CC BY
11TECHNICAL SCIENCES
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION BY ELECTRONIC AND ELECTRICAL WASTE
Abdullayeva M.
PhD in Chemical Sciences, Associate Professor, «Petrochemical technology and industrial ecology» department Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University Baku, Republic of Azerbaijan
Abstract
This article shows that the accounting of education in the electronic scrap of the Republic of Azerbaijan (AR) produced by the population in the AR has not been resolved; almost all e-waste ends up in municipal solid waste and is disposed of in landfills.
Waste from electronic and electrical equipment is one of the fastest growing waste streams in the world, as scientific and technological progress does not stand still, and the demand of the population of our planet for these products is growing every year.
Keywords: palladium, persistent organic pollutants, environment, human health, waste electronic and electrical equipment.
In the context of the global digitalization of the economy, processes and services, the number of operated electrical and electronic equipment is sharply increasing, which directly leads to an increase in the volume of e-waste and the emergence of problems of their processing [1].
Waste electronic and electrical equipment (WEEE) includes all devices that have lost their consumer properties, whose operation depends on electric current and / or electromagnetic field. In world practice, the abbreviations WEEE (Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment) or E-waste are used to designate this waste group. There are more than 650 types of products, in addition, each product has a multicomponent structure and a different composition of precious metals. Precious metals include: gold, silver, platinum, palladium, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium, osmium, as well as compounds of these metals [2].
The problems of collection, accounting and the technical level of processing of secondary raw materials containing precious metals are largely associated with the classification of these raw materials. The composition of waste, in particular, scrap of the electronic and electrical industries, is very diverse and fluctuates sharply, as a result of which the classification of such scrap is associated with great difficulties. Along with noble metals (gold, silver, platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium, osmium) and many non-ferrous metals and alloys, it contains inclusions of steel, cast iron, aluminum and non-metallic components (ceramics, rubber, glass, plastic, gethenax, etc. etc.) [3].
Since 2014, the number of countries that have adopted national e-waste policies, legislation or regulations has increased from 61 to 78. However, regulatory progress in some regions is slow, enforcement is weak,
and policy, legislation or regulation does not stimulate collection and good governance. e-waste due to lack of investment and political motivation [4].
The classification of electronic scrap by types of raw materials is presented in table 1. The composition of electronic scrap changes over time; this is due to a change in the materials used in the production of electronic equipment (in particular, liquid crystal and plasma monitors and televisions are increasingly used), the content of precious metals is decreasing [5-6].
The most common methods of exposure to hazardous components of electronic waste are ingestion, skin contact and inhalation through contaminated soil, water, food and air.
A serious risk of contamination is associated with the informal disposal of WEEE materials, for example, by burning plastics or other materials, or "boiling off' circuit boards using chemicals such as cyanides and some acids, resulting in fumes that can be inhaled when lack of adequate protection, causing health problems for those exposed. In addition, such unacceptable disposal methods, as a rule, result in environmental pollution (water, soil and air), as a result of which many byproducts of processing end up in water bodies or accumulate in the organisms of animals and humans [7]. Those pollutants that are difficult to degrade over a long half-life are known as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and are the main hazardous pollutants in e-waste.
Some of the most common POPs that are processed are brominated flame retardants, polychlorin-ated biphenyls, poly-bromobiphenyls, di-brominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated or poly-brominated dioxins, and di-benzo furans dioxins.
Table 1.
The composition of some types of secondary raw materials containing precious metals,%
Group Au Ag Pt-Pd Al Fe Cu Pb Sn Ni Other
Scrap of electronic systems of military equipment 0,08 0,43 0,70 15,20 7,15 21,11 3,15 12,41 2,14 37,63
Printed circuit boards 0,27 2,5 0,90 15,40 12,30 23,04 2,8 1,40 3,25 38,14
Transistor and glass insulators 1,00 0,2 0,11 32,78 22,50 1,31 0,96 1,25 1,25 38,64
Switching elements 0,01 0,2 0,00 13,70 35,26 33,00 3,97 4,00 1,05 8,81
Mixed electronic appliances 0,02 0,18 0,02 14,60 10,20 18,60 2,25 4,7 2,85 46,58
Electronic brain 0,31 2,89 0,15 17,61 7,45 12,00 0,85 1,23 2,20 55,31
Table 2 provides a summary of the various hazard- with vulnerable populations and their average exposure ous impacts caused by exposure to e-waste components [7].
Table 2.
The main toxicants of electrical waste, their source, the means of transmission, as well as the main hazards in
long-term exposure
The main toxic components A source irradiation Wednesday impact The main danger to health
Polybrominated vinyl ethers fire retardants air, water, soil and food dysfunction of the thyroid gland
Polychlorinated biphenyls capacitors, dielectric fluid lubricants, motors, etc. food (can lead to dust build-up) and soil dysfunction of the thyroid gland
Polychlorinated di-benzo- dioxins , polychlorinated dibenzofu-rans combustion by-product air, soil, dust and steam dysfunction of the thyroid gland
Chromium anti-corrosion films, discs, etc. soil, air, water, dust lung dysfunction, reproductive health, DNA damage
Lead printed circuit boards, computer monitors, lamps, televisions soil, air, water reproductive health, increased mental illness, DNA damage
Nickel battery dust, air, soil and food lung dysfunction, increased mental illness
Copper wires, printed circuit boards dust, air, soil, water headaches, dizziness, irritation of the eyes, nose, mouth, etc.
Mercury thermostats, computer monitors, cell phones, printed circuit boards, sensors, etc. food, water, soil, reproductive health, increased mental illness, DNA damage
Cadmium switches, connecting components, PCBs, pol-yprodrug chips, batteries, computer monitors, cell phones, etc. dust, soil, air, water, food reproductive health, DNA damage
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons incineration of byproducts air, dust, soil, water reproductive health
From table 2 it follows that long-term exposure to many toxic substances of electrical waste leads to extremely dangerous consequences.
Due to the lack of infrastructure for collecting electronic waste from the population and enterprises, as well as due to the insufficient number of trained recyclers of this waste group, our society dooms itself and the environment to receive hazardous substances and accumulate them in organisms, soil, and water, which will lead to sad consequences.
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EXPLORING ADAPTIVE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN NETWORK ENVIRONMENT: CONSIDERATIONS ON INTERNET OF THINGS USE CASE
Usmanova N.
D.Sc., Professor, Telecommunication technologies Dpt., Tashkent university of information technologies
Yunusova D.
Master of Telecommunication Engineering, Tashkent university of information technologies
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8. Strizhko L.S., Fokin O.A., Shigin E.S. Analytical control and certification of electronic scrap containing precious metals, National Research Technological University "MISiS" 2009 https://www.waste.ru/modules/sec-tion/item.php?itemid=255.
Abstract
In terms of ever widening the scope of digital economy it is important to find out the ways for effective functioning the components of complex Internet of Things (IoT) network environment, allowing the applications to be duly provided whereas IoT is based on the idea that things will be available at any time, in any place and for anyone, concatenated into a single system, thus creating new opportunities and challenges for the various application domains. The issue of how to attract the adaptive resource management in IoT is considered in this paper. Capabilities of IoT network environment are briefly described, and demonstration of adaptive resource management is provided based on use-case simulation.
Keywords: Internet of Things, network environment, adaptive resource management
Introduction
The ever-increasing rate of change in the society due to the digital economy and major development trends of the modern world via the intensive introduction of information technologies transform significantly all spheres of human life, permeating almost every aspect including how people interact, how the economic landscape is being shaped, making business processes improved, influencing to decision making and the skills needed to get a good job. An emerging digital economy has the potential to generate new scientific research and breakthroughs, fueling jobs and economic growth. The level of penetration and the degree of implementation of the digital economy is defined among main development priorities, both in a single country, and worldwide, caused by the fact that the competitiveness of the country's economy in the future can be determined by the level of digitization of all and every activity and processes. The digital economy reflects the transition from the third industrial revolution to the fourth industrial revolution, Industry 4.0, wherein the concept of the Internet of Things (IoT) technology came onto the arena representing a set of interconnected physical objects -things, which are equipped with built-in technologies for interacting with each other or with the external environment [1].
Digital economy relates to the economy that is based on digital technologies, including digital communications networks, computers, software, and other related information technologies. The digital economy includes the following key components: technological infrastructure - hardware, software, and communication networks; digital processes - processes that ensure the successful conduct of a business; e-commerce - the sale of goods via the Internet. These components along with the Internet of things, shape the 'smart environment' in broad meaning, allowing the applications to be duly provided whereas IoT is based on the idea that things will be available at any time, in any place and for anyone, concatenated into a single system, thus creating new opportunities and challenges for the various application domains [2,3]. By linking smart devices, conventional consumer elements, and physical ownership over the Internet, the Internet of things erases the boundaries between Internet technologies and products, which do not fall into that category and thus achieve significant social, technological, and economic benefits [4].
The improvement in the management capabilities and available bandwidth offered by the complex environment of smart and ubiquitous infrastructure and networking is accelerating the development of new kinds of applications, interfaces, and services. The ultimate goal of such networks is to automatically adapt their
