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02020, Scienceline Publication
World sVeterinary Journal
World Vet J, 10(4): 597-601, December 25, 2020
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2020.wvj71
Epidemiological Assessment of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia in Central Tanzania
Mngumi S*1, Makungu S2, and Mdetele D1
1 Zonal Veterinary Centre, P.O. Box 1752 Dodoma,Tanzania.
2 Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries P. O. Box 2870 Dodoma, Tanzania
Corresponding author's Email: sbmngumi@yahoo.com; ©orcId; 0000-0002-6263-7539 ABSTRACT
A retrospective study was conducted to determine the epidemiology of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) in the Central Zone of Tanzania. The present study used data from archived information of Central Zone Veterinary Centre (CZVC) for the past five years in the forms of weekly, monthly, and slaughterhouse reports, as well as Event Mobile Application (EMA-i) reports submitted to the zone. The present study found that out of 14 Local Government Authorities (LGAs) in the Central Zone,10 reported the disease in the past five years. Moreover, 56, 426, and 11147cases were reported as deaths, and the cattle at risk respectively. Therefore, 3.8%, 13%, and 0.5%were reported as CBPP prevalence, case fatality rate, and mortality rate, respectively. It was also revealed that there was a clear temporal pattern of CBPP occurrence, with more cases being reported between August to December. In conclusion, CBPP was a seasonal problem in Central Tanzania. Therefore, the present research recommended the strengthening of control measures against this disease in the central zone of Tanzania. In order to be able to assess the actual burden of the disease on-site, this extensive study must be carried out, since the parameters obtained during the study were lower compared to the situation on-site.
Keywords: Central zone, Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, Prevalence and distribution INTRODUCTION
Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP), is a significant constraint to cattle production throughout sub-Saharan Africa (Wakgari et al., 2018). The causative agent of CBPP is Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides (small colony), which is transmitted through direct contact. Clinically, CBPP is characterized by three forms, including pre-acute, acute, and chronic forms. Temporary, obvious infections and the presence of persistently infected animals with the encapsulated infected sequestra are features of chronic CBPP that promote further spread of the disease (Di Provvido et al., 2017). In 2015, 45 Local Government Authorities (LGAs) reported CBPP in mainland Tanzania, in which a total of 3795 cattle were infected and 706 of them died. Since 2013, the government has spent 1,835,166,910.00 Tanzanian shillings (over USD 1,000,000) to purchase 15,185,800 doses of CBPP vaccines, resulting in national and economic losses (Matthew et al., 2016). The present study aimed to describe the status and seasonality of CBPP in the Central Zone of Tanzania, and necessary information is needed to combat the disease in the zone and the country in general.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Ethical approval
The present research has been conducted in accordance with ethical principles issued by the Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries in Tanzania, under the Animal Welfare Act (No. 19, 2008).
Study area
The study was conducted in central Tanzania, the zone that consisted of two administrative regions, Dodoma and Singida, which have 14 LGAs. The geographical coverage of the zone was approximately 48653.3 km2 (Dodoma 41,310 km2and Singida 7,343.3 km2) with a cattle population of 3.6 Million (Figure 1).
Study design
In this retrospective study design, archived data from CZVC, which were collected and used in the study in the last five years (From January 2014 to December 2018). Weekly, monthly, abattoir, and Event Mobile Application (EMA-i) reports were used. The key variables retrieved were case reports, the population at risk, death reports, region, LGA name, village names, geo-coordinates, and observation date.
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Data analysis and management
The data retrieved were entered and managed in Microsoft Excel sheets, and checked for completeness before analysis (Data cleaning). Descriptive and analytical statistics were done using Microsoft Excel and Quantum GIS software, which were used for mapping using recorded coordinates of LGAs with which CBPP was reported.
Prevalence, mortality and case fatality analysis
The prevalence of CBPP was calculated using the Prevalence formula (P: n//N), where P is the prevalence, n is the number of sick animals in a specific place and at a specific time, and N is the population at risk at the same time (Joffe et al., 2011). Mortality (crude) was calculated by dividing the number of cattle that died during the referenced period by the population at risk over the same period (Chaudhary et al., 2013). Case fatality was estimated by dividing the number of cattle died from CBPP by the number of cases (Ghani et al., 2005).
Figure 1. Districts of the study area in Tanzania consisted of two administrative regions (Dodoma and Singida)
RESULTS
During the five-year period from 2014 to 2018, a total of 426 CBPP cases and 56 deaths were reported in both regions. There was a variable number of CBPP cases each year. A total of 56 deaths due to CBPP were reported during the same period. Table 1 indicates that the maximum number of cases per year was 128, and the minimum was 23 cases.
Prevalence of contagious bovine pleoropneumonia
In total of10 out of 14 LGAs reported the disease in the past five years. The overall prevalence of CBPP was 3.8% (426/11147). In contrast, mortality was 0.5% (56/11147), while case fatality was 13% (56/426). The number of affected districts, cases, deaths and population at risk for each year from 2014 to2018 is shown in Table 1.
Mortality and case fatality from contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
The mortality rate of CBPP was 0.5% (56/11147) reported from eight districts, while two districts reported no mortality despite reporting CBPP cases (Table 1). The case fatality of the disease was estimated at 13% (56/426).
Distribution of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in central Tanzania
The temporal and spatial pattern of the CBPP over the five years is shown in Figure 2 andFigure 3. The disease appeared to be distributed in many parts of the zone with the exception of Singida urban, Mkalama, and Ikungi. Further outbreaks were observed between August and December.
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To cite this paper: Mngumi S, Makungu S and Mdetele D (2021). Epidemiological Assessment of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia in Central Tanzania. World Vet. J., 10 (4): 597-601. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2020.wvj71
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Outbreaks of CBPP in the Central Zone of Tanzania, from 2014 to 2018
2018 —*—2017 —£—2016 —■—2015 —»—2014
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January February March April May June July August September October November December
Months
Figure 2. Time distribution of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia cases reported in Central Tanzania from 2014 to 2018
Figure 3. Spatial distribution of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia cases in central Tanzania from 2014 to 2018
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Table 1. The number of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia cases and deaths reported in Central Tanzania from 2014 to
2018
Year Affected districts Population at risk Cases (%) Deaths (%)
2014 4 1646 113 (6.8) 22 (1.3)
2015 4 748 100 (13) 10 (1.3)
2016 6 2508 62 (2.5) 13 (0.5)
2017 2 2454 23 (0.9) 2 (0.1)
2018 5 3791 128 (3.4) 9 (0.2)
Total 11147 426 (3.8) 56 (0.5)
Table 1. Distribution of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia cases in districts of the Central Tanzania from 2014 to
2018
District Population at risk Cases (%) Deaths (%)
Bahi 358 68 (19) 10 (2.8)
Chamwino 105 14(13) 3 (2.9)
Chemba 288 35 (12) 3 (1)
Dodoma urban 211 3 (1.4) 1 (0.5)
Kondoa 915 19 (2.1) 0 (0)
Kongwa 104 5 (4.8) 1(1)
Mpwapwa 7463 184 (2.5) 9 (0.1)
Iramba 19 1 (5.3) 0 (0)
Itigi 183 7(3.8) 1 (0.5)
Manyoni 1501 90 (6) 28 (1.9)
Total 11147 426 (3.8) 56 (0.5)
DISCUSSION
The overall prevalence, mortality, and case fatality of CBPP in the present study was3.8%, 0.5%, and 13%, respectively, which were lower compared to other studies. In a fully susceptible population, morbidity and mortality due to CBPP are always higher (Abdela and Yune, 2017). This low prevalence, mortality, and case fatality rate could be due to the endemicity of the disease or under-reporting of LGAs. Hence, few CBPP cases and deaths were reported to the central zone office. The present study demonstrated that a total of ten LGAs reported CBPP in the central Tanzania in the past five years, including Iramba, Itigi, Manyoni, Bahi, Chamwino, Kondoa, Kongwa, Mpwapwa, Chemba, and Dodoma. On the other hand, the remaining four LGAs of central zone did not report this disease for the entire period of the past five years; including Singida Municipal, Singida rural, Mkalama, and Ikungi. The possible explanation for some LGAs reporting CBPP while others didnot, could be that some LGAs with good technical veterinary professionals were effective compared to others, that they had good reporting tendencies than others. Therefore, it seemed like some LGAs have more CBPP cases than others. These differences in CBPP cases between LGAs in Central Tanzania could also be due to understaffing or inability of farmers to recognize CBPP cases which were compounded by syndromic nature of this disease, as many cases go unnoticed (Swai et al., 2013). The results indicated that there was a clear temporal pattern of CBPP outbreaks in the central Tanzania, with more CBPP outbreaks reported between August and December compared to other seasons (Figure 2). These results were in consistent with the results of a study conducted in Uganda in 2017, in which most CBPP cases were reported during November (Ssemadaali et al., 2017). The reason could be that at that time of the year, due to droughts that cause pasture and water shortages, animals gather in areas where it is possible to keep pasture and water. The close contacts between healthy and carrier animals in these areas enhanced the transmission of infection. It is worth noting that market points and pasture sharing contributed to animal contact and facilitate the transmission of the disease.
CONCLUSION
The study determined the prevalence of 4% for CBPP in central Tanzania based on passive surveillance at local government authority level in central Tanzania. The onset of the disease was also found to have a specific temporal pattern, revealing that duration of August to December was the peak time for CBPP in the central zone. Since CBPP remains a problem in central Tanzania, control measures for this disease across entire central Tanzania have to be strengthened, including vaccination and transmission control. Serological and meat inspection report studies will be much more important to get comprehensive results with laboratory-confirmed disease results for a proper evaluation of the disease status in the study area.
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DECLARATIONS
Authors' contribution
Makungu Selemani designed the study, Samwel Mngumi played a role in study design, data retrieval and analysis, and manuscript writing, Daniel Mdetele contributed in manuscript writing. Finally, all authors revised the manuscript and approved it for publication.
Competing interests
The authors declared that they have no competing interests.
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) including FAO-Tanzania, the Institute for Infectious Animal Diseases (IIAD), and Texas A&M University through In-Service Applied Veterinary Epidemiology Training (ISAVET) Programme. The authors would also like to thank The Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries of Tanzania, through the Directorate of Veterinary Services, for authorizing this research. Great thanks are extended to Professor Esron Karimuribo, Dr. Emmanuel Swai, Dr. Erick Komba and Dr.Benezeth Lutege for their guidance. Special thanks go to the District Veterinary and Livestock Field Officers in Central Tanzania for reporting disease conditions to the Central Zone.
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To cite this paper: Mngumi S, Makungu S and Mdetele D (2021). Epidemiological Assessment of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia in Central Tanzania. World Vet J., 10 (4): 597-601. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2020.wvj71
