CC BY
1
УДК 349.6
ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION IN THE RUSSIAN ROCKET
AND SPACE INDUSTRY
T. A. Chagai, A. V. Teterin Scientific supervisor -G. I. Petrova Foreign language supervisor - A. E. Goncharov
Reshetnev Siberian State University of Science and Technology 31, Krasnoyarskii rabochii prospekt, Krasnoyarsk, 660037, Russian Federation
E-mail: chagay99@mail.ru
This paper addresses the environmental legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of the aerospace industry. The authors have performed a comparative analysis of the application of environmental legislation in the rocket and space complex of Russia and the United States. Various methods of pollution control are presented in the paper.
Keywords: environmental legislation, rocket and space industry, aerospace engineering.
ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКОЕ ПРАВО В ВОПРОСАХ РАКЕТНО-КОСМИЧЕСКОЙ
ОТРАСЛИ
Т. А. Чагай, А. В. Тетерин Научный руководитель - Г. И. Петрова Руководитель по иностранному языку - А. Е. Гончаров
Сибирский государственный университет науки и технологий имени академика М. Ф. Решетнева Российская Федерация, 660037, г. Красноярск, просп. им. газеты «Красноярский рабочий», 31
E-mail: chagay99@mail.ru
Рассмотрено экологическое право в сфере аэрокосмической отрасли Российской Федерации. Проведен сравнительный анализ применения норм экологического законодательства в ракетно-космическом комплексе России и США. Представлены различные методы контроля за загрязнениями.
Ключевые слова: экологическое право, ракетно-космическая отрасль, аэрокосмический инженер.
In the modern world, environmental issues are among the most important global problems that need to be solved. Therefore, industries affecting the environment should be under strict legal control.
Environmental law is an independent complex branch of law, which regulates interaction between individuals, society, and the environment [1].
In the Russian Federation environmental law is based on such legal documents as: (1) the Constitution of the Russian Federation; (2) the land, water, forestry, urban planning codices; (3) The Federal Laws "On Environmental Protection", "On Environmental Expertise", "On the Underground Resources", "On the Protection of the Atmosphere", "On the Animal World"; (4) various environmental state standards [2].
The problem of environmental conservation is especially relevant in the rocket and space industry. Currently, people are actively engaged in space exploration, thereby there is a growing need for regulations in this field.
Секция «Проблемы правового регулирования в аэрокосмической отрасли»
The negative impact of space launches on the environment is an objective drawback of the industry. It is impossible to completely prevent the harm of space technology to nature. This is true, however, for the vast majority of other areas of human activity.
The main factors of the negative effect of the space industry on the environment are: (1) the chemical contamination of the soil with toxic components of rocket propellants (MCT) at landing zones (LZ) for spent boosters and ICBM stages; (2) polluting the latter with fragments of metal structures of spent landing vehicle (LV) stages; (3) mechanical damage to the terrain by spent LV stages and by their subsequent evacuation from the landing zones; (4) local and short-term effects on the atmosphere and the ozone layer by fuel combustion products; (5) polluting near-Earth space and generating anthropogenic space debris by spent upper stages, nonfunctional space vehicles and their structural elements [3].
Let us conduct a comparative analysis of pollution through the activities of the space rocket industry of the Russian Federation and the USA.
Type of pollution Comparison criterion Russia (Roskosmos) USA (NASA)
Chemical pollution of the environment by emissions The most harmful fuel used Asymmetric dimethylhydrazine (heptyl) + nitrogen tetroxide. • extremely toxic fuel • high burning stability • self-igniting • relative simplicity of fuel valves • ease of storage • good density • the possibility of long-term storage. It is used for multiple engagement engines during orbital maneuvering of spacecraft. • Mixed solid rocket fuel based on ammonium perchlorate. • has the most environmentally dirty composition of combustion products • expensive fuel • high density • ease of significant traction • simplicity of design of solid fuel engines. It is widely used in US rockets as the first stages of missiles.
Mechanical pollution environment in LZ First Stage Touchdown Technology Many methods are being developed to return the spent stage intact, without disturbing the terrain. A private US company has advanced in solving this problem.
Mechanical pollution near Earth The number of nonoperational satellites that are currently in orbit 6501 6017
Thus, the environment experiences many specific adverse effects, arising during the rocket flight and due to aerospace activity in general. The negative impact of the aerospace industry and spacecraft orbital launch vehicles is caused by the use of highly toxic rocket propellants, the need to allocate a large number of landing zones, polluting orbital space with spent vehicles and their fragments. The atmospgere and the ozone layer are also affected
However, when using existing technical means and environmental laws, the impact can be reduced without irreparable losses of their target qualities and operational properties.
Currently, two main methods are used to assess environmental quality: monitoring and control. Environmental control and environmental monitoring are performed by independent institutions. If environmental control can be defined as environmental control, i.e. control over the activity, then environmental monitoring is the control over the state of the environment. In addition to
institutional understanding, environmental control and monitoring are considered as functions of environmental management. With the help of these functions, state and local authorities receive information about the state of the environment and can identify and stop violations of environmental laws, bring those responsible to legal responsibility [4].
Environmental legislation and its monitoring of the rocket and space industry is backed by a large number of international agreements, which are an integral part of the legal system of the Russian Federation and international standards. As a result, the regulatory framework in the field of environmental safety as a whole exists, but there is no complete special block of regulatory acts that comprehensively regulate the whole range of environmental problems of rocket and space activities.
References
1. Ekologicheskoye pravo RF [Elektronnyy resurs]. URL: https://bookaa.ru/pravovedenie/ ekologicheskoe-pravo-rf.html (data obrashcheniya: 20.04.2020).
2. Ekologicheskoye pravo [Elektronnyy resurs]. URL: https://uchitel.pro/ekologicheskoye-pravo/ (data obrashcheniya: 22.04.2020).
3. Vozdeystviye raketno-kosmicheskoy tekhniki na okruzhayushchuyu sredu [Elektronnyy resurs]. URL: https://ecodelo.org/3136vozdeistvie_raketnokosmicheskoi_tekhniki_na_okru-zhayushchuyu_sredu-vozdeistvie_osnovnykh_vidov_ (data obrashcheniya: 26.04.2020).
4. Metody i pribory kontrolya okruzhayushchey sredy. Ekologicheskiy monitoring : uchebnoye posobiye / I.V. Yakunina, N.S. Popov. - Tambov : Izd-vo Tamb. gos. tekhn. un-ta, 2009. - S. 19.
© Chagai T. A., Teterin A. V., 2020
