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БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION ASSESSMENT USING TREE
SPECIES INDICATION Rakhimov T.U.1, Eshonkulov RA.2, Yusupov I.N.3, Chorshanbiev S.E.4 Email: Rakhimov6112@scientifictext.ru
1Rakhimov Tulkin Uktamovich - Candidate of Biological Sciences, Senior Lecturer, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY AND ECOLOGY, KARSHI STATE UNIVERSITY; 2Eshonkulov Ravshan Abdurazakovich - Doctor of Philosophy in Agricultural Sciences (PhD), acting
Associate Professor; 3Yusupov Ikrom Namozovich - Senior Lecturer; 4Chorshanbiev Sherali Esonpulatovich - Master Student, Department of Ecology and Labor Protection, KARSHI ENGINEERING-ECONOMIC INSTITUTE, KARSHI, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: phytoindication can be carried out by the response of plants in the species most sensitive to pollutants, or by the accumulation of harmful substances in the body of plants. Therefore, among plants, bioindicators with a high sensitivity to pollutants and storage bioindicators are distinguished.
The dendrochronological method makes it possible to study changes in climatic conditions on the planet and the effect of various ecological and anthropogenic factors on woody plants of the ecosystem. A reliable correlation has been established between the levels of air pollution by pollutants and a decrease in radial annual growth in tree species. The article discusses the assessment of environmental pollution using phytoindication. One of the signs of phytoindication in the industrial zone is the annual growth of wood of these trees. According to the data obtained, under the influence of industrial waste, first of all, there is a decrease in the annual growth of wood of existing trees.
Keywords: phytoindication, resistance, wood, bark, annual growth, dendrochnology, pollutants.
ОЦЕНКА ЗАГРЯЗНЕНИЯ ОКРУЖАЮЩЕЙ СРЕДЫ С ПОМОЩЬЮ ИНДИКАЦИИ ДРЕВЕСНЫХ ПОРОД Рахимов Т.У.1, Эшонкулов Р.А.2, Юсупов И.Н.3, Чоршанбиев Ш.Э.4
1Рахимов Тулкин Уктамович - кандидат биологических наук, старший преподаватель,
кафедра ботаники и экологии, Каршинский государственный университет; 2Эшонкулов Ровшан Раззокович - доктор философии по сельскохозяйственным наукам (PhD),
и.о. доцента;
3Юсупов Икром Намозович - старший преподаватель; 4Чоршанбиев Шерали Эсонпулатович - магистрант,
кафедра экологии и охраны труда, Каршинский инженерно-экономический институт, г. Kaрши, Республика Узбекистан
Аннотация: фитоиндикация может осуществляться по ответной реакции растений у видов, наиболее чувствительных к поллютантам, или по накоплению вредных веществ в теле растений. Поэтому среди растений выделяют биоиндикаторы с высокой чувствительностью к поллютантам и биоиндикаторы-накопители. Дендрохронологический метод позволяет изучать изменение климатических условий на планете и действие различных экологических и антропогенных факторов на
древесные растения экосистемы. Установлена надежная корреляция между уровнями загрязнения воздуха поллютантами и снижением радиального годичного прироста у древесных пород.
В статье рассматривается оценка загрязнения окружающей среды с помощью фитоиндикации. Одним из признаков фитоиндикации в промышленной зоне является ежегодный прирост древесины этих деревьев. Согласно полученным данным, под воздействием промышленных отходов, в первую очередь, происходит снижение годового прироста древесины существующих деревьев.
Ключевые слова: фитоиндикация, устойчивость, древесина, кора, годовой прирост, дендрохнология, полютанты.
УДК 581.824.1
Changes in the ecological situation of the planet as a whole and many industrialized countries in the second half of the 20th century led to a revision of ecological concepts of nature protection, the search for new effective methods for assessing environmental pollution and the condition of biota at all levels of its organization, the development of new ecological standards for permissible anthropogenic loads on natural systems.
Vegetation is the most important component of biogeocenosis, providing the vital activity of other biotic components. Changes in vegetation under the influence of various environmental factors influence to the biogeocenosis condition as a whole and, as a result, can be used as diagnostic signs.
Phytoindication can be carried out by the response of plants in the species most sensitive to pollutants, or by the accumulation of harmful substances in the body of plants. Therefore, among plants, bioindicators with a high sensitivity to pollutants and storage bioindicators are distinguished.
The classification of the principles and levels of phytoindication can be classified according to the generality of research methods phenological methods, morpho- and biometric, anatomical-cytological, physiological; biochemical, biophysical, floristic , genetical, biocenotic, ecosystem.
In this regard, phytoindication is singled out in the monitoring system - as one of the methods for assessing the quality of the environment.
Phytoindication methods are highly sensitive. They allow to:
- to register air pollution 3-5 times lower than the sanitary and hygienic MPC (maximum permissible concentration);
- practically without physical and chemical analyzes of air samples or with their limited number to determine the levels of air pollution in large areas;
- to determine the level and danger of the impact of pollutants on ecosystems;
- to study the nature of anthropogenic digression of ecosystem components;
- to identify the relative role of individual large sources of emissions and the environmental hazard of individual ingredients in the total pollution of the environment and their impact on ecosystems;
- to determine the permissible or critical loads of pollutants for biota, to develop environmental standards for anthropogenic impacts on ecosystems;
- to provide a scientific basis for forecasting the development of the ecological situation in the region and for the development of activities to improve the environmental condition.
The dendrochronological method allows it possible to study changes in climatic conditions on the planet and the effect of various ecological and anthropogenic factors on woody plants of an ecosystem. A reliable correlation has been established between the levels of air pollution by pollutants and a decrease in radial annual growth in tree species (Aliev, 1999; Alekseyev 1999).
Some methodological rules have been developed to improve the reliability of the dendrochronological method for the bioindication of air pollution. It is also perspective because it allows to calculate the decrease in the growth of wood per year and, therefore, the
economic damage from air pollution, and at the same time to assess the state of forest ecosystems (Abaturov, 2007).
In this regard, the purpose of our research was: a comprehensive assessment of the impact of industrial emissions from gas processing enterprises of the Kashkadarya region on the dendrological indicators of some tree species as the main link in the industrial ecosystem.
Scientific substantiation and selection of criteria for the stability of tree species; scientific substantiation of phytoindication methods - identification of the most sensitive indicator tree species and selection of express methods for assessing industrial pollution.
We aimed to study the dynamics of changes in the nature of metabolic, photochemical disturbances in order to better understand the mechanism of photosynthesis disturbance. For this, we have chosen five landscaped trees (Ulmus pumila L. - Siberian elm, Acer negundo L. - Аsh-leaved maple, Fraxinus syriaca Boiss. - Syrian ash, Populus alba L. - White poplar, Morus alba L. - White mulberry tree species of different stability that grow on the territory of the Mubarek gas processing plant (1st experience), Shurtanneftgaz UDP (2nd experience), Shurtan gas chemical complex (3rd experience) under the influence of S02 and a relatively clean sanitary zone of the city of Karshi (Control). Besides, we investigated the agro-climatic production characteristics of the study areas (Table 1).
As can be seen from Table 1, the pollution level of industrial zones is relatively high concerning the sanitary zone.
Table 1. Brief description of the study areas (average annual data for 2016-2017)
Climate
MGPP 1st experience UPD Shurtan
Parameters Karshi city control Shurtannefte gas2nd GCC 3rd
experience experience
Average annual air temperature, ОС 14,3 14,9 15,7 15,7
Average temperature in July ОС 27,0 28,3 29,1 29,1
Precipitation, mm 240 165 210 210
Vegetation period, days 298 283 301 301
Soil
Soil type Light gray soil Takir Light gray soil Light gray soil
Soil salinity type Weakly saline Moderately saline Moderately saline Moderately saline
Humus, mg/kg 0,9-1,6 0,6-0,8 0,9-1,1 0,8-1,3
Air pollution, thousand tons
The total amount of
substances emitted into 3,4 79,4 65,6 25,3
the atmosphere, thousand ton
Maximum permissible emissions, thousand ton 2,9 58,1 54,7 23,9
Pollution level Conditionally clean Very strong Strong Strong
Brief description of the production of enterprises
Cleaned natural gas, billion m3 - 25 25 4
Sulfur, thousand ton - 271 100 -
Condensate thousand ton - 11 9 2
Polyethylene granules, thousand ton - - 125
To assess the pollution level of the industrial zone, we used some anatomical features of annual shoots of tree species (diameter of annual shoots, bark thickness, annual growth of wood) (Table 2).
Table 2.Indicators of anatomical features of annual shoots of the studied tree species
Study areas Investigated features Maple Ash Poplar Mulberry Elm
Sanitary zone of Karshi city Shoot diameter (mm) 10,3±0,53 8,1±0,42 11,4±0,38 18,1±0,9 13,3±0,91
Bark thickness (mm) 1,4±0,02 1,1±0,03 1,4±0,05 1,3±0,03 1,5±0,04
Annual wood growth (mm) 2,8±0,08 2,7±0,04 3,6±0,08 5,8±0,09 4,7±0,09
Mubarek gas processing plant (MGPP) Shoot diameter (mm) 8,1±0,67 7,6±0,43 9,8±0,47 16,5±0,90 11,4±0,73
Bark thickness (mm) 1,2±0,03 0,9±0,04 1,0±0,09 1,4±0,04 1,2±0,04
Annual wood growth (mm) 2,0±0,11 2,2±0,06 3,1±0,09 5,1±0,10 3,9±0,09
UDP Shurtanneftegaz Shoot diameter (mm) 9,4±0,59 8,2±0,38 11±0,52 16,8±1,3 11±0,70
Bark thickness (mm) 1,4±0,05 1,2±0,05 1,0±0,08 1,3±0,06 1,3±0,06
Annual wood growth (mm) 2,2±0,14 2,5±0,04 3,4±0,09 5,1±0,12 4,2±0,09
Shurtan gas chemical complex (SGCC) Shoot diameter (mm) 10±0,52 7,8±0,41 11,1±0,47 16,7±1,0 10,1±0,82
Bark thickness (mm) 1,4±0,06 1,1±0,05 1,4±0,08 1,3±0,05 1,5±0,06
Annual wood growth (mm) 2,3±0,09 2,6±0,05 3,3±0,08 6±0,10 4,4±0,11
As can be seen from Table 2, we traced the change in the anatomical features of the growth of annual wood in some tree species and obtained the following results. The highest growth of annual wood was observed in trees growing in the sanitary zone of the city of Karshi. It is noteworthy that in this area we have identified the minimum content of pollutants in the air (Table 1). Slightly lower growth of annual timber was observed in Shurtan GCC. A similar relationship was typical for MGPP and Shurtanneftgaz, but note that the difference between these three areas is statistically insignificant (Table 2).
The smallest increase in wood and bark thickness was observed at MGPP and was 2.0±0.11 and 1.2±0.03 mm for maple, respectively, and the content of atmospheric emissions at these industrial facilities was the highest. It is noted that the difference between these two points is statistically insignificant. The difference in the length of the annual growth of wood of the studied species between all the other regions of the study is statistically significant. As can be seen from Table 2, for mulberry, elm and ash, the difference in the growth of wood is insignificant, which indicates their resistance to industrial emissions.
Thus, considering the change in the diameter of the shoot, the annual growth of wood, in the studied species, we see a relatively clear inverse dependence of this parameter on the concentration of harmful substances in the air. According to literature data (Balyasova 1994; Gelashvili, 2010), it is known that SO2 has an inhibitory effect on growth processes, given that one of the main emissions of the studied enterprises is SO2, therefore, we observe a weakening of the apical and lateral growth of shoots of the studied breeds. These changes are manifested not only in a weakening of the annual growth of wood, but also in a decrease in the formation of latewood.
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