different dietary herbal plant food supplement ratios on egg biochemical factors of Japanese quail on 70 days of age.
Treatment Yolk cholesterol Albumen protein Egg protein TBAdj TBAd10
C 12.00 82.66abc 46.33 2.05 2.59a
S-1.0 10.00 83.66abc 46.66 1.99 2.50a
S-2.0 11.33 84.33ab 47.66 1.95 2.48ab
G-1.0 9.66 85.00a 46.66 1.94 2.52a
G-2.0 11.33 85.00a 48.00 1.95 2.51a
R-1.0 10.33 84.00ab 46.33 1.96 2.28bc
R-2.0 9.66 83.33abc 46.66 1.93 2.24c
P-1.0 10.66 83.66abc 46.33 1.86 2.24c
P-2.0 11.66 82.00c 45.33 1.87 2.19c
SEM 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.01 0.03
P value 0.07 0.01 0.34 0.27 0.00
Yolk cholesterol (mg/g), Albumen protein (%) and egg protein (%) were measured at the end of experiment. TBAdi (^mol/g); Thiobarbituric acid content of the first day's eggs, TBAd10 (^mol/g); Thiobarbituric acid content of the 10th day's eggs. A-c Means within a column sharing a common superscript are not different (P<0.05). C: control. S-1.0: Sargassum cristafolium 1.0%. S-2.0: Sargassum cristafolium 2.0%. G-1.0: Gracilaria corticata 1.0%. G-2.0: Gracilaria corticata 2.0%. R-1.0: Rhus coriaria 1.0%. R-2.0: Rhus coriaria 2.0%. P-1.0: Punica granatum 1.0%. P-2.0: Punica granatum 2.0%. S.E.M: standard error of the means.
Therefore, they are considered as a promising dietary supplement, but data concerning their use in quail diets are limited (Abd El-Galil and Henda, 2015). Saleh et al. (2017) showed that feeding pomegranate peel diet significantly improved the daily weight gain and decreased the feed to gain ratio of broiler chickens. The effects of medicinal plants on weekly egg production differ depending on the dietary medicinal plant type and dosage. Moreover, the birds fed diet supplemented with S. cristafolium at 10 g/kg had greater weekly egg production compared to others. HU was reduced by diet supplemented
with R. coriaria (sumac). Diet supplemented with S. cristafolium at 20 g/kg increased yolk weight. As noticed in table 4, shell thickness was increased (P<0.05) in G. pulvinata and R. coriaria supplemented quail compared with that in those fed on control diet during 70d period. In a research conducted by Saki et al. (2014a) the pomegranate seed pulp can be a potential feed supplement when added to the diets of laying hens up to 5% without negative effects on performance and egg production and quality. Higher levels will have a negative effect on egg production and quality in layers as shown by increased
cholesterol level (Saki et al., 2014a). P. granatum and R. coriaria are medicinal plants with antioxidant properties (Sharbati et al., 2015; Yassein et al., 2015). It seems that an increase in yolk quality by S. cristafolium is due to antioxidative properties of S. cristafolium. This antioxidant potency can protect yolk membrane against oxidation and damages, and increase standing up quality of yolk (Jafarzadeh et al., 2014; Jahanian et al., 2017).
Egg biochemical factors
The nutritive value and functional properties of eggs make them as important animal protein source. However, consumption of eggs is often considered as a reason for some health problems due to high cholesterol content leading to coronary heart disease (Miranda et al., 2015). The medicinal plants are expected to decrease the level of cholesterol. On the other hand, herbal essential oils including fenchone, geraniol, menthone, citral, and borneol fenchyl alcohol may diminish the activity of liver HMG-CoA reductase (Behnamifar et al., 2015). Results of present study shows that dietary inclusion of G. pulvinata and R. coriaria decreased the concentration of egg yolk cholesterol in Japanese quail (Table 4). Medicinal active products of sumac plants are tannins, phenolic acids, anthocyanins, malic, citric and tartaric acids. Sumac's antioxidant properties are reported because of Phenolic compounds. This is probably due to the reduction of quail egg cholesterol by sumac due to the compounds present in this plant (Sharbati et al., 2015). Similar results were found by Habibi and Ghahtan (2019) who reported that the dietary addition of 20 g/kg R. coriaria powder reduced cholesterol levels on quail. Englmaierova et al. (2013) showed that supplementing layers with Algae not only increased the concentration of lutein and zeaxanthin, but also improved feed conversion ratio, shell quality, and the oxidative stability of yolk lipids of fresh and stored eggs (Englmaierova et al., 2013). Saki et al. (2014b) have shown that serum triglyceride and cholesterol did not significantly affected by supplementation of a phytogenic feed in layer diets.
The average of egg protein and albumen protein values of Japanese quail under different dietary treatments at ten week of age are presented in table 4. Egg protein (45%) and albumen contents (85%) are higher in 20g/Kg plant of G. pulvinata groups when compared to control and other experimental groups, this difference is statistically significant (P> 0.05).
Results of present study shows that supplementation of Japanese quail diet with S. cristaefolium, G. pulvinata, P. granatum peel and R. Coriaria at the rate of 10 or
20g/Kg did positively influence TBA status of Japanese quail eggs (Table 4). The least TBA content of the tenth day's eggs (TBAd10) were perceived in birds fed diet supplemented with P. granatum peel. It seems that a decrease in thiobarbituric acid by P. granatum peel is due to antioxidative properties of P. granatum peel. Pomegranate peel extract with an abundance of flavonoids and tannins has been shown to have a high antioxidant activity (Yassein et al., 2015).
CONCLUSION
The results of this study demonstrated that using mentioned R. coriaria, G. pulvinata, S. cristafolium, and dried powder of P. granatum peel could affect egg production rate, egg quality and egg biochemical compounds of laying Japanese quails depending on the dietary medicinal plant type and dosage. Addition of 20 g/kg S. cristafolium to the diet improved yolk weight. Furthermore, diet supplemented with G. pulvinata led to higher levels of albumen protein and thiobarbituric acid content of the tenth day's eggs (TBAd10). Based on the findings of this study, the lowest value egg yolk cholesterol was found in the quails received G. pulvinata and R. coriaria while the highest amounts were detected in the control group.
DECLARATIONS
Competing interests
The authors have no competing interests to declare. Consent to publish
All authors gave their informed consent prior to their inclusion in the study.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Ms. Afsane Esmaeili for her help with the project during experimental period. Also, we appreciate the initial improvements in English usage made by Peter Lowther through the Association of Field Ornithologists' program of editorial assistance.
Authors contributions
Habibi and Ghahtan were involved in the data collecting, statistical analysis and drafting of the manuscript. Kohanmoo read and approved the final manuscript
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