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BicHiiK Нацiонального унiверситету "Львiвcька полггехшка". Серiя: "Юридичш науки" № 2 (34), 2022
ЦИВ1ЛЬНЕ ПРАВО I ПРОЦЕС
UDC 340: 504
Iryna Lychenko
Lviv Polytechnic National University, Educational and Scientific Institute of Law, psychology and innovative education Head of the Civil Law and Procedure Department iryna.o.lychenko@lpnu.ua ORCID: 0000-0002-4838-3579
Khrystyna Marych
Lviv Polytechnic National University, Educational and Scientific Institute of Law, psychology and innovative education Candidate of Jurispondence, Associate Professor of the Department of Civil Law and Procedure
khrystyna.m.marych@lpnu.ua ORCID: 0000-0003-0088-980X
ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY IN UKRAINE: ADMINISTRATIVE-LEGAL SUPPORT
http://doi.org/10.23939/law2022.34.096 © Личенко I., Марич Х., 2022
The article is devoted to the problem of administrative and legal provision of environmental safety, an administrative mechanism, the main purpose of which is to regulate public relations to preserve human health and life, prevent harm to the environment, deteriorate public health.
Particular attention is paid to determining the role of current legislation, modern environmental programs in the structure of administrative and legal support of environmental security.
Today there is a need for a fundamentally new attitude of the state to the problems of environmental protection and environmental security, the transformation of administrative and legal support of environmental security in accordance with modern living conditions society. It was stated that ensuring environmental safety and maintaining ecological balance on the territory of Ukraine is not only a strategic goal, but also a duty of the state. And the peculiarity of the administrative and legal mechanism for environmental safety is that the use of administrative and legal means is the prerogative of the authorities.
It was found that administrative and legal support of environmental security in Ukraine is a set of administrative and legal guarantees and functional (activity) means of maintaining
the state of protection of environmental and legal opportunities of the population and the state, safe environment, which guarantees the necessary conditions to protect the rights of individuals for a healthy and safe environment.
Particular attention is paid to finding ways to transform modern administrative legislation in terms of strengthening the protection of environmental security of Ukraine. The main directions of Improving the efficiency of administrative and legal support of environmental security in Ukraine are clarified.
Emphasis was placed on the expediency of adopting the Ecological Code, creation of the ecological police as a law enforcement institution in the field of ecology in the system of the National Police of Ukraine, practical importance of strengthening administrative responsibility for misdemeanors in the ecological sphere.
Key words: environmental security, provision of environmental security, administrative-legal support, administrative-legal mechanism, law regulation.
Formulation of the problem. Acute environmental problems for Ukraine today are: air pollution due to excessive emissions from stationary and mobile sources, pollution of water bodies, and consequently low water quality, including drinking water, unsatisfactory maintenance of landfills, reduction of forest area, due to mass illegal logging, loss of biodiversity and natural habitats, degradation of ecosystems, etc. All this in turn leads to an increased risk of environmental catastrophes, with consequences that are already global in nature, both for the environment and for humans. The growing environmental risk to the environment and human life and health due to environmentally hazardous activities is one of the main problems, which requires the development of effective mechanisms to stop, eliminate and prevent the deterioration of the environmental situation in the country.
There is a need for a fundamentally new attitude of the state to the problems of environmental protection and environmental security. Of particular importance for overcoming these problems is the administrative-legal provision of environmental security in Ukraine, as it allows using public law to guarantee the right of everyone to a healthy and safe environment.
Analysis of the study of the problem. Problems of administrative-legal support of environmental security in Ukraine were studied by B. Gamalyuk, O. Zarzhytsky, V. Lazarenko, O. Pronevych, L. Yurchenko. Important in the field under study are the works of a number of other domestic scientists, including V. Andreytsev, V. Anikiev, G. Balyuk, V. Gobela, V. Dobrovolsky, V. Dudyuk, P. Zakharova, R. Oliynychuk. However, they do not present a comprehensive analysis of improving the efficiency of administrative-legal support of environmental security in Ukraine.
The aim is to determine and analyze the administrative-legal support of ecological safety in Ukraine.
Presenting main material. Environmental security is an important legal category, to ensure the practical implementation of which are aimed the norms of various sectors.
It was enshrined in law for the first time in the Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine of July 16, 1990.
Later, declaring in Art. 16 and 17 of the Constitution of Ukraine [1] ensuring environmental security is an important function of the state; the legislator attributed it to the highest social values of our country.
The legislator in Art. 50 of the Law of Ukraine "On Environmental Protection" also paid attention to the definition of this category, arguing that this is the state of the environment, which provides appropriate prevention of environmental degradation, danger to life, ensuring the implementation of the necessary environmental, political, economic, technical, organizational, state and legal and other measures [2].
The right of everyone to a safe environment for life and health (the right to environmental security), as a subjective right enshrined in both the Constitution of Ukraine [1] and the Law of Ukraine "On Environmental Protection" [2].
First of all, the right to environmental security is a passive right, and ensuring environmental security is primarily the responsibility of the state, including through the implementation of economic, technical, organizational, legal and other measures and determining the legal conditions for implementation, protection and defense of the human right to a safe environment for life and health.
The emphasis in the definition of environmental security on its connection with the protection of human rights is fundamental, correlates with the humanistic content of legal science, human-centered ideals of democratic change in our country. This is fully consistent with the content of the general category of "security". It is interpreted as a situation when someone or something is not threatened [3, p. 137].
Ensuring environmental security and maintaining ecological balance on the territory of Ukraine is not only a strategic goal, but also a duty of the state. And the peculiarity of the administrative-legal mechanism of environmental security is that the use of administrative-legal means is the prerogative of the authorities. Accordingly, the achievement of the goal of the administrative-legal mechanism to ensure environmental security will contribute to the solution of those tasks identified in the administrative reform, including the formation of effective government at both central and local levels, the formation of a modern system of local self-government, introduction of a new ideology of the functioning of the executive power and local self-government as activities to ensure the realization of the rights and freedoms of citizens. After all, the goal of administrative reform is also the formation of a system of public administration that will be close to the needs and demands of the people, and the main priority of its activities will be to serve the people and national interests.
The formation of the tasks of the mechanism of administrative-legal support of environmental security takes into account the fact that their further implementation is the prerogative of state bodies. Thus, according to the Constitution of Ukraine, ensuring environmental security and maintaining ecological balance on the territory of Ukraine is the duty of the state. However, in order to achieve the ultimate goal - to ensure the state of an ecologically safe environment for human life and health - it is necessary the maximum public participation in the administrative-legal provision of environmental security. After all, the administrative-legal mechanism for ensuring environmental security includes both the activities of state structures and the activities of civic institutions, interconnected by a single goal, but with their own methods and ways. Therefore, another important task of the administrative-legal mechanism of environmental security is to involve and expand public participation in solving problems of environmental security.
In the administrative-legal provision of environmental security, the public participates through: the creation and operation of public environmental organizations; the participation in public hearings and discussions, including participation in discussions and submission of proposals to draft regulations, materials on the location, construction and reconstruction of facilities that may adversely affect the state of the environment, submission of proposals to public authorities and local governments, legal entities involved in decision-making on these issues; the participation in public discussions on the impact of planned activities on the environment; the participation in the process of strategic environmental assessment; the implementation of public environmental control (activities of public environmental inspectors), etc.
The implementation of administrative-legal support of environmental security is carried out through an administrative mechanism, the main purpose of which is to regulate public relations to preserve human health and life, prevent harm to the environment, deteriorating health of the population, legalize and protect the environment.
The content of normative administrative-legal support of ecological security by means of provisions of administrative, jurisdictional, law enforcement character reflects desirable for the state conditions of maintenance of ecologically safe condition of environment. They are enshrined in the Code of
Administrative Offenses, the laws of Ukraine "On Environmental Protection" of June 25, 1991, "On Ensuring Sanitary and Epidemiological Welfare of the Population" of February 24, 1994, "On High-Risk Facilities" of January 18, 2001 and others.
Activities in the field of environmental security are regulated by regulations, both at the legislative level and at the level of bylaws.
A special role in the field of administrative-legal support of environmental security is played by environmental programs aimed at preserving the environment, improving the quality of the environment as a whole and its individual components. In particular, it is possible to set long-term goals and develop a strategy for the relevant period, bringing together all stakeholders and the necessary resources through the development and approval of national environmental programs. Thus, the development of environmental programs is organized by central and local executive bodies, local governments. The public is also involved in the development and preparation of environmental programs, through the publication of draft environmental programs for study by citizens, public preparation of comments and suggestions on proposed projects, public hearings on environmental programs [2; 4].
Administrative-legal support of environmental security in Ukraine serves a single purpose: to form the necessary basis for the development, promotion, improvement of environmental security in Ukraine by improving existing legislation; creation of an effective system of subjects and measures of administrative-legal regulation of ecological security; ensuring effective measures to prevent the negative impact of anthropogenic activities on the environment and human health, as well as assessing the degree of environmental security of economic activity and the environmental situation in certain areas and facilities; prevention of emergencies of ecological, industrial nature and effective elimination of their consequences [5, p. 11]. Administrative-legal support of environmental security in Ukraine is achieved through complete regulation through the rules of administrative law of public relations that arise in the process and for their implementation, as well as providing with these rules appropriate guarantees, which together with other legal and non-legal guarantees create a stable system opportunities to use legal values in the state [6, p. 91]. The most important value in such conditions is environmental security as a state of protection of vital interests of person, society, state and environment, which guarantees the right of everyone to a healthy and safe environment and the necessary conditions for environmental protection, reproduction of natural objects and satisfaction of other rights of citizens and interests of the state [7, p. 109-114]. It should be agreed that through perfect administrative-legal support the unity of normative, institutional, functional and guarantee component of purposeful influence on public relations is achieved [8, p. 124-128].
Administrative-legal support of environmental security in Ukraine is a set of administrative-legal guarantees and functional (active) means of maintaining the state of protection of environmental-legal opportunities of the population and the state, safe environment, which guarantees the necessary conditions to protect the right to health and safe environment.
Administrative-legal guarantee of environmental security is to create a stable basis for ensuring the state of protection of environmental and legal opportunities of the population and the state, environmental security through a system of regulatory administrative-legal support, organizational-legal and procedural guarantees.
Transformation of administrative legislation in terms of strengthening the protection of environmental security of Ukraine requires improving the system of legal measures through which the regulation of the organization and functioning of subjects and objects of management in the field of environmental security, protection of legal opportunities of the person in the environmental sphere [9, p. 186].
Improving the efficiency of administrative-legal support of environmental security in Ukraine concerns several areas: 1) institutional separation of the subjects of environmental security in Ukraine, endowed with the functions of public administration bodies in the environmental sphere; 2) improvement of administrative-legal support for the activities of the subjects of environmental security in Ukraine; 3) systematization of legislation to ensure environmental security; 4) expansion of control powers of
territorial communities in the field of environmental security, delegation of certain powers to territorial communities (supervision of green areas, land littering and hunting, control over compliance with the regime of nature reserves of local importance, etc.); 5) replacement of the system of total planned supervision (control) with the monitoring of offenses in the environmental sphere on the basis of risk-oriented markers (i. e. rejection of the practice of scheduled inspections and response to identified facts of offenses); 6) strengthening of administrative responsibility for environmental misdemeanors, the amount of fines; 7) formation of the administrative-legal basis for the restoration of territories that have suffered environmental damage in connection with the activities of the joint forces operation (anti-terrorist operation).
Systematization of regulations in the field of environmental security is recognized by many scientists as an important prerequisite for environmental security in our country.
The main directions of the state policy of Ukraine in the field of environmental protection, use of natural resources and environmental security of March 5, 1998 № 188-98-VR is recognized the need to systematize environmental legislation [10, p. 248].
Adoption of the Environmental Code is urgently needed today. This legal act could not only become a systematic collection of norms contained in separate legal acts today, but could also reflect new approaches to public administration in the environmental sphere, would be the basis for expanding the control powers of local communities in the field of environmental protection, safety, defined the normative basis for replacing the system of supervision (control) with a system for monitoring violations of environmental legislation on the basis of risk-oriented markers (i. e. rejection of the practice of scheduled inspections and response to identified facts of offenses). It would become the basis for delimiting the functions of specially authorized bodies of state control in the field of nature management, environmental security, etc.
Some scientists in their works justify the feasibility of creating an environmental police as a law enforcement institution in the field of environment in the system of the National Police of Ukraine [11, p. 150-161; 12, p. 6-15]. Due to the availability of a wide range of preventive and coercive means of influence, the activities of such a unit of the National Police can have a positive impact on environmental security. The activities of such an entity to ensure environmental security in the areas affected by the joint force operation would be particularly valuable.
According to O. Pronevych, such reforms are needed in the context of municipalization of policing in the field of environmental protection, the introduction of state-private partnership in the protection of natural resources, establishing partnerships between police and the public in combating environmental delinquency, etc. [12, p. 10].
Interestingly, such experience exists in France, where since 1992 the function of ensuring environmental security has been performed by the gendarmerie, which includes a special department for coordination of actions in the field of environmental security.
It is important to strengthen administrative liability for misdemeanors in the environmental sphere. V. Pytz rightly notes that increasing the size of sanctions in the form of fines will help reduce the number of violations in the environmental sphere. When increasing the size of fines, it should be borne in mind that sanctions for administrative offenses in the environmental sphere should not be equal to or significantly exceed the maximum amount of similar punishment for criminal acts in the field of ecology, i. e. exceed criminal liability, as it violates the logic of construction and punishment system in the articles of the Special Part of the Criminal Code of Ukraine and penalties for committing administrative offenses in the Code of Administrative Offenses and other legislative acts [13, p. 11].
Conclusions. The implementation of administrative-legal support of environmental security is carried out through an administrative mechanism, the main purpose of which is to regulate public relations to preserve human health and life, prevent harm to the environment, deteriorating health of the population, legalize and protect the environment. Administrative norms are the basis for the formation of
organizational, legal and procedural guarantees of environmental security. The role of administrative-legal support of environmental security in Ukraine is growing every year. Determining the main directions of improving the efficiency of administrative-legal support of environmental security in Ukraine requires taking into account new challenges and threats to environmental security. They must be taken into account when forming a strategic program for reforming this area. Means of administrative law are crucial for overcoming a number of administrative and law enforcement problems in the field of environmental security, capable of accumulating the strength of public administration bodies in the environmental sphere, law enforcement agencies, local communities, and the public to ensure the right to a healthy and safe environment.
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Дата надходження: 01.04.2022 р.
1рина Личенко
Нацюнальний утверситет '^bBiBCbKa полггехшка", доктор юридичних наук, професор, зашдувач кафедри цивтного права та процесу Навчально-наукового шституту права, психологп та шновацшно! освгга iryna.o.lychenko@lpnu.ua ORCID: 0000-0002-4838-3579
Христина Марич
Нацюнальний утверситет "Львiвська полггехшка", кандидат юридичних наук, доцент кафедри цивтного права та процесу Навчально-наукового шституту права, психологп та шновацшно! освгга khrystyna. m. marych@lpnu.ua ORCID: 0000-0003-0088-980X
ЕКОЛОГ1ЧНА БЕЗПЕКА В УКРА1Н1: АДМ1Н1СТРАТИВНО-ПРАВОВЕ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ
Розглянуто проблему адмшктративно-правового забезпечення еколопчноТ безпеки, адмшктративний мехашзм, основною метою якого е регулювання суспшьних вмиосии
щодо збереження здоров'я та життя людей, запоб^ання заподшнню шкоди навко-лишньому середовищу, помршсння здоров'я населення.
Особливу увагу мридiлено визначенню ролi чинного законодавства, сучасних еколо-пчних мрограм у структурi адмiнiстративно-мравового забезпечення еколопчноТ безпеки.
Зауважено, що на сьогодш назрша потреба мринцимово нового ставлення держави до проблем охорони навколишнього середовища та екологiчноï безпеки, трансформащя адмЬ нiстративно-мравового забезпечення еколопчноТ безпеки вiдмовiдно до сучасних умов життя суспшьства. Констатовано, що забезпечення еколопчноТ безпеки i п1дтримання еколопчноТ ршноваги на територи Украши е не лише стратегiчною цiллю, але i обов'язком держави. А особливктю адмiнiстративно-мравового механiзму забезпечення екологiчноï безпеки е i те, що застосування засобт адмiнiстративно-мравового спрямування е прерогативою владних органiв.
З'ясовано, що адмшктративно-правове забезпечення екологiчноï безпеки в УкраТш е сукумнiстю адмiнiстративно-мравових гарантiй i функщональних (дiяльнiсних) засобт пщ-тримання стану захищеност еколого-правових можливостей населення та держави, безпечного стану довкшля, за якого гарантуються необхiднi умови для захисту права окремого шдиввда на здорове та безпечне навколишне середовище.
Особливу увагу присвячено пошуку шляхiв трансформацй' сучасного адмiнiстративного законодавства в умовах посилення захисту еколопчноТ безпеки Украши. З'ясовано основнi напрями мiдвищення ефективностi адмiнiстративно-мравового забезпечення еколоочноТ безпеки в Украïнi.
Наголошено на дощльносл прийняття Екологiчного кодексу, створення екологiчноï полщи як правоохоронно!' шституцй" в сфе^и екологй" в системi Нащонально!' молiцiï Украши, практичн1й значущосл посилення адмiнiстративноï вiдмовiдальностi за проступки в еколопчнш сферi.
Ключовi слова: еколопчна безпека, забезпечення екологiчноï безпеки, адмшктративно-правове забезпечення, адмшктративно-правовий мехашзм, правове регулювання.
