CC BY
17
DOI: 10.14529/hsm200314
EVALUATION OF AGONISTIC TENNIS IN GREECE: TENNIS PLAYERS' BELIEFS AND POSITION
V. Koronas, b.koronas@yahoo.gr, ORCID: 0000-0001-6038-8164 Private College Apostolos Pavlos, Thessaloniki, Greece
Aim. Tennis popularity in Greece has been gaining ground in the last decade. The study examines the views of Greek tennis players about the sport. Materials and methods. The survey was conducted during the Hellenic Juniors' Tennis Tournament that took place in Athens, March 2019. Data were collected from a sample of 45 teenagers, participating at the Tournament. Survey participants completed a self-completion questionnaire. Data were analyzed with SPSS. Questions regarded the demographics and the teenagers' beliefs about the level of tennis in Greece, their preferences regarding tennis coaches, whether there are opportunities for tennis athletes to be promoted in Greece, the preferred characteristics of trainings and their view about organization of tennis in Greece. Results. The level of tennis in Greece is considered moderate to high. The quality of coaching is considered to be medium to high and coaches are expected to display many qualities and give at least once a month their feedback to the athletes. Tennis is an expensive sport that needs to be advertised by the media. The introduction of tennis in schools would augment the popularity of tennis in Greece. Conclusion. In order to have a broader view of tennis in Greece, it is important to take into consideration the beliefs of young tennis players, as well as the beliefs of tennis coaches and tennis agents.
Keywords: tennis, Greece, beliefs, level, evaluation, tennis players.
Introduction
During the last twenty years, tennis in Greece is gaining more and more popularity and Greece is one of the European countries with the fastest increase of in tennis players. According to the figures published in the 2018 European Tennis Report and the numbers shared by the Hellenic Tennis Federation, in the last ten years, the number of tennis players in Greece has increased by 20%. In the last decade, the number of licensed players and coaches has doubled. As far as participation in international events is concerned, Greece presence has raised by 50%, especially in the professional category [23].
Participation in the wheeled-tennis category has been rising during the last years in Europe. However, the wheeled-tennis category is still quite unknown in Greece. Technological innovations have been applied in the construction of the gear of the wheelchair sports and this has increased the popularity of these sports [7]. Even though the demand of tennis has increased in the last years, Greece did not spend funds for the construction of extra tennis facilities [23].
Tennis coaching is a permanently actual field of study and several methods have been created to assist coaches in assessing tennis players and preventing strenuous training that could damage their physical condition [10, 24]. Coaches cannot
communicate with the player during the game, and this raises the difficulty for both the player and the coach [18]. Coaches must prepare the player physically and mentally for the game, consider what motivates each player and organize the preparation according to the needs of the individual. For this reason, tennis players and coaches build a different "bond" in time [1, 5].
As a matter of fact tennis attracts wealthier people due to its cost, since equipment and coaching costs are rather high and can be afforded only by those who have higher incomes [23].
According to literature, tennis is a sport that offers a wide range of benefits for both adults and children [9]. Tennis reduces the risk of metabolic disorders such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, high blood lipids, cardiovascular diseases, sudden death and death after a cardiovascular event [15]. Playing tennis is not only advantageous for maintaining a good physical condition, but it can also improve the individual on the psychosocial level [16, 19]. Children who play tennis have better school results, are better able to cope with anxiety, are less likely to develop disruptive activity at school and in the future, and are less vulnerable to substance abuse [18, 27].
Tennis is not just an individual sport; it can be played as a group activity. Tennis clubs and tennis federations have improved tennis programs
and school projects with the goal of fostering the "team player" mentality of tennis and have an important role to play in raising the popularity of tennis in the media and hosting more tennis events [20, 23].
Evaluation is an important step in the development process in order to monitor progress and assess the impact of change [25, 26]. Since Greece is one of the five countries with the fastest-growing popularity of tennis, evaluation is im-
perative. The aim of this study is to assess the beliefs and position of young tennis players on the quality of Greek agonistic tennis, the opportunities for promoting tennis.
Materials and Methods
Sample
The study was conducted in March 2019, during the Hellenic Juniors' Tennis Tournament in Athens. 45 teenager tennis players (28 males and 17 females) participated in the survey.
Table 1
QUESTIONS
• Age
Male Female
• Gender of participants
Coach Athlete Factors Parents
• Capacity
Very high High Average Low Very low
i Professional players level evaluation
2 Evaluation of sports facilities
3 Coach knowledge evaluation
4 Estimation of the economic cost of tennis training
5 Evaluation of media promotion of tennis
б Evaluation the ranking in relation to other sports
7 Improvement of tennis by introducing in school's curriculum
s Evaluation of athlete promotion opportunities
9 Rating of federated tournaments
i0 Teaching theoretical knowledge
ii The media promotion potential
Teacher Player Certificate Experienced All the above
i2 Preferred coach's traits
Per day Per week Per month Every 6 month Never
В Trainees' evaluation frequency preference
One Two Three to five Seven' More than seven
i4 Training hours per week
Federation Coaches Facilities
i5 Requirement for improvement
Championship Sport Entertainment Body health
i6 Purpopse of teaching
One Two Three Four Five to eight
i7 Ideal number of participants
Psychology Diet Pedagogical Management All the above
is Coaches' educational background
Method
A random sample of teenager tennis players, participating at the Hellenic Juniors' Tennis Tournament, was selected and a 21 self-completion close-ended items questionnaire was completed by the survey participants. The questionnaire consisted of questions on the demographic data, such as gender, age and qualification, while 18 items of the questionnaire examined their beliefs about the quality of tennis facilities, the quality of coaching and the preferred coaches' characteristics, the comparison
of tennis to other sports, the frequency of tennis tournaments in Greece organized by the Hellenic Federation, the components of the ideal tennis training (number of participants, frequency, evaluation frequency), the cost of tennis, the level of promotion of tennis in Greece and the opportunity for athletes' promotion. The validity of the questionnaire was evaluated by a panel of experts who examined all the items of the tool [2]. The answer variants to the questionnaire items were of the closed answer type, Likert scale, in 5 steps (Table 1).
Histogram
Mean = 3,09 Std. Dev. = 1,184 N = 45
2 3 4
Racing level evaluation Fig. 1. Professional players' level evaluation
Histogram
Mean = 2,67 Std. Dev. = 1 ,087 N = 45
2 3 4
Economic cost of tennis training
Fig. 2. Economic cost of tennis training
Histogram
2 3 4
Evaluation of media promotion of tennis
Fig. 3. Evaluation of media promotion of tennis
Mean = 3,49 Stcf. Dev. = 1 ,058
Histogram
1 2 3 4 5
Introducing tennis in schools curriculum
Fig. 4. Introducing tennis in schools' curriculum
Mean = 1,91 Std. Dev. = 1 ,311 N = 45
Statistical Analysis
For statistical analysis, computer software (Statistical Package for Social Sciences, Version 25.0 for Windows, IBM: 734f175c920b6217d39, Corp. 2019, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, Department of Physical Education and Sports) was used. After checking out the variables for normal distribution profile (by using the Shapiro-Wilk test) (Figs. 1-4), cross tabulation of data analysis was performed according to
the Pearson Chi-Square test [8, 13]. Significance was accepted at p < 0.05.
Results. Although two third of the participants believed that agonistic tennis in Greece is average of below average level, the very same sample considered sport facilities and coaches' knowledge above average level. The answers given to those three questions prompted us to examine the probable statistical relation between those apparently unmatched results. Thus, actual
research explored relation between the variable of "Professional players level evaluation" and three other variables:
a) The economic cost of training tennis in Greece,
b) The promotion of this sport by Greek media,
c) Introducing tennis at the standard school curriculum.
Records of the frequency of responders to the couple of questions "Professional players' level evaluation" and "Economic cost of tennis training in Greece" and their relationship is shown in the following cross-tabulation Table 2.
Statistical evaluation of the cross-tabulation Table 2 data by the Chi-square test revealed that there was no significant relation between those two parameters (p > 0.05), namely the variables are independent.
Records of the frequency of responders to the couple of questions "Professional players' level evaluation" and "Evaluation of media promotion of tennis" and their relationship is shown in the following cross-tabulation Table 3.
Statistical evaluation of the cross-tabulation Table 3 data by the Chi-square test revealed that there was no significant relation between those
two parameters (p > 0.05), namely the variables are independent.
Records of the frequency of responders to the couple of questions "Professional players' level evaluation" and "Introducing tennis in schools curriculum" and their relationship is shown in the following cross-tabulation Table 4.
Statistical evaluation of the cross-tabulation Table 4 data by the Chi-square test revealed that there was no significant relation between those two parameters (p > 0.05), namely the variables are independent.
Although none of the three parameters exhibited statistically significant correlation with the lack of agonistic tennis in Greece, the economic cost of tennis training seemed to be closer than the other two parameters to it (Tables 2-4). Those conclusions may drive a new research in the future.
Results were analyzed in categories regarding the athletes' beliefs about the quality of tennis in Greece, the potential of promotion of tennis and athletes in Greece, the quality of organization of tennis in Greece, the quality of tennis trainers in Greece and the ideal characteristics of trainings.
According to the young tennis players, the quality of agonistic and professional tennis in
Table 2
Professional players level evaluation and Economic cost of tennis training: Cross tabulation of data analysis according to the Pearson's Chi-Square Test (n = 45)
Economic cost of tennis training in Greece Total
i 2 3 4 5
Count 0 i 4 0 0 5
i Expected Count 0.б 1.9 1.7 0.4 0.4 5.0
% within Professional players level evaluation 0.0 20.0 s0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0
Count 0 5 i i i s
2 Expected Count 0.9 3.0 2.7 0.7 0.7 s.0
% within Professional players level evaluation 0.0 б2.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 100.0
Professional players level evaluation Count 3 3 7 2 i 1б
3 Expected Count i.s б.0 5.3 1.4 1.4 1б.0
% within Professional players level evaluation is.s is.s 43.s 12.5 б.З 100.0
Count i б 2 0 i 10
4 Expected Count i.i 3.s 3.3 0.9 0.9 10.0
% within Professional players level evaluation i0.0 б0.0 20.0 0.0 10.0 100.0
Count i 2 i i i б
5 Expected Count 0.7 2.3 2.0 0.5 0.5 б.0
% within Professional players level evaluation 16Л 33.3 1б.7 1б.7 1б.7 100.0
Count 5 17 15 4 4 45
Total Expected Count 5.0 17.0 15.0 4.0 4.0 45.0
% within Professional players level evaluation 11.i 37.s 33.3 s.9 s.9 100.0
Table 3
Professional players level evaluation and Evaluation of media promotion of tennis, Cross tabulation of data analysis according to the Pearson's Chi-Square Test (n = 45)
Evaluation of media promotion of tennis Total
1 2 3 4 5
Count 0 0 2 3 0 5
1 Expected Count 0.3 0.б 1.0 2.б 0.б 5.0
% within Professional players level evaluation 0.0 0.0 40.0 б0.0 0.0 100.0
Count 0 2 2 3 1 S
2 Expected Count 0.5 0.9 1.б 4.1 0.9 S.0
% within Professional players level evaluation 0.0 25.0 25.0 37.5 12.5 100.0
Professional players level evaluation Count 2 1 1 10 2 1б
3 Expected Count 1.1 1.S 3.2 S.2 1.S 1б.0
% within Professional players level evaluation 12.5 б.З б.З б2.5 12.5 100.0
Count 0 1 4 4 1 10
4 Expected Count 0.7 1.1 2.0 5.1 1.1 10.0
% within Professional players level evaluation 0.0 10.0 40.0 40.0 10.0 100.0
Count 1 1 0 3 1 б
5 Expected Count 0.4 0.7 1.2 3.1 0.7 б.0
% within Professional players level evaluation 1б.7 1б.7 0.0 50.0 1б.7 100.0
Count 3 5 9 23 5 45
Total Expected Count 3.0 5.0 9.0 23.0 5.0 45.0
% within Professional players level evaluation б.7 11.1 20.0 51.1 11.1 100.0
Table 4
Professional players level evaluation and Introducing tennis in schools curriculum, Cross tabulation of data analysis according to the Pearson's Chi-Square Test (n = 45)
Introducing tennis in schools curriculum Total
1 2 3 4 5
Count 3 1 0 1 0 5
1 Expected Count 3.0 0.б 0.7 0.4 0.3 5.0
% within Professional players level evaluation б0.0 20.0 0.0 20.0 0.0 100.0
Count 4 1 2 0 1 S
2 Expected Count 4.S 0.9 1.1 0.7 0.5 S.0
% within Professional players level evaluation 50.0 12.5 25.0 0.0 12.5 100.0
Professional players level evaluation Count 9 3 2 1 1 1б
3 Expected Count 9.б 1.S 2.1 1.4 1.1 1б.0
% within Professional players level evaluation 5б.З 1S.S 12.5 б.З б.З 100.0
Count 7 0 2 1 0 10
4 Expected Count б.0 1.1 1.3 0.9 0.7 10.0
% within Professional players level evaluation 70.0 0.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 100.0
Count 4 0 0 1 1 б
5 Expected Count З.б 0.7 0.S 0.5 0.4 б.0
% within Professional players level evaluation бб.7 0.0 0.0 1б.7 1б.7 100.0
Count 27 5 б 4 3 45
Total Expected Count 27.0 5.0 б.0 4.0 3.0 45.0
% within Professional players level evaluation б0.0 11.1 13.3 S.9 б.7 100.0
Greece is in the average (Fig. 1) and as far as popularity is concerned, tennis is believed to be rather popular in Greece, compared to other sports. The survey participants suggest that tennis is an expensive sport (Fig. 2).
Tennis and promotion
The survey participants believe that tennis is not promoted enough by press and electronic media (Fig. 3), while the opportunities for tennis players to be promoted are few. Teenagers tennis players agree that tennis needs to be supported and advertised by the media and the introduction of tennis in schools' curriculum would further increase the visibility of tennis in Greece (Fig. 4) [4].
Even though tennis facilities are evaluated as moderate, survey participants suggest that tennis Federation and coaching are the sectors that need more improvement. As far as the frequency of Tennis Federation tournaments is concerned, participants consider it satisfactory.
Coaching level in Greece is considered high. Coaching is rather demanding and tennis players prefer coaches who are experienced teachers, experienced professional tennis players and are certified teachers. Coaches with educational and psychology knowledge are preferred [22].
Daily trainings are ideal and the preferred number of players per class is two to three, even though some would rather train alone. Tennis players prefer being evaluated at least once a month and some of the participants suggest weekly evaluations. The theory of tennis should be taught during trainings because it is considered very useful and according to the participants, when learning tennis, engaging in sport is the main target.
Conclusions
Tennis and coaching
Tennis coaches have a cardinal role in the career of tennis players and the teenagers participating in the survey suggest that coaches should display a variety of characteristics. Apart from their educational role, coaches are expected to guide athletes in gaining a right attitude towards sport. Coaches may sometimes underestimate the difficulty of trainings and the trainees' fatigue and increase the organize difficult and exhausting training programs [3, 28]. In order to avoid misjudgments and the exposure of tennis players at risks, new tools have been developed that aid coaches in quantifying the efficiency of trainings and the needs of athletes [21]. Finally, literature suggests that coaches have a central role in keeping young tennis players committed
to the sport by structuring customized trainings and by reminding athletes that tennis is not a job, but a hobby as well [6, 14].
Introduction of tennis in schools Tennis players agree that children should be taught tennis at school. The sport would definitely benefit from this visibility and more children would be attracted to tennis. According to a study conducted in the Netherlands, it has been suggested that changes in the teenagers' environment (e.g. educational) have a negative impact on their commitment to the sport. Thus, the introduction of tennis at schools can keep young tennis players focused on the sport [6]. Tennis training
Even if tennis players may have a competitive nature, they agree that one of the most important aims during trainings is that of learning how to stay committed to sport and being disciplined. In this regard, coaches have a major role in teaching tennis players the not only tennis technique and theory, but also supporting them psychologically and giving them nutritional advice. Literature suggests that coaches are an important part of every athlete's life and can teach them how to keep concentrated and focused [5]. In this survey, tennis players agree that coaches should be certified trainers and would rather receive frequent feedback from their coach (at least once a month). This finding is supported by other studies as well. Frequent evaluations help tennis players remain concentrated on the target and improve their performance [17]. Tennis and organization According to this survey, tennis federation and coaching are the sectors that need more improvement. National tennis federations have a significant role in advertising the sport and in promoting tennis players in the country. Survey participants agree that the Federation should host more tennis events. Finally, tennis federations can also run public health campaigns in order to promote health through sport [11, 12].
Limitations and subjects for further study The restricted number of survey participants is a limitation to the study since there are not enough available data to in order to draw significant conclusions about the level of tennis in Greece. Moreover, there could be selection bias when conducting the survey in a tournament context. As far as a method is concerned, a qualitative survey with semi-structured interviews could help make better correlations between the characteristics of the survey participants (sex, age,
origin, socioeconomic background) and their opinion.
Finally, more descriptive parameters should have been used in order to evaluate the participants' view about the level of tennis in Greece.
As far as future studies are concerned, it would be interesting to extend the study to adult tennis players in Greece and compare the results of the survey. Another important field of study is that of wheelchair-accessibility of tennis facilities, since the interest in Paralympics tennis is increasing in Europe [23].
The survey gives some interesting suggestions about the trend of tennis in Greece. There are no significant discrepancies between the views of tennis agents, which were analyzed in a previous publication by the same researcher, and that of teenager tennis players regarding tennis in Greece. In both studies, participants suggest that tennis should be promoted in schools and by the media in order to increase the popularity and quality of the sport.
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Received 10 May 2020
УДК 796.342(495) DOI: 10.14529/hsm200314
РАЗВИТИЕ ТЕННИСА В ГРЕЦИИ: МНЕНИЕ ТЕННИСИСТОВ
В. Коронас
Частная школа Апостола Павла, г. Салоники, Греция
Цель. В последнее десятилетие теннис продолжает набирать свою популярность в Греции. Настоящее исследование направлено на изучение мнения игроков в теннис относительно данного вида спорта. Материалы и методы. Опрос проводился во время теннисного турнира среди юниоров, который проходил в Афинах (Греция) в марте 2019 года. Было опрошено 45 подростков, участвовавших в турнире. Участники опроса заполнили анкету, полученные статистические данные были проанализированы с помощью SPSS. Вопросы анкеты касались демографических характеристик, а также мнения подростков о развитии тенниса в Греции, предпочтениях в отношении тренеров по теннису, наличии возможностей для профессионального роста теннисистов в Греции, предпочтительных вариантах тренировок и взглядах теннисистов на состояние тенниса в Греции в целом.
Результаты. Уровень развития тенниса в Греции оценивается в промежутке от среднего до высокого. Качество работы тренеров также оценивается средне или высоко, при этомк тренерам предъявляется много требований с точки зрения обладания личными качествами и, по крайней мере, один раз в месяц спортсмены ожидают получение обратной связи от тренера. Теннис - дорогой вид спорта, который нуждается в рекламе в СМИ. Введение тенниса в рамках занятий физической культурой в школах позволило бы повысить популярность тенниса в Греции. Заключение. Для формирования представления о том, как развивается теннис в Греции, необходимо учитывать мнение молодых теннисистов, а также проводить опросы среди тренеров и агентов.
Ключевые слова: теннис, Греция, убеждения, уровень, оценка, теннисисты.
Коронас Василиос, Частная школа Апостола Павла, г. Салоники, Греция. E-mail: b.koronas@ yahoo.gr, ORCID: 0000-0001-6038-8164.
Поступила в редакцию 10 мая 2020 г.
ОБРАЗЕЦ ЦИТИРОВАНИЯ
FOR CITATION
Koronas, V. Evaluation of Agonistic Tennis in Greece: Tennis Players' Beliefs and Position / V. Koronas // Человек. Спорт. Медицина. - 2020. - Т. 20, № 3. -С. 119-128. DOI: 10.14529/hsm200314
Koronas V. Evaluation of Agonistic Tennis in Greece: Tennis Players' Beliefs and Position. Human. Sport. Medicine, 2020, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 119-128. DOI: 10.14529/hsm200314
