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Экономические науки Economic sciences
УДК 553.041-048:911.8(470.13-17) http://doi.org/10.21440/2307-2091-2022-1-127-137
Environmental and economic assessment of the mineral resources of the Arctic territories of the Komi Republic1
Irina Grigor'evna BURTSEVA1* Tat'yana Vyacheslavovna TIKHONOVA1** Igor' Nikolaevich BURTSEV2*** Vitaliy Anatol'evich SHCHENYAVSKIY1****
11nstitute of Social, Economic and Energy Problems of the North, Komi Scientific Center of the Ural Branch of RAS, Syktyvkar, Russia
institute of Geology, Komi Scientific Center of the Ural Branch of RAS, Syktyvkar, Russia Abstract
Relevance. The resource orientation of the economy of the Komi Republic and the country as a whole determines the need for an objective assessment of natural capital and an information and monitoring system that allows one to record changes in the cost structure of mineral resources and make prompt decisions in the field of natural resource potential management. According to modern principles of taking into account the environmental factor, it is important to make an economic assessment of promising mineral resources in the Arctic zone of the Komi Republic, taking into account the loss of ecosystem functions.
Research methodology. Methods for determining the investment attractiveness of territories that are promising for mining development and assessing the economic value of deposits served as the basis for the value assessment. Ecosystem services were assessed using the methods of compensation or alternative costs, restoration costs, market assessment of direct and indirect costs.
Results. An economic assessment of the mineral resource potential of the Arctic zone of the Komi Republic was carried out, a new methodological approach to the assessment of the mineral resource base of the region was proposed, which helps to identify promising types of raw materials with the possibility of involving them in industrial development. The main methods and parameters of the economic assessment of ecosystem services were considered, their specific value characteristics were determined, the value of environmental services was calculated and their consumption and benefits were analyzed. The Nechenskoye brown coal deposit taken as an example, an assessment methodology was shown that takes into account specific indicators of environmental damage.
Conclusions. The spreading of such assessments to the mineral resource objects of the Arctic zone of the region will help to identify the most economically profitable of them for future investment, and the cost of ecosystem services will serve as one of the factors for the expediency of their development.
Keywords: Arctic territories, mineral resources, value assessment, ecosystem services.
Introduction
Issues related to a comprehensive assessment of resources are extremely relevant at the present time. The resource orientation of the economy of the Komi Republic and the country as a whole determines the need for an objective assessment of natural capital and an information and monitoring system that
allows one to record changes in the cost structure of mineral resources and make prompt decisions in the field of natural resource potential management.
The resource potential of the Komi Republic makes it possible to create large centers of extractive and processing indus-
1 The article was prepared in accordance with the state task for the ISE and EPN FRC Komi SC UB RAS on the topic of research work No. 04182019-0014 "Comprehensive assessment of the natural resource potential of the region in order to create new centers of economic growth".
https://orcid.org/0000-0001 -8941 -6587 "[email protected]
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2912-1696 "* [email protected]
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6868-6550 **"[email protected]
https://orcid.org/0000-0001 -9051 -5769
tries and, on their basis, new centers of economic growth in the European North of Russia. The uniqueness of the region is determined by the presence of various sources of mineral raw materials, favorable conditions for their industrial development, existing plans for the creation of infrastructure and industrial production facilities in the North-Western and Ural Federal Districts, which together cause an increase in demand for a wide range of products of the mineral resource complex.
At the present stage, economic relations between business and regional government are aimed at creating favorable living conditions, taking into account specific natural conditions and social situations. The requirements of civilized life necessities in the regions of the Arctic and the North significantly affect the choice of methods for the territorial organization of mining and processing of minerals, which is why the assessment of the mineral resource potential should take into account environmental restrictions and the interests of the local population.
Research methodology
Previous studies have shown the existence of several methodological approaches to the assessment of mineral resources. To date, the assessment of quantitative and qualitative parameters of the mineral resource potential is the most widely used. Such assessments imply the determination of the gross and recoverable potential value of mineral raw materials in conjunction with quantitative indicators. This is confirmed by numerous works on the assessment of the mineral wealth of industry institutes, such as the All-Russian Scientific Research Geological Institute named after A. P. Karpinsky (VSEGEI), All-Russian Institute of Economics of Mineral Resources and Subsoil Use (VIEMS), and the growth of specialists in the field of assessment of mineral raw materials [1-3].
At the same time, methods of financial and geological assessment of deposits used in the USA, Canada, Australia and other mining countries are actively borrowed and put into practice. In international practice, the assessment of deposits and occurrences of minerals is based on three main methods: the profitable, comparative and cost one. These are the standard methods used in assessing investment projects. In [4,
5], the authors proceed from the fact that the management of mineral resources should be focused on the socio-economic return from their development. The assessment of complex investment projects is considered from the standpoint of the financial and economic assessment of the project, budgetary efficiency and territorial socio-economic effects. As tools, it is proposed to use the methods of discounted cash flows and real options, as well as a cognitive model based on a fuzzy oriented graph in order to assess the impact of the project on the socio-economic development of the region.
In modern Russian practice, a statistical methodology has been developed for assessing mineral reserves in physical and cost measurements. According to the order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia dated 04.09.2018 No. 413, starting from 2018, annual statistical monitoring of changes in the value and quantitative characteristics of reserves assessed in the context of subsoil plots is carried out, in respect of which a unified technical design and other project documentation has been approved. An income approach based on the net present value method is used to determine the value of reserves.
World mining powers, such as Australia, Canada, the USA, carry out annual monitoring of the value of mineral raw materials in the bowels, included in the composition of national wealth, while analyzing the structure of the mineral resource base, value dynamics, and forecast of budget revenues. Reserves are assessed using the net present value (NPV) method recommended as the main one. In addition to the net present value method, methods based on average values of raw material prices and production costs are used. International standards require the assessment of only proven reserves for which there is a development plan, marketing research has been carried out, and infrastructure has been assessed. A special case of the net present value method is the Hotelling valuation principle [6], which avoids the difficulties of forecasting future net incomes and then discounting them back to the present. Ho-telling's rule is that the optimal resource extraction is achieved if the net price of a unit of the remaining resource grows at a rate equal to the current interest rate. Under this assumption,
/--N
Assessment and ranking of deposits and occurrences of minerals according to the degree of their investment attractiveness: the importance of the type of raw material for the economy of the region, the size of the mineragenic potential, the technological possibilities of development, the economic and geographical factors of the development
of deposits
г
Assessment of the gross potential value of the resources of identified promising mineral objects
—J
Assessment of fields with approved reserves using the net present value method with the determination
of the budgetary efficiency of projects
Deposit assessment adjusted for potential cost of ecosystem services
Figure I.Scheme for assessing themineral resourcepotential oftheregion рисунок 1. Схема оценки минерально-сырьевого потенциала региона
Table 1. Assessment of the mineral resource potential of the Arctic zone of the Komi Republic Таблица 1. оценка минерально-сырьевого потенциала арктической зоны республики коми
Deposit (occurrence), geographical position
Mineral, possible product
Total value, million rubles
Reserve value, million rubles
Resource value, million rubles
Silovskoye deposit, the municipality of Vorkuta
Verkhnesyr'yaginskoye deposit, the municipality of Vorkuta
Nizhnesyr'yaginskoye deposit, the municipality of Vorkuta
Vorgashorskoye deposit, the municipality of Vorkuta
Seydinskoye deposit, the municipality of Vorkuta
Total
Nechenskoye deposit, the municipality of Inta
Shar'yu-Zaostrenskoye deposit, the municipality ofInta
Total
Sauripeyskoye deposit, the municipality of Vorkuta
Molyudvozhskoye occurrence, the municipality ofInta
Total
Sauripeyskoye deposit, the municipality of Vorkuta
Molyudvozhskoye occurrence, the municipality ofInta
Total
Khoylinskoye ore field, the municipality of Vorkuta
Kech'pel'skoye ore field, the municipality of Vorkuta
Kharotskoye ore field, the municipality of Vorkuta
Verkhnelagortinskoye ore field, the municipality of Vorkuta
Total
Coals
Coal - ranks Zh, KZh, K, T; coke; deashed products
Coal - rank T, thermal coals for metallurgy; high carbon materials; deashed products
Coal - ranks Zh, KZh; coke
Coal - ranks GZhO, Zh; coke; adsorbents; deashed products
Coal - ranks D, DG, thermal coals; adsorbents
Brown coals
Brown coal - ranks B-D, thermal coals; deashed products; synthesis gas, chemical products; electric power
Brown coal - ranks B-D, thermal coals; deashed products; synthesis gas, chemical products; electric power
Copper ores
Copper concentrates, cementing copper, bluestone, cathodic copper
Copper concentrates, cementing copper, bluestone, cathodic copper
Silver
Silver
Silver
Chrome ores
Chrome (chromite) concentrates; refractory materials
Chrome (chromite) concentrates; refractory materials
Chrome (chromite) concentrates; refractory materials
Chrome (chromite) concentrates; refractory materials
Barites
Khoylinskoye ore field, the municipality of Barite concentrate Vorkuta
Malokhoylinskoye occurrence, the munici- Barite concentrate pality of Vorkuta
Pal'nikskoye occurrence, the municipality Barite concentrate of Vorkuta
Total
38 760,0 89 065,0
77 246,0 436 240,0
462 750,0 1 104 062,0 29 475,0
42 300,0
71 775,0 1824,0
304,0
2128,0 6,0 600,0 606,0
874,0 219,0 86,0 238,0 1415,0 20 958,0 12 312,0 8222,0 41 491,0
0,0 89 065,0
77 246,0 436 240,0
78 750,0 681 302,0
22 050,0
0,0
22 050,0 0,0
0,0
0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 13 297,0 10 670,0 0,0 23 967,0
38 760,0 0,0
0,0 0,0
384 000,0 422 760,0 7425,0
42 300,0
49 725,0 1824,0
304,0
2128,0 6,0 600,0 606,0
874,0 219,0 86,0 238,0 1415,0 7661,0 1642,0 8222,0 17 524,0
Gold
Verkhneniyayuskoye deposit, the munici- Gold 19,0 0,0 19,0
pality of Vorkuta
Nizhneniyayuskoye deposit, the munici- Gold 159,0 0,0 159,0
pality of Vorkuta
Shervozhskoye, the municipality of Vor- Gold 39,0 0,0 39,0
kuta
Iz'yavozhskoye (placer), the municipality Gold 6,0 0,0 6,0
of Vorkuta
Southeast edge of Niyayuskaya depres- Gold 10,0 0,0 10,0
sion, the municipality of Vorkuta
Manitanyrdskaya area, the municipality of Gold 4232,0 0,0 4232,0
Vorkuta
Lemvinskiy roe cluster, the municipality Gold 1116,0 0,0 1116,0
ofInta
Total 5581,0 0,0 5581,0
Limestones and dolomites for the chemical industry, metallurgy
Yun'yaginskoye deposit, the municipality Breakstone; calcium carbonate 59 640,0 59 640,0 0,0
of Vorkuta for paper production; lime; mi-
cronized fillers
Total, billion rubles 1286,7 786,9 499,7
the present value of a resource will easily be calculated as the price of the current period resource (price per unit minus extraction costs) multiplied by the current physical reserve of the resource. A similar technique was used by the VSEGEI team when compiling geological and economic maps of Russia with the determination of the value of mineral raw materials [7, 8].
According to the objectives of the study, related to the determination of promising areas for the use and development of the mineral resource base of the region, the identification of new promising types of mineral raw materials with the possibility of involving them in industrial development, the assessment methodology should include several stages (fig. 1).
Results
1. The value assessment of mineral resources of the
Arctic Regions of the Komi Republic. The development of mineral deposits is one of the decisive factors in the economic development of the territories of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. Individual deposits of solid minerals in the Republic of Komi were selected for the pilot assessment. The territories of the Arctic zone in the republic include the municipality of Vorkuta, the municipality of Inta, the municipality of Ust-Tsilemsky, the municipality of Usinsk. The system of state preferences for residents of the Arctic zone involves mechanisms of financial and administrative support: subsidizing the interest rate on loans, reduced insurance payments (3.75% -the rate on insurance payments for small and medium-sized businesses, subsidizing up to 75% of contributions, with the exception of mining minerals), federal tax (0% income tax for 10 tax periods, 0.5 tax rate for the extraction of minerals, zero tax rate for the extraction of combustible gas when it is processed into liquefied gas and petrochemicals), regional tax (rate for income tax 5% for the first 5 years, etc.), and local tax privileges, state infrastructure support, provision of free land
plots without bidding, application of the customs procedure of a free customs zone. It is assumed that the conditions created for the development of large and small businesses will serve as an impetus for the development of Vorkuta, Usinsk, Inta and Ust-Tsilemsky districts, as well as attract investment to expand and create new production facilities.
To assess and rank deposits and occurrences of minerals in the Komi Republic according to the degree of their investment attractiveness and the subsequent use of the assessment results in the formation of programs for the development of the republic mineral resource base, methods of assessing the investment attractiveness of territories promising for mining development as well as assessing the economic value of deposits were used [9, 10].
The methods used include the following procedures: selection of assessment factors that play a significant positive or negative role in relation to the costs of mining development of territories; ranking the parameters of the selected factors; assessment of the degree of favorableness and risk of the natural and economic conditions of the territories for their mining development; integral assessment of the investment attractiveness of objects.
When choosing objects of assessment, the mineragenic potential, technological possibilities of development, economic and geographical factors and natural risk factors were evaluated. Technological knowledge was considered on the basis of data from geological reports, deposit certificates, and the results of special technological studies.
As a result of the assessment, mineral deposits were divided into groups of objects with different validity and attractiveness for development. The first group (stage) includes objects, the development of which is most expedient in the near future also taking into account the development prospects for the
next 10-15 years. Next, objects of the second stage and objects with a low degree of investment attractiveness, as well as deposits that are not recommended for development in the medium term, were singled out. Objects located within specially protected territories of federal significance were completely excluded from the selected groups, objects with non-localized resources (prospective areas, individual subsoil plots) that could potentially move into the rank of deposits, but for which there is currently not enough data to carry out a reliable geological and economic assessment.
As a result, promising deposits and occurrences were identified in the regions of the Arctic zone of the Komi Republic, the development of which is most expedient. The value assessment of the promising mineral resource potential of the Arctic regions of the Komi Republic was based on world market prices [11], statistical reporting data, data from the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, and trading platforms sites (Table 1).
The total value of mineral raw materials of the Arctic zone of the region amounted to more than 1 trillion rubles, 85% of which falls on the coals of the Pechora coal basin, which is explained by the high degree of exploration and significant reserves. For the same reason, barite deposits are highly valued. The value of active reserves of mineral resource objects of the Arctic is 23% of the value of fixed assets of the Republic of Komi, which amounted to 3359.9 billion rubles in 2018. It should be noted that in countries such as the USA, Canada, Nordic countries, the total value of mineral raw materials is a small share of national wealth. Even in resource-rich Australia, the subsoil value is only one tenth of the fixed capital value, and the value of mineral reserves is between 3 and 7% of the value of US produced assets. A significant share of the value of the mineral resource potential of the Arctic zone of the Komi Republic indicates not only overassessments obtained when assessing the value of raw materials, but also the high dependence of the region's economy on the extractive industries.
2. The accounting for ecosystem services in the assessment of the mineral resource potential of the Arctic regions of the Komi Republic. In the world, there is an active implementation of the ecosystem approach to the economic development of territories and the development of a wide range of issues related to the accounting for ecosystem services (ES) [12-14].
Ecosystem services have specific dimensions and characteristics. Depending on the purpose of information on ES, there are indicators for flow and steady demand. Some researchers highlight the demand for ES, while others focus on the flow of ES [15]. This is especially true for sparsely populated areas, where the flow of services is huge, and there are few consumers, and the value of the territory is essentially unclaimed. The demand for services depends on the availability, property, status, education of consumers of these services and the political ambitions of the state and enterprises [16]. The most controversial is the collection of data on quantitative characteristics and methods for the economic assessment of services. So, in addition to statistical data and GIS data, methods of collecting information using field surveys, surveys of respondents and household questionnaires are common in the world. For example, according to the Toolkit for Ecosys-
tem Service Site-Based Assessment (TESSA), the demand and flow of key services are identified - carbon storage, emissions of carbon dioxide, methane and nitric oxide, volumes of water consumed by the population, the number of days without flooding of the territory and households, volumes of forest and grown food products, the duration of rest spent in nature [17].
Embedding natural resource use in the economic processes, mainly for management, occurs on the basis of computer modeling, mapping the flow and demand for services, developing scenario approaches for the development of the territory, introducing payments for their use or damage from losses [12, 14, 18]. The assessment of ES is based on different principles and methods - cost, social preferences, the duration of recovery, the possibility of alternative replacement, etc. [15]. Previously, one of the authors has already turned to the analysis of world experience in ES assessment methods - economic assessment, modeling, mapping and development of scenario approaches [19].
The Russian experience of accounting for ES under the conditions of the technogenic load of the territory development has some features. Thus, Siberian researchers argue that in mining projects, when assessing the benefits of ES conservation, it is important to take into account the time factor and assess the possible level of restoration of disturbed ecosystems. The project is considered profitable if, with other economic effects from the development of mineral resources, the benefits from the conservation and restoration of ES are additionally taken into account [20]. Ural scientists have assessed the damage caused by the decrease in the economic value of the natural potential of the territory in the zone of industrial development of deposits in Yamal. Here, losses from changes in pasture areas and environment-forming services were taken into account as cost indicators of damage [21]. There are a number of studies on accounting for ES in assessing the damage caused to the natural environment [22, 23]. It is proposed to expand the composition of the value assessment of natural capital in the territories of traditional nature management and include, along with the assessment of the biological productivity of the territory, an assessment of fresh water resources, biodiversity, and regulating ecosystem functions of natural capital [22].
Russian instruments of territorial management are mostly based on a resource approach aimed at generating income in the short term, often without taking into account ecosystem services [24]. The significance of the ES assessment is not to "sell" these resources or receive compensation for their loss. The cost of ES in monetary terms is an assessment of their benefits to society - the benefits that will be lost if they are destroyed [25]. Thus, the value assessment of ecosystem services can be a powerful tool for making balanced decisions.
3. Economic assessment of ecological potential. The choice of key regulatory services was based on ranking in terms of their importance for the socio-economic well-being of the territory. The order of calculation is determined by the methods and key parameters considered earlier in author's publications [19, 23]. Regulatory and production services are included in the calculations. Tourism services are not included in the assessment due to the clear difference between potential mineral development sites and recreational facilities. Recreation or traditional type of nature management of the local population in the form of hunting, fishing, collection of
Table 2. Parameters for the economic assessment of ecosystem services Таблица 2. Параметры для экономической оценки экосистемных услуг
Ecosystem service (function) Regulatory parameters of the assessment
Regulatory services
Water regulation Climatic (average annual precipitation, share of summer precipitation)
Hydrological (river runoff, underground runoff of a forested area, swampland) Forest growth (bonitet, age, forest stand)
Cost (rates of payment for the use of groundwater by industrial enterprises along the Pechora River basin)
Deposition of C02
Water treatment capacity of swamps
Soil erosion protection Maintenance of biodiversity
Water protection function of forests
Forest growth (share of coniferous forest stand, carbon absorption capacity of forests) Cost (world price of 1 t CO2)
Hydrological (swamp area, filterability efficiency) Cost (cost of treatment plants)
Forest growth (area of coniferous forests) Cost (prices for the proposed crops)
Ecological (number of specially protected taxa listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation, the Komi Republic)
Cost (expert cost values of restoring the taxon) Ecological (forest cover, forest area)
Cost (rates of payment for the use of surface water by industrial enterprises along the Pechora River basin)
Absorption of pollution from Ecological (specific value of absorption of harmful substances by forest ecosystems of the Komi Republic the atmosphere (dust, harmful according to the draft Forest plan)
substances) Cost (rates of payment for the negative impact of dust and suspended substances PM 2.5 on the atmosphere,
taking into account the multiplying factor for 2020) Production services Reindeer grazing Ecological (reindeer population)
Cost (price from the sale of reindeer products - meat, offal, skins, horns, and antlers)
Fish catch
Mushroom and berry picking Provision of drinking water Hunting
Ecological (fishing by households)
Cost (price from the hypothetical sale of fish minus the cost of fishing) Ecological (volume of mushroom and berry picking by households)
Cost (price from a hypothetical sale of products, taking into account the cost of collecting resources)
Ecological (required volume of water delivery for water supply)
Cost (payment for water use services for consumers without the cost of water delivery)
Ecological (number of birds and animals during the hunt)
Cost (price from the hypothetical sale of products, taking into account the costs of its implementation)
Note: Compiled based on analysis [23, 26-31].
non-timber resources is taken into account in the assessment of the category of providing services (Table 2).
Calculations of the value characteristics of ES showed the dominance of regulatory services in the overall assessment. In addition to the Vorkuta region (50%), the value of product services is less than 10% of the total value of services. The situation varies by region. Among these functions, the most significant is the absorption of pollution from the atmosphere by forest ecosystems. Its share is 70-80% of the total value, with the exception of the Izhemsky district (27%). For the Vorkuta region, the most significant functions include: absorption of pollution from the atmosphere; the ability of swamp systems to clean up pollution; maintenance of biodiversity. The ecological potential of the Inta region is formed to a large extent due to the ability of the vegetation cover to absorb pollution from the atmosphere (72%), increase the volume of river runoff (10%) and prevent soil cover erosion (6%). On the territory of the Ust-Tsilemsky district, the most valuable functions are the absorption of pollution from the atmosphere (68%) and main-
taining the level of river runoff due to taiga vegetation (13%), as well as the ability of swamp ecosystems to purify surface water runoffs (7%). The Izhma district, the most forested of all the study areas (the share of forests is more than 80%), is distinguished by the prevalence of the value of river runoff formation and the absorption of pollutants from the atmosphere due to vegetation.
Table 3 shows the value indicators of regulatory and production services, their specific indicators per unit area at a discount rate of 10%.
The results of the calculations showed the difference in cost units of the specific indicators of the value of ecosystem services in the regions. Thus, in the tundra zone (Vorkuta district), this indicator was 82.4 thousand rubles/ha. With advancement to the zone of tundra forests and sparse taiga, it increases to 330.0 thousand rubles/ha (Izhma district). Of course, these are approximate calculations, which can be adjusted subject to environmental surveys of promising objects of extraction and processing of mineral resources.
table 3. Economic assessment of ecosystem services Таблица 3. Экономическая оценка экосистемных услуг
Regions
Ecosystem services, million rubles_ Specific indicator of the value of ser-
Regulatory Product vices, thousand rubles/ha
The municipality of Vorkuta 2056,12 2888,3 82,4
The municipality of Inta 17 333,30 2445,4 54,1
The municipal district of Ust-Tsilemsky 41 104,30 5957,8 116,6
The municipal district of Izhma 54 045,06_3817,5 330,0
Note: calculated by the author based on 2020 data.
Table 4. The value assessment of the Nechenskoye brown coal deposit, taking into account the environmental factor Таблица 4. оценка стоимости Неченского буроугольного месторождения с учетом экологического фактора
Indicator Value, million rubles
Gross potential resource value 7425
Reserve value estimated using the net present value method 928
Tax federal revenues 763
Tax regional revenues 635
Cost of ecosystem services 267
Reserve value including ecosystem services 661
Let us consider the option of assessing a mineral resource object using the proposed methodology, taking into account ecosystem services, using the example of the Nechenskoye deposit, which belongs to the group of brown coal deposits in the Kosyu-Rogovskaya depression (Inta district of the Komi Republic), fig. 2. The Nechenskoye deposit contains a significant number of resources and reserves of thermal and technological coals. In order to involve the deposit in commercial development, geological additional study, technological research, preparation of a feasibility study of conditions for calculating reserves are required. The results of technological studies of coals from the Nechenskoye deposit showed that their semi-coking can produce synthetic liquid fuel, which can serve as the basis for developing a proposal for their chemical-thermal processing. Coal reserves of the Nechensky seam and its analogues are classified as category C2 (protocol of the AUGS Soyuzuglegeologiya No. 61 dated 05.08.1983), the reserves of the remaining coal seams are classified as predicted resources of the P1 group. Extraction of brown coal is supposed to be carried out by an open (quarry) method.
Table 4 shows the final data on the economic performance of the proposed project and the value of reserves and resources of the Nechenskoye deposit, taking into account ecosystem services.
The cost of ecosystem services was determined based on the area of the quarry field of 41.9 km2 and the specific indicator of the value of services - 47.5 thousand rubles/ha. Thus, the potential value of the Nechenskoye brown coal deposit is about 700 million rubles with the potential gross value of resources of 7.5 billion rubles. Reserve assessment using the net present value method gives a more realistic idea of the deposit value, and accounting for ecosystem services allows one to determine the cost of possible environmental damage during its development.
Conclusions
Based on the existing methodological approaches to the assessment of mineral resources, taking into account Russian
and international experience, a methodology for the value assessment of mineral raw materials was proposed, including the assessment and ranking of deposits and occurrences of minerals according to the degree of their investment attractiveness, the assessment of the gross potential value of identified promising mineral resource objects, assessment of deposits with approved reserves using the net present value method with the determination of the budgetary efficiency of projects.
For the pilot assessment, individual deposits of the Arctic zone of the Komi Republic were selected using methods for assessing the investment attractiveness of territories. The value assessment of the mineral resource potential of solid minerals in the Arctic zone showed a high degree of resource dependence of the region's economy. The largest share in the cost structure of economically active reserves of mineral resources falls on coal deposits.
The use of the gross value indicator is mainly illustrative and more indicative of the raw material potential of a particular territory than of the real investment attractiveness. However, the use of such assessments is justified when comparing individual regions; monitoring of such indicators will make it possible to track the degree of involvement of the raw material potential in the economic turnover and changes in the market situation of mineral raw materials. The most balanced indicator of the value of mining facilities is the net present value of reserves, however, the main difficulty in calculating this indicator lies in the absence of a representative statistical database on capital and operating costs at analogous developed deposits.
The result of the assessment of ecosystem services was the calculation of the cost of environmental services and the analysis of their consumption and benefits. Its specific value, depending on the location of objects in the districts of the region, ranged from 54.1 to 330.0 thousand rubles/ha. Damage from the loss of ecosystem functions is only a hypothetical cost value that cannot be demanded from extractive enterprises as a payment for negative impact. Nevertheless, current trends in the implementation of the ecosystem approach, supported
Coal
Brown coal
Chromium
Copper
Gold
Barites
Limestones
Value assessment of the Nechenskoye brown coal deposit, taking into account the environmental factor, million rubles
Gross potential resource value Reserve value estimated using the net present value method
Reserve value including ecosystem services
. ьское рудное поле Харагинсков рудное попе
горгинскии рудный vi ел иодрсжкое гмВииС1гий рудный узел
ч
Figure 2. Promising fields of the Arctic zone of the Komi Republic рисунок 2. Перспективные месторождения арктической зоны республики коми
by international and Russian legislation, call on subsoil users to be prepared for significant costs for the conservation of the natural environment and take into account the ecosystem factor when choosing promising fields for development.
Returning to methodological approaches to the assessment of mineral assets, it is worth mentioning the methodology based on the amount of taxes paid by the subsoil user, when the value of the mineral resource is equal to the amount of royalties paid and the income of the mining company [32]. This is the method Statistics Netherlands uses to estimate the value of gas in the North Sea. Studies have shown that in this way the governments of Great Britain, Norway and the Netherlands take 80% or more of the cost of renting the North Sea fields. A similar method could be used in the assessment of oil and gas fields in the Komi Republic; however, this technique is hardly applicable to deposits of solid minerals. Thus, taxes paid by mining enterprises
in the Arctic zone of the Komi Republic in 2019 amounted to 5 billion rubles, while the estimated value of the region's reserves is about 800 billion rubles. This is indicative not so much of the imperfection of the tax legislation (which also takes place), but of the poor development of the republic's mineral resource potential.
Thus, the assessment of the mineral resource potential should be flexible, based on the most significant resource objects for the economy of the region, the type of raw material, size, technological knowledge, and economic and geographical factors of development. The key indicator is the net present value of the reserves, while the assessment of resources of the exploration stages is also an important task, since previously unclaimed raw materials can be economically profitable. The inclusion of ecosystem services in the overall assessment of the resource potential will also serve as an effective tool for making effective and balanced decisions in its development.
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The article was received on December 24, 2021
УДК 553.041-048:911.8(470.13-17) http://doi.org/10.21440/2307-2091-2022-1-127-137
Эколого-экономическая оценка минеральных ресурсов арктических территорий Республики Коми1
Ирина Григорьевна БУРЦЕВА1* Татьяна Вячеславовна ТИХОНОВА1** Игорь Николаевич БУРЦЕВ2*** Виталий Анатольевич ЩЕНЯВСКИЙ1****
1 Институт социально-экономических и энергетических проблем Севера Коми НЦ УрО РАН, Сыктывкар, Россия 2Институт геологии Коми НЦ УрО РАН, Сыктывкар, Россия
Аннотация
Актуальность. Вопросы, связанные с комплексной оценкой ресурсов, чрезвычайно актуальны в настоящее время. Ресурсная направленность экономики Республики Коми и страны в целом определяет потребность в объективной оценке природного капитала и информационно-мониторинговой системе, позволяющей фиксировать изменения стоимостной структуры минерально-сырьевых ресурсов и принимать оперативные решения в сфере управления природно-ресурсным потенциалом. Целью исследования являлась экономическая оценка перспективных минерально-сырьевых ресурсов арктической зоны Республики Коми с учетом утраты экосистемных функций.
Методология исследования. В задачи работы входили оценка и ранжирование месторождений и проявлений полезных ископаемых арктических районов республики по степени инвестиционной привлекательности для формирования программ освоения минерально-сырьевой базы региона с учетом экологических ограничений. Основой стоимостной оценки послужили методики определения инвестиционной привлекательности территорий, перспективных для горнорудного освоения и оценки экономической ценности месторождений. Экосистемные услуги оценивались методом компенсационных или альтернативных затрат; стоимости восстановления; рыночной оценки прямых и косвенных расходов.
Результаты. В результате исследования была выполнена экономическая оценка минерально-сырьевого потенциала арктической зоны Республики Коми, предложен новый методический подход к оценке минерально-сырьевой базы региона, способствующий выявлению перспективных видов сырья с возможностью вовлечения их в промышленное освоение. Рассмотрены основные методы и параметры экономической оценки экосистемных услуг, определены их удельные стоимостные характеристики, выполнен расчет ценности экологических услуг и анализа их потребления и выгод. На примере Неченского месторождения бурых углей показана методология оценки, учитывающая удельные показатели экологического ущерба. Выводы. Распространение подобных оценок на минерально-сырьевые объекты арктической зоны региона поможет выделить наиболее экономически выгодные из них для будущих инвестиций, а стоимость экосистемных услуг послужит одним из факторов целесообразности их разработки.
Ключевые слова: арктические территории, минеральные ресурсы, стоимостная оценка, экосистемные услуги.
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1 Статья подготовлена в соответствии с государственным заданием для ИСЭ и ЭПС ФИЦ Коми НЦ УрО РАН по теме НИР № 0418-20190014 «Комплексная оценка природно-ресурсного потенциала региона с целью создания новых центров экономического роста».
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8941-6587 "[email protected]
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2912-1696 "* [email protected]
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6868-6550 ""[email protected]
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9051-5769
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Статья поступила в редакцию 24 декабря 2021 года
