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Environmentally sound technologies for growing soybeans
Section 1. Biology
Bozhbanov Alikhan Zhaksybekovich, c. b. s., associated professor Djakupova Inkar Borisovna, мaster of Ecology, сenior lecturer, Almaty Technological University, Almaty, Kazakhstan, E-mail: inkar_18@mail.ru
Environmentally sound technologies for growing soybeans
Abstract: The comprehensive study confirm that the use of resource-saving technologies of cultivation of soy-based optimal scheme of crop rotation in crop rotation crop rotation, the use of techniques to minimize tillage, application of environmentally sound herbicides enhances productivity agrophytocenosis soybean with the rational use of all resources.
Keywords: soybean, agroecosystem, agrophytocenosis, agriculture, safe technology.
The main task of modern agricultural science is to ensure sustainable production of high-quality organic products, maximum usage natural energy potential of the agrarian ecological system, preservation and reproduction of the natural resource base of the agricultural sector, the exclusion and minimizing the negative impact of the process of agricultural production on the environment. Search and development of environmentally sound technologies for crop production are particularly relevant as they comply with the principles of environmental management. And currently in agricultural production as a priority put forward implementation of resource of environmentally sound technologies of cultivation of agricultural crops. These include technologies with minimal, zero tillage with application of elements of intensive technology of herbicides. The use of these elements in cropping allows to significantly reducing energy consumption per unit of production. Take into account that used the correct intensive technologies should fit into the biogeochemical cycling of resources and create sustainable agrophytocenoses. At the same time control over the technology parameters crop reveals hidden forms of violations of the stability and fast enough to maintain the stability of agro-ecosystems.
Today, the transition to sustainable agricultural growth identified two global trends in agriculture. The first involves the development of agriculture of all countries in the world through the use of environmentally friendly alternative agricultural technologies, rational distribution of productive forces, providing expanded reproduction of biological resources and their savings. Second — solving problems of industrial relations and the reform of the country’s agro-industrial complex. But at present poorly understood ecological, economic and technological nature and causes of adverse events in agricultural production. Therefore, the modern scientific approach
should be based on the system method as a precondition for the successful development of agriculture. More K. A. Timiri-azev noted that unilateral hobby any idea, point of view, never can bring more harm than in agriculture [3].
At the present stage of agricultural production the Republic of Kazakhstan, holding leading positions in the grain market, actively ramping up production of promising oil crops, one of which is soy [4; 5]. Soybeans — most technological plant, from which produce more than 20,000 food products of different purposes, and is a source of cheap vegetable oil and protein feed. Soy proteins to amino acids at the level of quality beef of the highest category, and for medical and wellness characteristics they have no equal. The cost price of soy protein raw material is 27 times cheaper than animal protein production. Soybean is one of the most popular crops in agriculture, because of its biological features — provide up to 75 % their need and the need to follow her in the rotation crops in nitrogen nutrition [3; 5].
In Kazakhstan, the most favorable natural and climatic zone for the cultivation of this crop is the south-eastern region and in recent years there is a trend of increasing crop areas from 32 thousand hectares in 2008 to 54 thousand hectares in 2010. But with yields of this valuable crop on average in recent years has made — 11-12 hundredweight/ha at low grain quality indicators, although optimal performance nutrient status of soils that culture provides the grain yield of30-35 hun-dredweigh/ha with a high fat content and protein.In recent years, due to the changed economic conditions changed and the zonal approach to technology, systems of agriculture.
Therefore, new technologies aimed at improving the productivity of crops, production of ecologically pure production and soil conservation, and taking into account the latest achievements of modern science. The comprehensive
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Section 1. Biology
study confirm that the application resource technology soybean cultivation on the basis of the optimal scheme of crop rotation in crop rotation crop rotation, the use of techniques to minimize tillage, application of environmentally sound herbicides enhances productivity agrophytocenosis soybean with the rational use of all resources. Minimizing tillage and herbicide use has a significant impact on the phytosanitary condition of crops, stabilizing the ecological condition agrophytocenosis, while the share of the cultural component is increased from 46.0 to 65.2-68.7 %, the number of weeds is reduced to 21.9 -31.8 units/m 2, which corresponds to the economic threshold. Soybean yields increased from 21.8 hun-dredweight/ha to 32.1 hundredweight/ha, the production cost is reduced from 3.7 to 2.8 thousand tg/hundredweight. Cultivation of soybeans in the developed technology provides a net income in the range of 28.2 thousand tenge per hectare and increased profitability to 56.1 %. Soybean universal culture has great versatility, nutritional, medicinal, fodder, technical and agronomic importance. In world agriculture soybeans, due to its remarkable properties, is widespread. The seeds of this culture are 35-42 % high quality amino acid composition of the protein, 17-24 % oil and 30 % carbohydrates. Of the vitamins contained in soybean seeds: B1 — 11-17 mg/kg; B2 — 2.1-2.7; B3 — 13-16; B6 — 4-9; PP — 22-34; P — 1000-1600; K — 1.5-2.5; C — 100200 mg/kg, and others [4; 5; 6].
Soybean oil semidrying (Iodine Number 107-137) — are used for food and industrial purposes. It is dominated by unsaturated fatty acids — oleic, C17H33COOH17 (25 %), linoleic, C17H31COOH (43-59 %) and linolenic acid, C17H29COOH (7-10 %); saturated acids such asstearic, C17H35COOH, palmitic C15H31COOH and other — little, about 15 %.
Digestibility and nutritionally it is close to sunflower oil and little inferior cows.In soybean oil many nutrients — phos-phatides, carotenoids, vitamin content of a number higher than in seeds [4; 5; 6].
Soybean oil is also used in soap and paint industries. Protein Soy isolates used in the textile, fragrance, pharmaceutical, paper industry and for other industrial purposes [6]. Much protein and oil in such a successful combination with other nutrients cannot accumulate during the growing season or per plant.
In addition to oil, the main food produced from soybeans, are: soy milk, tofu, okara, textured soy protein (TSP),
soy isolates and others [2]. From soybean seeds produced products for the manufacture of several sorts of different products. In world practice, soybean grain is mainly used for processing into oil and meal and cake — as a valuable addition to the high-protein feed. The food industry is widely used defatted soy flour for making bread, cereals and confectionery. High dietary value of soybean products. Unlike meat soy contains cholesterol and saturated fatty acids which lead to heart disease, cancer and osteoporosis.It is noticed that soy is effective in reducing blood cholesterol, improves the glucose content in it for diabetes, strengthens bones, prevents the development of heart disease and blood vessels, reduces the risk of kidney stones and liver [4; 5]. In soy contains very rare omega 3 needed for brain development in infants, reduces the risk of heart disease and cancer. It is full of anticarcinogenic substances that prevent and stop the development of cancer [6].
Depending on the application of fertilizers and crop rotation crop rotation precursors in bulk density topsoil ranges from 1.16 g/cm 3 (after winter wheat) to 1.24 g/cm 3 (after the rape) and 1.33 g/cm 3 (at cultivation soybeans stretch). Volume weight of the soil before sowing depends on the main processing system, and after sowing of inter-row tillage. Inthe year of our study bulk density ranged between 1.16 g/sm 3 and 1.33 g/cm 3, only, only, depending on the predecessor.
And, depending on the effect of fertilizers significant abnormalities are observed. It should be noted that the position of soybeans in the rotation has a significant effect on the bulk density of the soil, thereby improving crop rotation agrophysical factors of soil fertility. This technology provides improve-mentagri-environmental indicators of theagrophytocenosis. Improves the structural soil; increases the amount of water-resistant macro aggregates from 51.6 % to 71.7 % in comparison with permanent crops 1.5 times; creates a favorable water regime, the impact on soil working elements of agricultural machines and implements reduced by 2.0 times or more as compared to the conventional technology of cultivation.
Depending on the application of certain technologies of cultivation of a culture topsoil gets quality with a distinct agrophysical, physical and mechanical properties. These properties, in some cases, differ sharply from those who had the soil before applying the studied agrarianmethod. One of the main indicators is the bulk density of the soil.
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