CC BY
5DOI 10.24412/1829-0450-2024-2-106-118 УДК 821.111/821.19
Поступила: 18.04.2024г. Сдана на рецензию: 19.04.2024г. Подписана к печати: 30.05.2024г.
EUROPEAN LITERATURE TRANSLATIONS PUBLISHED IN THE 19th CENTURY WESTERN ARMENIAN CHILDREN'S
PERIODICALS
V. Baloyan
Institute of Literature after M. Abeghyan of NAS of RA varduhi.baloyan@edu.isec. am ORCID: 0000-0001-5018-4045
ABSTRACT
The paper aims to study the role and influence of translated literature in late 19th century Western Armenian children's periodicals Yerkragount, Bourastan mankants, and Tsaghik mankants. The main objective is to identify, analyze and document translated content for juvenile readers. Efforts have been made to identify the sources of translations, distinguish between reprints, direct and mediated translations and adaptations. Current study is the continuation of our extensive research on the translated juvenile literature in the Armenian periodicals before the Soviet era. While it's important to recognize the limitations of information flow and access during the 19th century, it's worth mentioning that Armenian communities in more cosmopolitan areas had large access to foreign language publications through the network of Armenian publishers, literary and diplomatic connections, trade routes, and missionaries. Methodology used in this study involves both qualitative and quantitative analyses, as well as historical approach. Comparative analysis was performed to distinguish between reprints and individual translations. Overall, the research showed that translated literature shaped the literary and social environment of Armenian and European communication and contributed to the dissemination and preservation of the global literary heritage albeit with some content advocating for compliance and obedience. Keywords: periodical, translation, children's literature, Armenian.
1. Introduction
The object of our study is the analysis of the translated literature featured in Yerkragount, Bourastan mankants, and Tsaghik mankants. There is still little research on the translated content of periodical literature, and current research enhances our comprehension of Armenian translations on the experiences of young readers by offering valuable perspectives on cross-cultural communication and translation practices. Armenian communities in more cosmopolitan areas had wide access to foreign language publications facilitated through diverse channels, including literary and diplomatic connections, the network of Armenian publishers, trade
routes, and missionary activities. Through internet research and source tracing, we were able to identify original works of translations and gathered comprehensive information on translated literature.
The Union Catalog of Armenian Continuing Resources was our primary source to access the digitized Armenian periodical press. The availability of big data enabled us to conduct cross-cultural comparison, identify adapted and modified works through direct and mediation translation sources. To enhance the depth of the research, we integrated information on translated periodical literature from diverse digital platforms, foreign language articles and on-line catalogs.
2. Yerkragount's journey through cultures
Yerkragount (1870-1871) was a weekly periodical founded in 1870 in Constantinople by Minas Cheras, a graduate of Noubar Shahnazaryan college in memory of their teacher Karabed Shahnazaryan. A predecessor to Yerkragount was the journal Ercragoond published in Manchester. Shahnazaryan ran an Armenian language newspaper Ercragoond (as rendered on the newspaper's header next to the Armenian title) in Manchester between 1863-1864. Thirty-one issues of the periodical became available to modern researchers through digitization. The periodical was "Registered at the General Post-Office for Transmission abroad". It is also included in the British Museum's Catalogue of Printed Books. The full note runs as follows; "British Museum. Catalogue of Printed Books. Supplement. Ercragoond. No. 2-25. March 14-Aug 30, 1864". Newspapers Published in Great Britain and Ireland 1801-1900, London, Printed by William Clowes and Sons, Limited, Duke Street, Stamford Street, SE, and Greta Windmill Street, W. 1905" [1]. Manchester's Ercragoond is also mentioned in Tercentenary Handlist of English & Welsh Newspapers (1920, 249), with the following notes, "Ercragoond. No. 2-25. March 14-Aug. 30, 1864" (Manchester) [2]. The digital copy is available in the Armenian online catalog [3].
Following its mission, Yerkragount of Constantinople focused on both world and national literature. It expressed a commitment to selecting works that would contribute to moral and intellectual development of Armenian juvenile readers, often opting for content that captured the essence rather than literal translations. The periodical only had 52 issues and discontinued in 1871.
Yerkragount offered a diverse literary repertoire for children, including translations from such remarkable writers as Lafontaine and Krylov. Translations of Krylov's fables, such as "The Geese" ("Гуси", «ишдЬр»), The Barrel ("Бочка", <^шЦшп»), The Elephent and the Pug ("Слон и Моська", «Ф^ц U pnpnm»), The Raven and the Fox ("Ворона и Лисица", «Идпшг. U шцпъЫ»), The Monkey and the Spectacles ("Мартышка и очки", «Чшщ^Ц U шЦЬпд»), The Strangers and the
Dogs, ("Прохожие и Собаки", «UUgnpqp U 2ntUp»), "The Ass and the Nightingale" ("Осёл и Соловей", «t2 U ип^шЦ»), and numerous others were offered to the young readers. In a subsequent statement accompanying the publications of these fables, the periodical specified that 'they had been composed by a Russian writer named Krilov, with Gabriel Ayvazovski identified as the translator who tried to remain faithful to the spirit and message of the fables' [4].
One of the most notable works of Lafontaine published in the periodical was "The Town Mouse and the Country Mouse" («£шцр^и Unt^p U ипъЦр») [5], translated into Armenian by A. Nersisyan. We may assume that it is a direct translation of Lafontaine's "Le Rat de ville et le Rat des champs" (1668).
An interesting aspect about the periodical's translation policy was that the editors included numerous translated articles about famous inventions and biographies of inventors, writers and philosophers. One such example is demonstrated by the article dedicated to the contributions of American entrepreneur Gustavus Franklin Swift (1839-1903). Another similar instance was the translation of writings of Andrew Combe, particularly from his work A Treatise On Physiological and Moral Management of Infancy [6], a comprehensive guide on the care, development, and upbringing of infants. Combe's contributions have been vital in the evolution of children's literature as unique genre, because they recognized the emotional and psychological differences between children and adults.
Other series of translations featured biographies and works of American pedagogue, politician, and educational reformist Horace Mann, philosopher Confucius, English civil engineers George Stephenson and Robert Stephenson and Scottish philosopher and economist Adam Smith.
Yerkragount's editors collaborated with periodicals in the Armenian communities of Eastern Armenia, Russia, European countries, and Jerusalem. An example of similar cooperation was represented through reprints of series of articles titled "Virtuous and Polite Gentleman" («ипшр^и^ rn. ршцшршЦ^рр цшшшЬ^»)
[7], credited to have been reprinted from periodical Sion of Jerusalem (1866-1877)
[8], where the articles were published between 1868 and 1869. Upon further examination, we found out that the articles had already been published in Bazmavep's 1860 issues, through volumes 12-18. Bazmavep attributed the authorship to the Italian historian and novelist Cesare Cantu (1804-1895), and acknowledged "Il Galan-tuomo" (1838) as the primary source [9].
To summarize Yerkragount's contributions, it is worth mentioning that "Yerkragount's Program" included sections dedicated to General, National, and Foreign Literature, highlighting its focus on translated literary works. Regarding the latter, the editors wrote:
Отлшр шqqшд дршЦшЬпьррьииЬркЬ д]]иштршщЫ ш]Ъ ршЬЬрр щршр
шпЬпьЬр, npnhp пр рршщЫ ЦрЬшЬ 11щшитЬ[ libp ршрщшЦшЬ U
liwiumipiuliiu) qiupqiugihu).... 3iui]u munhg p)i}wpAwl[ pwnwljw) piupqiiiu)ntphni)p inhq pnliu)qiuljntpJit))Ji) iqpwp qinhbhp hiu-WiunomJiL:
From foreign literature we will mainly take those things which are really capable of contributing to the moral and intellectual development.... Oftentimes instead of large wordfor word translations, we will provide brief content [10].
3. Bourastan mankants (1882-1888)
Nshan Berberian, a prominent engraver from Constantinople, is the founder of this periodical. Bourastan mankants was launched in 1882, following the footsteps of earlier children's periodicals Yerkragount and Tadron. barekam mankants.
Bourastan's translations included works from notable figures like Hugo, Longfellow, Byron, Dickens, Lafontaine, Krilov and Andersen, among others. It was quite common for Bourastan's editors to acknowledge the contributions of both the original authors and the translators, even as the titles of the translated works underwent transformations. The translators occasionally adapted titles but ensured the authorship and the translator were acknowledged.
Notable translations from English language sources included an adaptation from Charles Dickens' famous novel A Child's History of England [11]. The Armenian title of the adapted story was "The White Ship" («U^mml "brnLp»), translated by Mihran Varpetyan [12]. Byron's Farewell of Childe Harold [13] was another significant offering, translated by Vahan Antonyan.
On the same note, Bourastan introduced readers to the Armenian translation of the English story The Gate Without a Latch [14], C. P. Tilperyan being credited as the translator. Other interesting example included; "The King and the Thief' Id-mqiuuipp hi qnijb) [15] which is a popular children's tale available in various juvenile collections and cultures; "V. Huko and the Miller" («H. Z^L^n hi. gmimg^m))») [16] translated from English by M. C. Mozyan, originally taken from the British weekly magazine Tit-Bits. The tale "The Monkey with Glasses" U ml)ng») is another tale translated from English with Tit-Pits credited as the source.
"The Barber of Baghdad" («^mimmmm. urn^p^)») [17] translated into English by Ephrosine Malkhasian, presented another noteworthy addition to the translated repertoire of the periodical. The title "The Barber of Baghdad" is identical with that of a tale from "One Hundred and One Nights". Although sharing the same title, our investigation revealed a different plot. We identified a parallel narrative, matching that of "The Woodcutter and the Barber", a popular children's story worldwide. Our subsequent research led us to an article in the Hairenik periodical of Boston, featuring a tale with the title The "Adventures of Hajji Baba" [18]. The opening was similar to Bourastan's tale. Hairenik credited the author as
James Morier (James Justinian Morier (1782-1849), known for his series of Hajji Baba. We may assume that Morier's tale was disseminated through various sources and Bourastan's translation originated from one of them. The editors' decision to alter the title to echo "One Hundred and One Nights" perhaps aimed at resonating more with Armenian readers.
3.1 A Glimpses into content and motives
The translated content of Bourastan mankants comprised a significant portion of works with a prevalent motif aiming at fostering tolerance, obedience, and forgiveness, ideas that may appear at odds with the daily realities of Armenian children living on their own homeland under foreign occupation. The inclusion of such content, though not directly within the scope of our research, prompts questions regarding potential influences from missionary propaganda. Alternatively, it raises the thought that publishers, in their endeavors to maximize Armenian-language content, may have chosen to incorporate not only materials of their own consideration, but also those readily accessible from other periodicals.
A similar motif can be traced in "The Jewel of Great Price " («^mU^mq^U qnhmphqtUp») [19], which has identical narrative with "The Rich Man Had Three Sons". The message conveyed in the tale is to love their enemies and bless them. This same work had been published in the missionary periodical Avetaber Tghayots under the title «UqmdmUqhmj UmmmU^U» [A Diamond Ring] [20]. Turkish is mentioned as the source language. The content is identical, but the translations originated from a different source. The central message conveyed is blind obedience as well as love for the enemy.
"The Happy Man" («bpgrnhjili ifiupi») [21] is another tale that can be described within this context. This particular tale is a well-known Irish story, although some sources attribute it to the Italian folklore, with some variations in content. Within the periodical, there is no information provided regarding the translation or adaptation of this tale. However, it can be inferred that "The Happy Man" represents a free translation with a certain ideological orientation, blending multiple motifs. While an identical version matching this particular translation hasn't been identified, some popular variants of the story reveal distinctions with the Armenian interpretation. In Italian, Irish, Norse and other folk traditions, the boy is characterized as smart and ambitious, seeking rewards and even royalty for his deeds. Through various tricks and clever jokes, Taper Tom eventually marries the princess and acquires half of the kingdom. This version is recorded in the collection Norske Folkeeventyr Ny Samling by Norwegian writer Peter Christen Asbj0rnsen (18121885), translated into English in 1874 by George Dasent in Tales from the Fjeld. In Italian Popular Tales the tale The Shepherd Who Made the Princess Laugh (recorded by Thomas Frederick Crane (1844-1927), features the shepherd, known for his wit, who makes the princess laugh and eventually marries her. There's also a
version known as Hans who made the princess laugh. These narratives correspond to ATU 559, a type of tale involving "Making the Princess Laugh or ATU 571 corresponding to the theme "All Stick Together". However, in the Armenian adaptation, while the shepherd aids others selflessly, he refuses riches and nobility. Instead, he opts to marry a simple village girl and persists in his humble occupation as a shepherd.
"The Bad Boy" («.2iup inqiu)») is a moralistic story translated from French by Shapyugha, and Zaruhi Ghlianosian in Sebastia (an Armenian city, modern day Sivas occupied by Modern Turkey). The content of the story is full of propaganda of obedience [22].
Moving forward we explore an interesting story titled "An Anniversary" («SiuphqiupA dp») featured across several issues of Bourastan. The story evolves around the impoverished Daniel Sullivan family and his children. The exact English version wasn't identified but we know that it is the story of Sullivan family from Ireland who settled in Virginia. The closest match was found in the German newspaper Neue Fliegende, where the story is titled "Aus der Vergangenheit" [23]. According to the source, the story is based on French by Stafle, the German being translated by Louis Gauthier. While the preface differs, the entire subsequent text closely aligns with the story Bourastan introduced to the Armenian readers.
In later editions, the readers encountered a series of legends related to the famous German mountain Brocken and the settlement of Ilsestein, titled as ^pn^h) in Western Armenian [24]. The tale is presented as a French translation. While Goethe also delved into this theme in "Faust", the exact source for Armenian text remains unknown. French was mentioned as the source language.
A beautiful poem titled "The Eagle and the Dove" (« Upbpi) ht mpwiwi)») was offered through the Mozyan's translation [25]. This work is based on Goethe's poem Adler und Taube, first published in 1825.
A considerable number of works were credited to be translations from French. "A Woodcutter's Dream" («Qmjwwhmwp dp hpiuqp») [26] is based on the story known as Le Toucher d'Or or The Golden Touch, the story revolving around King Midas. As usual, the newspaper imparts a moralistic message, encouraging readers to contemplate their desires and be content with their circumstances.
Sleeping Alcove on the Moon («Dpdm) fonp2 djiup2iuinLup)») is a beautiful translation of Victor Hugo's poem Une alcove au soleil levant, translated by Alex. Panossian [27].
There is an popular novel titled "The Captain's Dog" («"brnLrn^hm^ 2nt)p») published in all the volumes of 1882 edition. Through hard efforts we were able to trace the origin of the novel, with the original title Le Chien du Capitaine (1880) written by French journalist, novelist and translator Louis Enault (1824-1900) [28]. The Armenian translation is done from the original given the relevance with the
original French text and the translation of names similar to the French pronunciation. It is one of the first translations of the work and was published barely two years after the original publication.
"Father's Promise" («¿op ^numntlp») [29] shares with the Armenian reader the story of a little American schoolgirl and her father. There is an identical English story titled "Trust in Her Father". It is possible that this work represents a mediated translation, English being the original language and Armenian translation being done from French. Notably, this story originates from the book Nature's Mighty Wonders by Rev. Dr. Richard Newton, D.D. (1813-1887) who was considered by many "the king of children's sermons"[30].
2.3 Building a Network
Like its predecessor Yerkragount, Bourastan mankants maintained an extensive network, connecting with cities and print houses to source its materials. Bour-astan often referenced periodicals Sion, Masis, Bazmavep, and Arevelyan Mamoul, showcasing its interconnectedness with contemporary publications. Remarkably, it established a partnership with the Saint Nicolas children's periodical in Paris, exemplifying how these publications succeeded in collaboration. French magazine La Nature was also among those, whose articles were translated by Bouranstan's translators. Same can be said about English periodicals, Tit-Bits and Pall-Mall, among others. The periodical didn't limit itself to translating stories but also incorporated diverse literary works, including fiction and essays about historical figures such as James White, Columbus, and Robert Fulton. These additions provided young readers with a well-rounded education and a glimpse into the world beyond their own.
3. Tsaghik Mankants. Cultural Exchange and educational content
Tsaghik mankants (1889-1893) arose as a continuation of Bourastan man-kants. This transition marked the beginning of theoretical discussions and an increasing focus on children's and youth literature within Armenian publications. The editorial team of Tsaghik mankants aimed to maintain continuity with Bourastan mankants. The editor, Nshan K. Perperian, also indicated that they would continue collaborating with Bourastan's translators. The periodical continued its role in the integration of global literature. It facilitated cultural exchange by occasionally including reprints from Armenian-language periodicals, such as Handes Amsorea of Vienna. These reprints contributed to a sense of collaboration and cross-promotion among Armenian periodicals. Tsaghik Mankants maintained a wide circle of correspondence with cities around the world, including New York, USA, Saint Petersburg and Pyatigorsk (Russia), Alexandropol (modern Gyumri in Eastern Armenia), and others. The periodical also advertised newly published translations, showcasing
works like Victor Hugo's Les Misérables in Armenian, emphasizing their significance as valuable contributions to Armenian literature.
3.1 Language and Educational Content
Tsaghik Mankants had a notable section dedicated to education, which featured content aimed at various age groups. The periodical occasionally presented parallel translations, offering linguistic comparisons and exercises to further enhance language proficiency. These translations were sourced from authors like Jean Racine, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Charles Paul de Kock, and Jack de La Fontaine, John Milton and Larousse. The texts of Larousse were often used for similar translation practices with their Armenian translations done by Perperian, e.g. Hoghag-orc 'n ew ir vordiq [Le laboureur et ses enfants] [31]. Similar translation experience is featured with English content as well and we again find Milton's Paradise Lost showcased with parallel translation [32].
Sections such as Children's Entertainment («UmU^m^mU qnLmp^m^p» and Scientific Walk («^mm^mU qpoumUp») were continuously included into the periodical featuring contributions, mainly by the editor and translator Mozyan. These sections did not often cite the sources of the translations. In the early issues of the periodical, translated stories played a prominent role. Notably, excerpts from Paul Arène's "The Nativity " were published [33]. The Nativity was originally part of Arene's work "Contes de Noël", published in Paris in 1879 [34]. From Lafontaine's fables we identified «Lm^mumm^U ht ^phmjU» [The Hare and the Tortoise] [35] and «UnL^^U, mpjnpU nL ^mmntU» [The Mouse, the Rooster and the Cat], translated by Khanjyan [36].
Tsaghik mankants continued into religious and spiritual content, featuring translations that delved into similar topics. "Half the Profit" («CmhntU ^tup») translated from English by K. Yacobyan [37] was also featured in earlier publication of Bourastan mankants [38]. As we compare both texts, we may assume that they were from identical source, however, the translators and Armenian wording are not identical. "Half the profit" and its various adaptations are popular to this date and appears in many English texts for educational purposes.
Another example of English translation with moralistic motif is the tale "You get what you deserve" (« LlmU hmwnLgmif») [39], where the boy offered the dog some bread and subsequently stroke him with his arm. A neighbor who saw this, offered the boy silver coins and hit him immediately as the boy reached out for them. The story was translated by Alex Shaklyan from an uncredited source.
We can conclude that through its translations and diverse content and despite occasional controversial and unwanted motives of propaganda, the periodical opened doors to the world of international literature for young Armenian readers. It served not only as a source of entertainment but also as a valuable educational
tool, contributing to language development, translation skills and cultural awareness.
Conclusion
The exploration of Armenian children's literature through translations reveals a diverse network of global influences and intellectual crossroads. The chapters presented herein delved into the intricate world of Armenian periodicals - Yerkra-gount, Bourastan mankants and Tsaghik mankants, - shedding light on their translated content and collective role in shaping the literary landscape for Armenian youth.
In Yerkragount we uncovered a cultural bridge that connected Armenian readers to European children's literature. The intellectual prowess of the translators ensured that these stories were not just mere renditions but living adaptations. This exchange of stories allowed Armenian children to delve into the enchanting world of classics, fostering an enduring love for literature.
Bourastan mankants emerged as a pioneering periodical that undertook the herculean task of introducing Armenian readers to English tales of adventure and fantasy. The translations within these pages carried young Armenians far and wide, instilling a sense of wonder, moral lessons, and the spirit of exploration. This periodical played a significant role in defining the nature of children's literature in Armenia.
Tsaghik mankants built on the foundation laid by Bourastan mankants. It became a cornerstone in the development of theoretical issues in children's and youth literature. Through its translated content from French, English, and Russian sources, Tsaghik mankants expanded the horizons of young Armenian readers. These translations did more than convey stories.
As we traverse the landscape of Armenian children's literature, it becomes evident that these periodicals provided invaluable windows into foreign cultures, with some topics promoting obedience and tolerance.
In closing, the exploration of these Armenian periodicals highlighted the enduring influence of European children's literature, the power of translation, and the promise of modern tools to bridge gaps, fostering a more interconnected literary world.
ЛИТЕРАТУРА
1. Каталог печатных книг в Библиотеке Британского Музея. 1801-1900. No. 2-25. March
14-Aug 30, 1864. С. 148 [режим доступа: https://archive.org/details/catalogueprinte00-
musegoog/page/n6/mode/2up, дата обращения: 05.12.2023].
2. Список трехсотлетних английских и yeльских газет, журналов и обзоров. 1620-1920,
C. 249 [Tercentenary Handlist of English & Welsh Newspapers, Magazines & Reviews].
[Эл. Ресурс] [режим доступа: https://archive.org/details/tercentenaryhand00mudduoft:
15.12.2023].
3. Все выпуски газеты «Еркрагунт» [режим доступа: http://tert.nla.am/mamul/Yrkra-gund/NLA.html, дата обращения: 28.10.2023]
4. Еркрагунд, 1870. С. 723. [Эл. ресурс]. [режим доступа: https://tert.nla.am/archive/NLA-%20AMSAGIR/Erkragunt/1870/46.pdf, дата обращения: 05.12.2023].
5. Мышь деревенская и мышь городская [Qaghqin mowky' ew dashtin mowky'] // Еркрагунт. 1870. T. 15. С. 240.
6. Комб А. Трактат о физиологическом и моральном управлении младенчества. 1846. [Эл. ресурс]. [режим доступа: https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/bookviewer?PID=nlm:nl-muid-101506229-bk [дата обращения: 05.03.2024].
7. Канту Ч. Добродетельный и цивилизованный Юноша [Araqini Ev Qaghaqakirt Patani]. Еркрагунт. 1870. T. 49. CC. 777-781.
8. Канту Ч. Добродетельный и цивилизованный юноша [Araqini Ev Qaghaqakirt Patani] // Сион. 1869. T. 1. CC. 15-20.
9. Канту Ч. Благородный человек [Il Galantuomo]. Флoренция. 1838.
10. Содержание Еркрагунда [Erkragntin p'rokramy'] // "Yerkragount". 1870. Т. 40. С. 625.
11. Диккенс Ч.Д. История Англии для юных. 1852, Т. 1. СС. 120-126.
12. Белый корабль [Spitak Navy] // «Еркрагунт». 1885, Т. 8. СС. 126-128.
13. Байрон Д.Г. Прощание Чайльд-Гарольда [Chaylt Hery'lti Hrajheshty'] // Бурастан манканц, 1886. T. 14. СС. 216-217.
14. Ворота без задвижки [Ar'anc dr'np'aki dowr' my]. (1886). Бурастан манканц. T. 13. СС. 195-196.
15. Вор и король [Goghn ew arqayn] // «Бурастан манканц». 1886. T. 13. СС. 194-195.
16. Гюго В. и мельник [V. Hyuko and Jaghatspann] // «Бурастан манканц», 1887. T. 17. С. 260.
17. Багдадский цирюльник. [Paghtatow Sap'richn] (1887). «Бурастан манканц». Т. 7. СС. 99100.
18. Мориер Д.Д. Приключения Хаджи Бабы [Haji papayi arkac'nery'] // «Айреник». 1927, июнь 29. T. 19, н. 4610.
19. Драгоценный камень [T'ankagin gohareghe'ny']. «Бурастан манканц». 1883. T. 14. С. 210.
20. Кольцо с бриллиантом [Adamandea Matani]. (1882). «Аветабер тгайоц». T. 8. С. 30-31.
21. Счастливый человек [Erjanik mard] // «Бурастан манканц». 1882. T. 2. С. 28.
22. Плохой мальчик [Char' tghan] // «Бурастан манканц». 1883. T. 6. СС. 82-83.
23. Готье Л. Из прошлого [Aus der Vergangenheit] // "Neue Fliegende". 1882. T. 4. С. 378381/ [Эл. Ресурс]. [режим доступа: https://books.google.am/books id=qvOP2wOn5xoC-&hl=hy&pg=PA378#v=onepage&q&f=false [дата обращения: 05.02.2024].
24. Брокен [Proken] // Бурастан манканц. 1885. T. 11. СС. 174-175.
25. Орел и голубь [Arc'iwn ew aghawneakn] // «Бурастан манканц». 1888. T. 6. СС. 85-86.
26. Мечта лесоруба [Paytahati my'Yerazy'] // «Бурастан манканц». 1885. T. 9. СС. 133-134.
27. Гнездо под восходящим солнцем [Nnjman xorsh m'yarshalowsin] // «Бурастан манканц». 1883. T. 9. С. 130.
28. Эно Л. Капитанская собака [Le Chien du Capitaine]. 1880. Париж: «Либрер Ашет». СС. 162-163.
29. Обещание отца. [Ho'r Xostowmy'] // «Бурастан манканц». 1883. T. 11. СС. 162-163.
30. Ньютон Р. Могущественные чудеса природы. Нью Йорк. 1872. СС. 112-115.
31. Пахарь и его дети. [Hoghagorc'n ew ir vordiq] // «Цагик манканц». 1891. T. 1. С. 11.
32. Мильтон Д. Д. Потерянный рай. [Draxt Koruseal] // «Цахик манканц». 1881. T. 2. СС. 25-27.
33. Рождественские истории. [C'nndean patmowt'iwny']. «Цагик манканц». 1889. T. 1. СС. 2-3.
34. Арен П. Рождественские сказки. Париж, 1879.
35. Заяц и черепаха [Napastakn ow kreayn] // Цахик манканц. 1890. T. 14. С. 214.
36. Мышь, Петух и Кот [Mowkikn, aqlom ow katown]// Цахик манканц. 1890. T. 18. СС. 286-288.
37. Половина прибыши. [Shahoon kesy'] // Цахик манканц. 1890. T. 10. СС. 150-152.
38. Половина прибыши [Shahoon kesy'] // Бурастан манканц. 1885. T. 7. С. 99.
39. По заслугам [Nman hatoutsum] // Цагик манканц. 1890. T. 11. С. 168.
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ПЕРЕВОДЫ ЕВРОПЕЙСКОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ В ДЕТСКИХ ПЕРИОДИЧЕСКИХ ИЗДАНИЯХ ЗАПАДНОЙ АРМЕНИИ XIX-ГО ВЕКА В.А. Балоян
Институт литературы имени М. Абегяна НАН РА АННОТАЦИЯ
В данной статье рассмотривается влияние переводной литературы в западноармянских детских периодических изданиях конца XX века - таких, как Еркрагунт, Бурастан манканц, Цагик манканц. Основная цель исследования заключается в выявлении, анализе и документировании переведенного содержания для юного читателя. Были исследованы источники переводов, различеные репринты, прямые и опосредованные переводы и адаптации. Настоящее исследование является продолжением нашего исследования переводной детской литературы в армянской периодической печати досоветского периода. Хотя важно признать ограничения потока информации и доступа в XIX веке, стоит упомянуть, что армянские общины в более космопо-
литических регионах имели широкий доступ к публикациям на иностранных языках через сеть армянских издателей, литературные и дипломатические связи, торговые пути и через миссионеров. Методология, использованная в этом исследовании, включает качественный и количественный анализ, а также исторический подход. Был проведен сравнительный анализ, чтобы отличить репринты от отдельных переводов. В целом, исследование показало, что переводная литература сформировала литературную и социальную среду армяно-европейского общения и способствовала распространению и сохранению мирового литературного наследия. Ключевые слова: периодика, перевод, детская литература, армянский язык.
