CC BY
8
УДК 796 DOI: 10.14526/2070-4798-2023-18-2-71-77
Эпидемиологический анализ роли спортивной психологии в процессе реабилитации и биолиографическая аннотация
Фарук С.М.'*, Басуматари Р.1, Мочахари Л.1, Стабак Рой2, Кузнецова З.М.3'4
'Трипурский университет, Сурьяманинагар Агартала, Индия
2Институт социально-экономической географии и пространственного управления
Университет Гданьска Гданьск, Польша
3Набережночелнинский филиал «Университет управления «ТИСБИ» Набережные Челны, Россия ORCID: 0000-0002-5558-474Х, [email protected] 4Чайковская госудасртвенная осударственная академия физической культуры и спорта
Чайковский, Россия
Аннотация: В статье исследуется влияние психологических факторов на процесс реабилитации после травм и психическое восстановление спортсменов. Материалы. Были проведены систематический обзор и метаанализ, в которых основное внимание уделялось влиянию психологических вмешательств на уменьшение психологических последствий после травмы и улучшение психологического реагирования спортсменов в процессе реабилитации после травм. Метод исследования. В исследовании изучалась взаимосвязь между психологическими эмоциями и восстановлением, а также различные стадии психического восстановления, которым подвергается спортсмен после травмы. Результаты и обсуждение. Результаты указывают на положительную связь между включением психологических компонентов в процесс реабилитации и психическим восстановлением спортсменов после травм. Устраняя психологические факторы, спортсмены были лучше подготовлены к преодолению страха и других негативных эмоций, что позволило им добиться более эффективного процесса выздоровления. Заключение. Результаты этого исследования подчеркивают важность включения психологических вмешательств в процесс реабилитации спортсменов после травм, поскольку это способствует улучшению психического восстановления и сокращению времени заживления травмы.
Ключевые слова: спортивные травмы, острые травмы, психологические эмоции, реабилитация.
Для цитирования: Фарук С.М.*, Басуматари Р., Мочахари Л., Стабак Рой, Зинаида М. Кузнецова. Эпидемиологический анализ роли спортивной психологии в процессе реабилитации и биолиографическая аннотация. Педагогико-психологические и медико-биологические проблемы физической культуры и спорта. 2023; 18(2): 71-77. DOI: 10.14526/2070-4798-2023-18-2-71-77.
Epidemiological analysis on the role of sports psychology in rehabilitation process and through bioliographic annotation
Sm Farooque*1, Raveena Basumatary1, Laikhungri Mochahary1, Stabak Roy2' Zinaida M.
Kuznetsova34
'Tripura University, Suryamaninagar Agartala, India
2Institute of Socio-Economic Geography and Spatial Management University of Gdansk Gdañsk, Poland
3Naberezhnye Chelny branch of «TISBI» Management University Naberezhnye Chelny, Russia ORCID: 0000-0002-5558-474Х, [email protected] 4Tchaikovskiy State Academy of Physical Culture and Sport
Abstract: : This study investigates the impact of psychological factors on the injury rehabilitation process and mental recovery among athletes. Materials. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted, focusing on the effects of psychological interventions in reducing post-injury psychological consequences and improving psychological coping during the injury rehabilitation process among athletes. Research Method. The study examined the relationship between psychological emotions and recovery, while also exploring the various stages of mental recovery an athlete undergoes after an injury. Results and Discussion. The results indicate a positive connection between the inclusion of psychological components in the rehabilitation process and the athletes' mental recovery from injuries. By addressing psychological factors, athletes were better equipped to overcome fear and other negative emotions, enabling them to achieve a more efficient and effective healing process. Conclusion. The findings of this study underscore the importance of incorporating psychological interventions in the injury rehabilitation process for athletes, as it contributes to improved mental recovery and a shorter healing time. Keywords: Sports injuries, Acute injuries, psychological emotion, Rehabilitation.
For citation: Sm Farooque*, Raveena Basumatary, Laikhungri Mochahary, Stabak Roy, Zinaida M. Kuznetsova. Epidemiological analysis on the role of sports psychology in rehabilitation process and through bioliographic annotation. Russian Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2023; 18(2): 71-77. DOI: 10.14526/2070-4798-2023-18-2-71-77.
Introduction
The augmentation of what an athlete is capable of doing mentally is the physical effort that an athlete proffer in their play. In the course of play, many athletes perform different skills or tactics to reach the highest possible level in their sport and by doing all the vigorous activities in any sport athlete get engaged to numerous types of injuries which can be mild to severe. Injuries are the insidious part of sports, but thanks to the advancement of medical science that now athlete have more superiority to get recover from any injuries in small amount of time by proper medications, surgeries. This is one of the most amelioration evolutions in sports nevertheless being diagnosed with any injuries left athlete with psychological numbness about being get injured again, not been able to perform as before, loss of confidence while playing (Kraus, 1984). Athletes get involved in injuries while practicing skills, participating in competition or other physical activities which presume the damage in different body parts commonly target at bones, tendons, muscles, ligaments. And these injuries can be acute (sudden) or chronic (develop over time). Most common type of injuries are sprain, strain, knee injuries, swollen muscles, Achilles tendon, rupture, fracture, dislocation, rotator cuff injury, and this all can be cause due to the amount of load or force given on joints than it can handle, overuse, an incident or accident etc. Being engage in injuries it gives many different physical pains like swelling, stiffness, weakness, numbness and tingling, redness, instability but apart from these physical pain athletes suffer from psychology stress and mental health discomfort. When an athlete suffers from injuries, he not only suffers physical but mentally too, and it scared them more than any physical pain and it increases the time of recovery
(M J Kelley Jr, 1990). Condition of recovery differ according to the type of injuries as to rehabilitate any individual.
Restoring someone from any injury to healthy or normal condition through giving them therapy or some kind of training is categorized as rehabilitation. This is the indispensable part of being healthy in society which give prevention from disease, palliative care or others severe treatment and globally an estimated 2.4 billion people are currently living with a health condition that benefits from rehabilitation. (World health organization, 10 November 2021). Rehabilitation has become famous because it helps the individual to improve their function in everyday life span, recovery from disease also from other injuries without any significance surgery. And it has been observed that 1 in 3 individuals requiring rehabilitation services throughout the course of their illness or injury. It is a set plain sailing of Intervention designed to optimize functioning in individual with health condition interaction with their environment. When rehabilitation entered in sports injuries, it firstly categorizes the injury type in acute and chronic and according to that the programed rehabilitation were formed of the athlete. It takes a long time for recovery but athletes consider it more effective because of it decontaminate nature, and in the view of the fact that by this they get cure for themselves not just physical but mentally as well, because the addition of understanding, organization and progress is sports injury rehabilitation (Jim Taylor, Shel Taylor, 1958). By keeping view on the above researcher is trying to find the confined role of sports psychology in athlete rehabilitation process.
Materials and methods
Search Strategy and Study Selection. A comprehensive literature search was conducted
using electronic databases such as PubMed, PsycINFO, SPORT Discus, Web of Science, and Scopus. The search strategy included a combination of keywords related to psychological interventions, athlete rehabilitation, injury recovery, and mental health. The search was limited to articles published in English between January 1981 and August 2021. Reference lists of eligible articles were hand-searched to identify additional relevant studies. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria. Studies were included if they met the following criteria: (a) participants were athletes, defined as individuals engaging in regular sport or physical activity; (b) the study investigated the effects of psychological interventions on post-injury psychological outcomes and coping during the rehabilitation process; (c) the study employed a randomized controlled trial (RCT), quasi-experimental, or observational study design; and (d) the study reported quantitative data on psychological outcomes. Studies were excluded if they were qualitative, case studies, or reviews. Data Extraction and Quality Assessment. Two independent reviewers extracted data from the eligible articles, including study design, participant characteristics, type of injury, psychological intervention, comparison group, outcome measures, and main findings. Disagreements were resolved through discussion or by consulting a third reviewer. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration's Risk of Bias Tool for RCTs and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for non-randomized studies. Data Synthesis and Analysis. A meta-analysis was conducted using Review Manager (RevMan) software to calculate pooled effect sizes for the impact of psychological interventions on post-injury psychological outcomes and coping during the rehabilitation process. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic, with values above 50% indicating substantial heterogeneity. A random-effects model was employed due to the anticipated variability in study designs, populations, and interventions. Subgroup analyses were conducted based on the type of psychological intervention, type of injury, and athlete population. Risk of Publication Bias. Publication bias was assessed using funnel plots and Egger's test. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to evaluate the robustness of the findings by excluding studies with high risk of bias or low-quality scores.
Results and Discussion
Theoretical contemplations
The participation in sport has put enormous amount of stress andstrainon themental and physical wellbeing of players (Davies, 1981). Conversely, participating in athletics has many benefits too. The benefits accrued from physical activity in terms of
health as well as mental and physical wellbeing for individual and society at large are well established (Forward, 1988). With increased promotion of participation in sport because of its preventive role in the management of a number of conditions like coronary heart disease, diabetes, osteoporosis, hypertension and mental health disorders, attention should also be paid towards the potential risk of rise in sport injuries (Plante & Rodin, 1990).
It has been observed that participation in sport has increased manifold in the recent years because of which the rate of injury occurrence has also risen (Crossman,1997). The literature on epidemiology of sport injury confirms a high incidence of injuries occurring at every level of sport participation, be an amateur or elite, and these injuries range from minor cuts and bruises to severe injuries like spinal cord and head injuries. Around millions of athletes across the globe sustain sport injury in one form or the other each year, resulting in billions of dollars spent on treatment. The injuries range from minor ones requiring minimal medical treatment to those requiring costly diagnostic testing, surgery and rehabilitation. The sport injuries also result in decreased performance both on and off the field (Petitpas & Brewer, 2004).
Globally, participation in sport for health benefits, fitness and for recreation has emerged as a major public health concern. Indeed, it has a positive effect on cardiovascular health, on rising rates of obesity and also has the potential to curb onset of diseases related to sedentary lifestyle. But, participation in sport is also always associated with the risk of getting injured (Gabbe et al., 2005).
The systematic recommendations for participation in sport by health promotion campaigns emphasizing it to be the most important component for healthy habits possibly entails harm, both at personal and social level, as it results in absenteeism from the professional work (Chamorro et al., 2009). Participating in sport is a major source of fun but at times it results in enormous negative consequences (Cohenma et al., 2010).
Epidemiological viewpoint of sport injuries
For sport scientists and clinicians to obtain better understanding of the magnitude of risk associated with sport, it is critical to gather data that illustrate injury epidemiology. In contrast, the research also indicates that the sport and recreation related injuries are often considered anecdotally to be less intense as compared to other types of injuries occurring unintentionally, seeking treatment at emergency department (Bedford & Macauley, 1984). Undoubtedly, the beneficial effects of regular physical activity are uncontested, as the literature suggests that the health economy-based cost benefits observed from studies based in USA,
Austria and Switzerland show that sedentary people incur greater cost of illness i.e., approximately 30-50% more than physically active individuals (Pratt et al., 2000). These complications need to be adequately understood if they are to be minimized. Definitely, the physical activity is a potentially powerful tool to fight against "obesity" epidemic and improvement of public health worldwide (Tremblay & Williams, 2003).
As the rate of regular physical activity is increasing, there is potential increase in the number of injuries. Therefore, it is imperative to consider the benefits associated with participation in sport with respect to increased preponderance for physical risks (Stevenson et al., 2003). Injury is a major threat for professional athletes and also for those who are returning to competition post injury with greater perceived risk (Fuller & Walker, 2006).
The following researches have tried to dwell upon the magnitude of the sport injury related concerns:
The rising trend in the participation of sport worldwide is leading to an increased injury rate both in organized games and athletic meetings as well as in recreational activities (Milenovic & Milic, 1980). The type, kind and level of sport may have forbearance on the injury intensity and frequency. As reported by Bergandi (1985) there are approximately 750,000 sport injuries annually at college and secondary level athletics. According to Green and Weinberg (2001), approximately 3.3 million sport injuries require emergency treatment in hospitals as reported by the National Safety Council for 1991 (as cited in National Safety Council, 1993) which includes injuries in varied sport like archery, baseball, racquetball, skate boarding and horseback riding.
The sport related injuries have a great impact on the social and economic factors internationally. Thus, the benefits for which sport and recreational activities are pursued must be considered in light of physical risks as well as economic burden (Hume & Marshall, 1994). Globally, injuries of all kinds of sport, account for a considerable burden on the economies, estimated to be around 12% of the market economies or even higher. The injuries not only have an impact on public health, but also cause considerable crunch to the financial sector almost similar to the cost of cancer and stroke (Murray & Lopez, 1996).
The figures mentioned in the literature appear to be relatively consistent for countries such as Canada, USA and UK as evident from the published data (Brewer, 2001). The empirical evidence suggests the seriousness of sport related injuries as depicted by the presentations in the emergency departments (Cassell et al., 2003; Conn et al., 2003).
Sport injury from psychosocial perception
Sport injury is more than a discrete episode.
An extensive body of information has developed in the past three decades undermining the need for identification of psychosocial variables associated with resilience to sport injury (Mohan, 1988, 1996a, 1996b; Mohan & Anand, 1987; Mohan et al., 1991). Sport injury has been identified as a potent source of stress (Brewer & Petrie, 1995) and numerous personal and situational factors have been associated with psychological responses to sport injury (Brewer, 1998).
Necessity for psychological rehabilitation: an outline
Sport injury is a catastrophic event which leads to psychological, physiological and emotional responses. The literature shows that attention has not been paid to use of psychological interventions in sport injury rehabilitation because emotional responses are seen as obvious and normal and therefore are taken for granted; training and treatment in sports medicine are mechanistic and technical and thus psychosocial aspect is ignored; and athletes are often reluctant to admit their psychological distress (May & Sieb, 1987). The research on psychological consequences of athletic injury among high-level competitors revealed that injured athletes exhibited greater depression and anxiety, and lower self-esteem than control groups immediately following physical injury and at follow-up sessions (Leddy et al., 1994). The psychological variables influence injury onset, duration, and recovery; hence "rehabilitation from sport injury involves not only physical, but psychological considerations as well." The negative emotions experienced by an injured athlete have an impact on the athlete's attitude towards and subsequent recovery from injury. The factors associated with emotional responses to injury include perceived quality of life, perception of health, locus of control, and strategies used to cope with the injury (Crossmar, 1997). Ultimately, "psychological predispositions and consequences play a critical role in determining the ultimate impact and duration of injury" (Ahem & Lohr, 1997, p. 756). In a study conducted by Johnston and Carroll (2000) to investigate the differences between injured and uninjured athletes, it was found that injured athletes face greater negative affect, lower self-esteem, and higher levels of depression and anxiety. The reactions to sport injury are to some extent distinctive and are based on subjects' perception about loss in terms of recovery, play time, time off from game and career. The perception of this loss determines as well as has an impact on the psyche of an injured sportsperson and its intent may result into psychological reactions such as anxiety, depression, fear, and low self-esteem (Green & Weinberg, 2001).
Theoretical background elucidation the psychological appraisal of sport injury and
rehabilitation
The psychological appraisal of sport injury and rehabilitation process could be explained thoroughly with the help of theoretical frameworks in the form of theories and models as mentioned below:
1. Protection Motivation Theory:
The preliminaries theory postulates by the researchers had reveal that there are two cognitive processes which are implicated in the decision to adopt protective health behaviors (or, alternatively, produce a maladaptive response): the threat appraisal process and the coping appraisal process (Maddux, 1993).
The threat appraisal process involves the awareness of the severity of a potentially harmful situation (e.g., patients' perception of how severe the threat to their health is) and a perceived vulnerability or susceptibility to harm (e.g., how susceptible patients are to the health threat). The coping appraisal process deals with the perception of how likely a particular course of action reduces or prevents the threat (labelled response efficacy; e.g., how effective will the patients' response be), and a perception of how likely one can perform particular actions (labelled self-efficacy; e.g., patients' perceptions of their abilities to follow the recommended rehabilitation program). Both the threat appraisal andcoping appraisalcombinetoform patients' protection motivation, which could direct behavioral responses including explicit behavior (e.g., complete rehabilitation) and inhibition of actions (e.g., avoiding exercises that increase the risk of re-injury) (Prentice-Dunn & Rogers, 1986). Quite recently, it was Taylor and May (1996) who actually determined the usefulness of protection motivation theory in predicting adherence to sport injury rehabilitation. The presence of cause-and-effect relationship between protection motivation theory and adherence rehabilitation might add to the use of appropriate interventions in order to increase adherence to rehabilitation protocols (Christakou & Laval lee, 2009).
2. Personal Investment Theory:
According to Maehr and Braskamp (1986),
personal investment theory proposed that motivation in specific situations is determined by personal incentives, sense of self-belief and perceived options. The personal incentives refer to an individual's subjective goals for involvement in a particular activity, such as, task incentives, ego incentives, social incentives and extrinsic incentives. Sense of self-belief refers to an individual's thoughts and feelings regarding their existence (i.e., the individual's perceptions of competence and self-reliance, one's tendency to behave in accordance with personal goals, one's sense of relationship with significant others), and perceived options (the perceived alternative behaviors) that can decide
motivation in specific situations. Thus, to conclude, the personal investment theory posits that the denotation of the injury rehabilitation process is largely determined by the individual characteristics and situational factors. Hence, the meaning of the injury rehabilitation process can influence whether the athlete will choose to adhere to a rehabilitation program or not (Christakou & Lavallee, 2009).
3. Cognitive Appraisal Models:
There are numerous cognitive appraisal models which elucidate athletes' reactions to sport injuries (e.g., Grove, 1993; Wiese-Bjornstal et al., 1998). These models describe injury as a stressor or a stimulus, and the response of the individual is dependent upon a variety of factors that influence the interpret at one of these stimuli. The most comprehensive of these is the integrated model proposed by (Wiese-Bjornstal et al., 1998) which describes the complex relationship of psychological, situational and cognitive variables to emotional and behavioral responses of sport injury. According to this model, there are pre-injury and post-injury factors which determine how an athlete reacts to a sport injury. Preinjury factors are personality, history of stressors, coping resources and interventions. Post-injury factors include personal factors (e.g., type and severity of the injury, general health status, demographic variables) and situational factors (e.g., sport played, social support system, accessibility to rehabilitation). These factors integrate to determine the cognitive appraisal of the injury, which in turn affects the emotional and behavioral responses to injury, and, eventually, the rehabilitation outcome.
Conclusion
Being indulge with sports activity the possibility of getting engage with injuries is rife invent for athlete, as it may be range from minor to severe (Petitpas and Brewer, 2004) along with discrete injuries it led to psychological and psychosocial complication in particular stress, loss of confidence, depression, anxiety (Leddy et al., 1994). Physical rehabilitation is seen to be first and for most factor to execute but now with abundant study, it has seen that proper rehabilitation can be complete in lesser amount of time by psychological counselling. Involvement of emotional condition of injured athlete is important during rehabilitation, the way of response or attitude will show the effectiveness of rehabilitation program. And impacts of sports psychology as rehabilitating the athlete has drawn out the positive result and give impactful up shot. This study is constructed by aiming at investigating the thematic analysis on the role of sports psychology in rehabilitation process, which has revealed that sports psychology plays a positive role in rehabilitation process and attempted to provide appropriate information with regard to the use as
well as effectiveness of psychological counselling as psychological skill underline the recovery and rehabilitation from sports injuries.
Acknowledgement
The author is indeed very grateful to Prof. Prasanta Kumar Das, Department of Physical Education, Tripura University for pouring the knowledge and giving inspiration in taking up the present work. The author would also extend the heartiest thanks Dr. Krishnendu Dhar Department of Physical Education, Tripura University for providing valuable suggestions in spite of his hectic schedule, he endure the authors continue and relentless quest, and being the beacon of authors with his judicious supervision and guidance. The authors are thankful to Dr. Saptarshi Mitra, Assistant Professor, Department of Geography and Disaster Management, Tripura University for technical support. The authors are grateful to the previous author who have given light to pursue an extended knowledge over the concern topic.
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Ститья пocmупuлa вредикцию: 15.04.2023
Sm Farooque - Research Scholar, Department of physical Education, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar, Agartala, India, e-mail: [email protected], smfarooque.physicaleducation@ tripurauniv.ac.in
Raveena Basumatary - Student, M.P.Ed, Department of Physical Education Tripura University, Suryamaninagar, Agartala, India, e-mail: [email protected]
Laikhungry Mochahary - Student, M.P.Ed, Department of Physical Education Tripura University, Suryamaninagar, Agartala, India, e-mail: [email protected]
Stabak Roy - Daniel Fahrenheit Fellow, Institute of Socio-Economic Geography and Spatial Management, University of Gdansk, Poland, e-mail: [email protected]
Кузнецoвa Зuнauдa Мuхaйлoвнa - доктор педагогических наук, профессор, Набережночелнинский филиал «Университет управления «ТИСБИ», 423806, Россия, г. Набережные Челны, ул. Комсомольская набережная, дом 6, Чайковская государственная академия физической культуры и спорта, 617674, Россия, г. Чайковский, ул. Ленина, дом 67, e-mail: kzm [email protected]
