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ФЕДЕРАЛЬНАЯ ПОЛИТИКА И УПРАВЛЕНИЕ
UDC 316.334
DOI: 10.17072/2218-9173-2020-1-25-43
enhancement of state support mechanisms
for sports in the Russian federation
aleksey o. kiselev
Higher School of Economics, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
nikolay i. iurchenko
Higher School of Economics, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
For citation:
Kiselev, O. A. and Iurchenko, N. I. (2020), "Enhancement of state support mechanisms for sports in the Russian Federation", Ars Administrandi, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 25-43, doi: 10.17072/2218-9173-2020-1-25-43.
Introduction. Sports and physical culture currently have become the priority development areas in the Russian Federation, as is confirmed by a large number of major sports events at the federal as well as at the international level, where Russia has taken part or acted as the organizer. The paper considers various types of interaction between the state and the private sector in the field of sports and focuses on its specific features, including financing of sports events.
Aims. The aim is to work out the mechanisms for funding and development of sports in Russia based on the analysis of Russian and foreign experience in the implementation of sports projects.
Methods. Analysis of statistical indicators contained in the Federal State Statistic Service databases; correlation and regression methods; graphical method of data visualization.
Results. At present sports and physical culture are mainly funded through the state budget. However, PPP is becoming more popular and is used to build larger sports facilities and provide for organization and holding international sports events.
In compliance with the federal targeted program "Development of physical culture and sports in the Russian Federation for 2016-2020"1, both public and private funding
1 О федеральной целевой программе «Развитие физической культуры и спорта в Российской Федерации на 2016-2020 годы» [Электронный ресурс]: постановление Правительства Рос. Федерации от 21.01.2015 № 30. URL: http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_174530/ (дата обращения: 30.01.2019).
© Kiselev O. A., Iurchenko N. I., 2020
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for sports industry in 2000-2017 had increased and this will continue to happen in the future. Accordingly, the number of sports facilities has grown, thus providing for an increased number of jobs, which has a positive effect on both economic and social spheres.
Conclusions. Physical culture and sports have seen a lot of positive changes recently; however, this industry's further development needs refinement of legal regulations and continuous funding. Achieving the goals of the federal targeted program is only possible through setting up a rational expenditure system as well as increasing efficiency of sports facilities management, creating an education network for the population, active construction and modernization of sports clubs and sports grounds, improving the organization of large-scale sports events. For these purposes it is therefore suggested to expand the use of public-private and municipal-private partnership.
Keywords: mechanisms to finance sports; sports and physical culture; sports events; investments into sports; public-private partnership (PPP); municipal-private partnership (MPP)
INTRODUCTION
Nowadays one of the rapidly growing industries in Russia and abroad is industry of physical culture and sports. At the current stage of the development of Russia, this industry is a constituent part of the large spheres like economics, labor, and finance. That is why one of the priority directions of the development of the Russian Federation, today and in the long-term perspective, is the development of sports and physical culture. This is confirmed by a large number of major sports events at the federal and international level, where Russia has taken and will take part in.
In Russia, the branches of the socio-cultural sphere are not only state, but also commercial that provide educational, medical, and sports services. Currently, experts are trying to assess and compare the economic efficiency of public and private organizations, as well as various types of private and public funding in the socio-cultural sphere (Разыграева и Щукина, 2014, с. 79).
Moreover, in recent decades the sports field has been developing at a tremendous pace throughout the world, turning into a whole industry of sports and recreational activities. In addition, physical culture partly affects the economic sphere of the state and society, in particular, the quality of the workforce, the structure of consumption and demand, foreign economic relations and tourism (Галкин, 2006, с. 8).
Moreover, the field of physical culture and sports is quite popular in the scientific community. Russian scientists involved in the research are R. A. Piloyan, S. I. Guskov, V. B. Korenberg. These specialists are mainly engaged in the study of the subspecies of the sports industry, such as: mass and Olympic sports, commercial and professional. E. M. Gubin, U. A. Zubarev, M. P. Bondarenko, and V. K. Doyev have researched and developed the financing of mass sports in Russia (Бондаренко и др., 2016). In addition, foreign specialists are also engaged in the development of this sphere, among them B. J. Crum, S. Poupaux and O. Bril stand out, they study the organizational and regulatory side of the industry (Becsky-Nagy et al., 2015), sports mega-events (Horne, 2007).
This industry has become quite popular all over the world. That is why in recent years the increasing attention of the world leading countries has been paid
to the development of sports and physical culture, which have a great influence not only on the socio-economic factors of the country's development, but also on the image of the state (Mitten et al., 2016, p. 56).
However, for the further development of sports and physical culture, it is necessary to invest additional funds in this sector. The question of finding other sources of funding, new forms of interaction between the public and private sectors in the development of the field of sports and physical culture is still relevant today.
This work consists of theoretical and practical parts. Theoretical part reviews the works of the domestic and foreign scientists on financing and development of the sports industry. The practical part considers the functions and types of the sports industry, the directions of financing the sports industry in Russia. It also classifies large sports projects implemented on the basis of interaction between the state and business. Upon completion, further directions for the development of cooperation between the state and the private sector in the field of sports in Russia will be developed and presented.
THEORETICAL BASIS
Government measures to support the sport
In the modern world, the field of physical culture and sports is becoming increasingly noticeable in both spheres: social and political. An example of this can be the successful holding of the 2018 FIFA World Cup and the 2014 Winter Olympic Games, where the Russian national team has shown excellent results, contrary to all criticism (Киенко и Чернявская, 2016). Such a success at the international level, as well as the participation of the population in physical culture and sports are an undeniable proof of the nation's strength, its military and political power.
Over the past few years, the largest international competitions have been held in the Russian Federation, such as: World Summer Universiade in Kazan (2013), Winter Olympic Games in Sochi (2014), World Aquatics Championships in Kazan (2015), World Hockey Championship (2016), FIFA World Cup (2018) and others. In this regard, there has been a recent positive growth trend in the number of sports facilities, as well as amount of people leading an active lifestyle, and this in turn leads to the development of modern skilled sports.
Today, Russia is already supporting a development strategy and creating conditions for its citizens to lead a healthy lifestyle2. The systematic engagement in various sports will lead to raising competitiveness of Russian sports in general (Киенко и Чернявская, 2016). The main objectives of this strategy will be implemented by proposing new systems of sports education for the public, which include the creation and development of sports clubs network, improvement of the basic sports events system and the development of interaction between subjects of physical culture and sports (Перова и др., 2013, p. 101).
According to the studies of I. S. Ferova et al. (Ferova et al., 2008a; Ferova et al., 2008b), Russia has recently seen noticeable improvements in the indicators for sports
2 Там же.
and physical culture sphere, namely: (1) increasing number of sports facilities; (2) improved funding for major sporting events; (3) increasing in funds allocated for the development of the sports sector from the federal budget.
These improvements were achieved on the basis of the implementation of the Federal Law "On physical culture and sports in the Russian Federation" (hereinafter - Federal Law no. 329-FZ)3, as well as the Federal Target Program "Development of physical culture and sports in the Russian Federation for 2006-2015"4.
Physical culture and sports industry is a multifaceted concept, and therefore today there are many definitions of the term. For instance, R. Sandy (Sandy et al., 2017) understands this industry as various organizations and enterprises, regardless of their organizational and legal form, participating in the physical culture and sports activities. However, V. V. Galkin (Galkin, 2006) considers that physical culture and sports in modern society are the most important factor in maintaining and improving people's health, which results in the improvement of their culture. A more comprehensive definition of this concept was presented in Federal Law no. 329-FZ. This sphere is characterized as an aggregate of state, municipal and private enterprises that carry out activities for the purpose of physical education of the population, as well as the development of the sports sector in the Russian Federation.
Over the past few decades, the world of sports has changed significantly. Sport has ceased to be just a show or entertainment. It has become a rapidly growing industry where business is one of the main participants. M. G. Razygraeva and I. A. Schukina (Разыграева и Щукина, 2014) believes that the modern sports industry is a diversified industry, which today includes: new sphere of economic and business relations; sphere of employment; new business environment.
The multifunctional nature of sports is manifested in the development of physical and moral qualities of a person, helps in organizing socially beneficial activities and leisure of the population, in preventing various diseases and promoting healthy lifestyles among young people (Федоренко и Костина, 2018). In order to perform all these functions in the field of physical culture and sports successfully, the state must implement a number of basic tasks, such as: development of an effective regulatory framework in this area; ensuring continuous funding for the industry; popularization of a healthy lifestyle among the population.
Today, the sphere of physical culture and sports primarily is a mechanism for improving the population and maintaining a healthy lifestyle among young people (Brown et al., 2017, p. 25).That is why the state gives a great value to the development of sports, in particular, to the increasing role of the state in the development of mass sports, as well as the organization of major sports events.
The state takes various measures to maintain and develop the sphere of sports and physical education. In accordance with the Federal Law no. 329-FZ5,
3 О физической культуре и спорте в Российской Федерации [Электронный ресурс]: Федер. закон от 04.12.2007 № 329-ФЗ. URL: http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_73038/ (Accessed February 5, 2019).
4 О федеральной целевой программе «Развитие физической культуры и спорта в Российской Федерации на 2006-2015 годы» [Электронный ресурс]: постановление Правительства Рос. Федерации от 11.01.2006 № 7. URL: http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_89958/ (дата обращения: 05.02.2019).
5 О физической культуре и спорте...
the main powers of the Russian Federation in this area include: (1) the development and implementation of various state programs in the field of physical culture and sports; (2) the organization of activities for training sports teams for various international sports competitions; (3) assistance in the organization and conduct of the all-Russian sports event; (4) promotion of healthy lifestyles and sports; (5) organization of material and technical support of Russian national teams, as well as other powers.
A number of roles, such as registration of sports passports and adoption of normative legal acts on the organization of major sports events were transferred to the public authorities of the Russian Federation (Разыграева и Щукина, 2014, c. 79).
Meanwhile, the local governments responsibilities include (Губина и др., 2012, с. 77): (1) promotion of healthy lifestyles among different groups of the population; (2) organization and holding of municipal sports events; (3) formation of sports teams in municipal districts and urban districts; (4) provision of sports teams with the necessary equipment; (5) assistance to organizations of physical culture and sports located on the territory of municipalities.
In turn, the sphere of physical culture and sports began to intensively influence the economic sector of the society and the state as a whole (Гладун, 2014, с. 31). Recently, the impact has been evidently visible in several areas, such as economic growth, entrepreneurship and the rise of the working age.
With regards to economic growth in this area, sport is one of the factors ensuring training of high-skilled labor force. Mass sport also leads to a reduction in economic losses in many spheres of life (Васюкова и др., 2016, с. 68).
In addition, physical culture and sports are one of the main areas where entre-preneurship is actively developing, on the one hand providing new jobs for the population, and on the other- providing continuous tax revenues to the budget system6. Finally, physical activity has a positive effect on the increase in life expectancy of citizens, which in turn helps to increase the working age (Fried et al., 2019, p. 21).
Organizational and economic bases for the development of physical culture and sports in the Russian Federation
In recent decades, in many developed countries the industry of physical culture and sports has received a rapid development through entrepreneurial activity. In addition, this industry has a positive effect on both the social and the economic sphere of any state. On this basis, new sports and recreational organizations of various ownership forms are being created that operate on a commercial basis in Russia and abroad (Герасименко и др., 2019, с. 103). Such organizations include physical education clubs, various health centers, international sports associations, etc. (Schwarz et al., 2015, p. 17-20).
On the other hand, the sports industry is based on professional sports which also functions on a commercial basis and gains its profits from advertising and publish-
6 Бюджет Министерства спорта Российской Федерации на 2014-2016 годы [Электронный ресурс] // М-во спорта Рос. Федерации: офиц. сайт. URL: https://www.minsport.gov.ru/activities/ financial/ (дата обращения: 15.02.2019).
ing. In addition, physical culture and sports are involved in other areas of commercial activity, such as the production and sales of various sports equipment, participation in the organization of information and sports businesses, and the construction of various kinds of sports facilities (Stewart, 2017, p. 32).
Organizational and economic relations in the field of sports are very diverse and they often involve various sports organizations, health clubs, highly skilled athletes and coaches, government agencies, as well as fans. V. V. Galkin (Galkin, 2006) states that each of the participants listed above has their own goals and interests in receiving economic benefits from this process. This viewpoint is shared by M. G. Razygraeva and I. A. Schukina (Разыграева и Щукина, 2017). Therefore, in order to better understand economic relations, it is necessary to classify them in terms of participants groups (Перова и др., 2013) (fig.).
Fig. Participants of the sports industry / Рис. Участники спортивной индустрии
The sports industry includes:
(1) fans and spectators who are mostly consumers of sporting goods and services;
(2) organizations and enterprises involved in the sports industry and engaged in the production of sports goods for public use;
(3) a variety of sports clubs, athletes and coaches, who are both producers and consumers of sports services;
(4) state (government) structures that, on the one hand, are interested participants in the sports industry, and on the other hand, quite often try to regulate sports and economic relations. Also, the state in most cases is one of the organizers of major sporting events.
In Russia, the sports industry and the sports sector in general have been studied by many specialists, who believe that sport is a historically established form of competitive activity, as well as training athletes for competitions. In turn, A. W. Scheerder and E. Claes (Scheerder et al., 2017) and some others think that the basis of sports is constituted by events of various types and levels: competitions, sports performances, sports events. The entire sports industry is divided into a certain type of subcategories (Ratten, 2017): olympic; commercial; non-profit.
The Olympic sports mainly include such sports as swimming, volleyball, cycling, biathlon and many others. These sports perform several basic functions, including peacekeeping, country representation worldwide and also maintaining peace between states (Ratten, 2017).
Commercial sports include such sports as football, tennis, boxing, etc. (Becsky-Nagy et al., 2015). These sports are quite popular with the audience and are also catalysts for the country's economy.
Sports related to the non-profit industry mainly perform a kind of intermediate functions that have an impact on both the entertainment and peacemaking part of the event. These kinds of sports often include arm wrestling, billiards, bowling, darts, etc. These sports areas aren't included in the program of the Olympic Games and rarely collect a large number of spectators.
Thus, in Russia the field of physical culture and sports is currently one of the most important sectors for development. The main directions of reforming and developing the sphere of sports are building a system of information and propaganda policy and creating a new national system for the development of mass sports.
To date, the mechanism of public-private partnership (PPP) is used in various fields; however, the implementation of large infrastructure projects mainly occurs in the field of sports and physical education. This fact can be confirmed by large number of major sporting events, as well as the construction of new sports stadiums in Russia.
Currently, the sports sector in Russia is developing at a fairly rapid pace, however, for its further successful development large financial investments are required. That is why in the past few years the issue of organizing new forms of interaction between the state and private organizations in sports sector is still relevant.
The Russian Federation has adopted the federal targeted program "Development of physical culture and sports in the Russian Federation for 2016-2020", which provides for the transition of the sports sector to an innovative development model and the creation of a competitive environment for further development of sports sector in the international arena. The main impetus to sports development was the construction of new and the reconstruction of old sports complexes that allow organizing international sports competitions and events. Moreover, holding such sports competitions also contributes to the development of the country's economy.
Annual Russian government spending on sports sector development amounts to 0,7 % of its gross domestic product (GDP). However, many experts agree that by 2020 the share of public funds invested into the further development of sports sector will be 0,6 % of GDP7.
This is precisely the main reason for the search for new forms of financing this industry, as well as for more profitable ways of interaction between the public and private sectors. In this it is necessary to address a number of primary tasks (Антонов, 2017): (1) searching for new investors for the construction of large sports facilities; (2) ensuring a more effective combination of public and private interests; (3) increasing control over the use of public funds allocated for specific purposes; (4) education and training of highly qualified specialists.
According to economists, the Russian Federation Government will need to spend about 30 trillion rubles in the next 10-15 years on the reconstruction of the existing and the construction of new sports infrastructure. However, with the proper development of the PPP institution the government economic sphere can get a number of beneficial results: create new jobs through the development of entrepreneurship;
7 Там же.
increase in tax revenues to public budgets of all levels; reduce government spending on financing large sports projects. All of these factors are at the initial stage of their development (ry6MHa m gp., 2012).
In its general form, the implementation of a project using the mechanism of municipal-private partnership (MPP) involves activities aimed at creating a new service or new product, developing existing services and goods in a certain amount of time and under certain conditions. Effective management of projects that are implemented under MPP will definitely allow using to the full the potential and all the advantages of municipalities. The MPP mechanism has a number of advantages both for the municipality and private investors (see table). However, today it is hardly possible to indicate who enjoys them more, because it all depends on the project being implemented, the mechanism chosen for its implementation, as well as some other factors (Eepgap, 2017).
Municipality:
(1) Attracting private investors for the construction of public infrastructure facilities.
(2) Reducing risks by transferring them to the private sector.
(3) No financial costs for the facility infrastructure operation.
(4) Attraction of highly qualified experts from private organizations.
(5) The use of innovative technologies by private companies. Private business:
(1) Political and administrative support from the municipality.
(2) Reducing risks by sharing them with the municipality.
(3) New opportunities for innovative projects implementation.
(4) Long-term placement of investment assets under state guarantees.
(5) The ability to invest a certain share of funds into a project.
In turn, along with the advantages of using the MPP mechanism, there are certain risks both for the municipality and the private sector. On the part of municipality, the main problem today is the inability to adequately present the infrastructure project to investors, as a result of which many private companies refuse to finance the project (AHromeB, 2012). As for private organizations, one of the main obstacles in this area is that today there are no private organizations on the market that would be qualified in the field of public-private and MPP. In addition, several common problems can be distinguished, such as: (1) absence of relevant legislative framework; (2) lack of qualified personnel; (3) lack of industry policy for PPPs and MPPs application in certain areas; (4) insufficient number of large infrastructure projects where MPP could be used; (5) insufficient funding from regional budgets.
It is important to note that when using the MPP mechanism in the sports sector, the municipality sets the following goals: (1) attraction of various kinds of investments for the reconstruction and building the new sports infrastructure facilities; (2) development of the sports sector (improving the quality of services provided); (3) providing new sports equipment of large sports complexes.
When using PPP and MPP mechanisms in the construction or building the new sports infrastructure facilities, concession appears to be the most commonly
used contract form. This type of relationship between the municipality and the private sector implies that the municipality transfers a sports infrastructure facility to the private sector for reconstruction or operation. In turn, the organization pays the municipality by single or periodic payments. Basically, concession agreements of this kind are concluded with public property, however, in some cases, due to the lack of sports infrastructure facilities to be rented out to the private sector, private organizations are vested with the authority to conduct a certain type of business in the territory of the municipality.
RESULTS
The main results of this study will be the following: first, following the qualitative analysis, it is concluded that that the sports industry in Russia is currently one of the main development areas. This explains that the sports sphere contributes to the development of physical and moral qualities of a person, helps in organizing socially beneficial activities and leisure of the population, as well as in preventing various health problems and in promoting healthy lifestyles among young people.
Firstly, the Russian Federation has already realized the federal targeted program "Development of physical culture and sports in the Russian Federation for 20162020", the main goals of which are the transition of physical culture and sports to a new innovative development model, the creation of necessary conditions that could give the population to engage in healthy lifestyle and systematic physical exercise and sports, which will lead to an increased competitiveness of Russian sports in general. To achieve these goals, it is necessary to create a new system of sports education for the population of the country, which will include the construction and reconstruction of sports clubs and stadiums, the improvement of major sports events, and the development of interaction between various types of physical culture and sports. Using a qualitative analysis method, the study concludes that at present the governmental authorities at both the regional and local levels are the main source of financial support for sports and physical education. However, the PPP mechanism is becoming increasingly popular and has recently been used in the construction of large sports facilities, as well as in organizing and conducting international sports events.
Secondly, quantitative analysis can also be helpful to access the expected results. The analysis of statistical indicators (such as population size; number of sports facilities; the number of people involved in sports; the level of public and private investment aimed at the development of sports; the number of jobs) collected in the Federal State Statistic Service databases shows that from 2000 to 2017, funding for the sports industry from the public and private sectors increased, and in accordance with the federal targeted program "Development of physical culture and sports in the Russian Federation for 2016-2020" the funding will grow further. It was also established that over the past seven years the number of sports facilities has increased significantly: stadiums, sports grounds, multifunctional sports centers have been built. In this regard, the number of jobs in this sphere has increased accordingly, which favorably affects the economic and social development. Another benefit was gained through using the PPP mechanism in the construction of these facilities.
Table / Таблица
The results of regression models with a fixed effect / Результаты регрессионных моделей с фиксированным эффектом
Variable and model results Model 1 (dependent variable: number of people involved in sports) Model 2 (dependent variable: number of residents involved in special sports institutions) Model 3 (dependent variable: number of sports facilities annually under construction in the regions) Model 4 (dependent variable: number of sports facilities annually under construction in the regions)
Coefficient P value Coefficient P value Coefficient P value Coefficient Pvalue
Const 1129959,3 0,000 78240,5 0,250 2853,4 0,002 441,2 0,828
Subsidy average 79,8 0,000 23,966 0,010 - - 12,301 0,382
Extrabudgetary funds 2303670,7 0,023 458473,5 0,004 10730,8 0,000 13808,7 0,001
Corruption -268454 0,007 - - 0,368 0,010 -734,8 0,146
Local government -82000,2 0,004 -20487,3 0,000 -371,7 0,026 -263,4 0,000
Financial support -45,5 0,000 -13,6 0,001 -0,233 0,000 - -
Openness - - - - - - 1423,9 0,000
Fisher statistics 7,5 0,000b 4,9 0,001b 8,657 0,000b 6,893 0,000b
R-squared 0,705 0,648 0,821 0,757
Adjusted R-Squared 0,586 0,560 0,689 0,569
Source: authors' calculations in the SPSS program.
In the Model 1, federal subsidies and financial support, less significant regional development indicators such as local government and the level of corruption, turned out to be significant variables affecting the number of residents involved in physical education and sports.
In the Model 2, the impact on the number of residents involved in specialized sports facilities is explained by the development of local government, as well as by federal subsidies and financial support.
Extrabudgetary and financial support indicators were significant in the Model 3, where the dependent variable is the number of sports facilities annually under construction in the regions.
In the Model 4, the development of local self-government, extra-budgetary funds, as well as the openness of the region, again, turned out to be significant; in this case the number of sports facilities annually under construction in the regions was also a dependent variable.
Thus, based on the conducted correlation and regression analysis, it is possible to both confirm and refute some of the theoretical argumentations, the hypotheses presented in the first chapter of the work. We were able to prove that the more subsidies the state allocates for the development of the region, the better its sports sector is developing, that is, hypothesis 1 was confirmed. It was further established that the more extrabudgetary funds are invested in the region, the larger is the number of people involved in sports, and the larger number of sports projects are implemented: this also confirms hypothesis 2. Further, the factors included into the analysis - such as the activity and influence of municipalities in the regionmade it possible to confirm hypothesis 3, according to which municipalities in the regions have a positive impact on the development of the sports sector. The hypothesis 4 was also confirmed, namely the receipt of more private investment in the development of the sports sector due to the low level of corruption in the region and the high openness of the political apparatus. However, not all hypotheses were confirmed: hypothesis 5 was refuted due to the fact that a lower level of corruption in the region and greater openness of activity do not affect the state financial support of sports industry in the region. This can be explained by the fact that there are special state and regional programs providing for allocation of a certain amount of financial resources for the development of a particular industry.
Moreover, the study once again proves the fact that both municipalities and the state are interested in the development of the sports sector in Russia. Funds allocated to the regions as state subsidies and extrabudgetary funds allocated by municipalities are also spent on PPP and MPP developing in sports sector, in particular, on planning, designing and implementation of large-scale sports projects. In addition, during the analysis it was revealed that corruption in the region, as well as its openness, play a rather significant role in the development of the sports industry, that is, under PPPs and MPPs projects, private investors give a lot of notice to the openness and transparency of state and municipal bodies activities in general and in the sports field in particular.
As a result of this research, four main methods were identified that could further improve of the MPP mechanism in the Russian Federation. The choice of this particular mechanism of interaction between municipalities and the private sector
was determined by the results of the analysis of scientific literature and qualitative and quantitative analysis revealing that MPP has a rather strong influence on the development of the sports sector, and is also a key lever for its further improvement.
The first and possibly the key recommendation is setting up support centers for small and medium-sized businesses.
To set up such centers in every city seems a rather expensive burden for the state budget. However, today PPPs support centers are already being created in the Russian regions, in particular within the executive authorities; so it is proposed to use them as a basis for setting up institutions that would assist in the MPP development in the regions. The main functions of such centers should be:
(1) Training of highly qualified specialists to assist the interaction between municipalities and private organizations, as without the competent staff a further efficient development in this sphere is not possible.
(2) The next important function is the "project packaging", or rather assistance in project's implementation. This concept means the project is implemented through several phases that is, project design, search for interested private investors, including the conclusion of an agreement on MPP and the further implementation of the project itself, also accompanied by many phased actions, with a specialized assistance from MPP support centers.
(3) Further, one of the functions can be the search for and attraction of private partners. For this purpose a single database including all potential investors should be created recorded by sector/occupation. Such an approach would be quite effective, since at the stage of project implementation it will be possible to turn to the interested private partners.
(4) Developing cooperation between municipalities will be one ofthe key functions of these institutions, as this means attracting a greater number of private partners through the development of individual concession projects into intersectoral ones, i.e. conclusion of various kinds of agreements for the construction or reconstruction of not only one, but several interconnected infrastructure facilities, possibly located in different municipalities.
The second recommendation is the creation of a single database organized by a rating system. This database will be an assessment scale, formed on the basis of mutual assessments of both sides. The above assessment will necessarily need to work out the specific criteria, for example, how committed a private partner or municipality is in the implementation of the project; if the municipality provides the promised support to private investors; whether the private partner meets the deadlines in the project implementation, etc. The main idea is that each of the parties involved in the project will be able to evaluate its partner. Moreover, this database should be accessible to the public, so the municipality or private investor will be able to choose the most suitable partner for further successful interaction. Such assessment bases already exist in some countries with highly-developed PPP and MPP institutions.
The next recommendation is the adjustment of the regulatory framework, especially related to MPP. Today in Russia there is no effective regulatory framework in the field of PPP and MPP projects. To resolve this problem, it is necessary to create an effective regulatory system that regulates all kinds of issues in MPP and PPP. It is
necessary to approve clear concepts, goals and objectives of projects based on PPP and MPP, as well as other forms of interaction between the state and the municipality with the private sector.
The final recommendation is the development and use of other forms of interaction between the state and municipalities and the business. To date, the Russian practice of sports infrastructure projects is limited to the only form of interaction, namely concession. The state and municipalities often use PPP and MPP mechanisms when concluding agreements with the private businesses. However, based on the experience of developed foreign countries in the sports sector, it seems possible to use other forms of cooperation, such as long-term leases, production sharing agreements, life cycle contracts and others. They may become the point of interest of private investors, thus activating private sector involvement of in this industry. However, for this it is necessary that all these types of interaction be supported by regulatory documents, fixing a wide scope of arising issues.
For the further successful development of PPP and MPP mechanisms in the sports sector, as well as in many others, the state and municipalities and the private investors will need new management skills and generally, a new management structure.
CONCLUSION
Today, the sports sector performs many different functions in the field of employment and the development of new business environment. Over the past few years, there have been positive changes like the construction of new sports facilities, the financing of major sporting events. However, for the further development of this area, improvements in the regulatory and legal sphere are needed, as well as in ensuring continuous funding for this industry.
The research took into account several sub-categories identified in the sports sphere, namely, Olympic, commercial and non-commercial sports. The financing structure of the industry, which includes budget and extra-budgetary financing, has been considered. The research proposes the existing PPP tool to be used for the further development in sports sector in Russia. Consideration of a number of aspects of the sports industry shows the importance and complexity of the problems. Among them there is the need to create a system for financing both higher achievements and mass sports. In addition, the issues of creating a rational structure of funds expenditure, improving the efficiency of the management in sports organizations are becoming increasingly relevant.
Under the current conditions, the development of sports and physical education is a profitable investment in the future of the whole country. Construction and modernization of large sports complexes will allow the government to hold international competitions, which will become an impetus for the development of mass sports in the Russian Federation, as well as a stimulus for the economic development of Russian regions.
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Information about the authors
Aleksey O. Kiselev - graduate student, HSE Saint Petersburg, 16 Soyuza Pechatnikov str., Saint-Petersburg, 190121, Russia
ORCID: 0000-0002-0014-8473
ResearcherlD: AAD-9440-2019
E-mail: a.o.kiselev@bk.ru
Nikolay I. Iurchenko - graduate student, HSE Saint Petersburg, 16 Soyuza Pechatnikov str., Saint-Petersburg, 190121, Russia
ORCID: 0000-0002-4676-6146
ResearcherID: F-8887-2018
E-mail: kolika895@gmail.com
Received November 11, 2019
УДК 316.334
DOI: 10.17072/2218-9173-2020-1-25-43
улучшение механизмов государственной поддержки спорта в российской федерации
Алексей Олегович Киселев
Санкт-Петербургский филиал Национального исследовательского университета «Высшая школа экономики», 190121, Россия, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Союза Печатников, 16 ОЯСГО: 0000-0002-0014-8473 КезеагсЬегГО: ЛЛБ-9440-2019 Электронный адрес: a.o.kiselev@bk.ru
Николай Игоревич Юрченко
Санкт-Петербургский филиал Национального исследовательского университета «Высшая школа экономики», 190121, Россия, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Союза Печатников, 16 ОЯСГО: 0000-0002-4676-6146 И^еагссЬегГО: Б-8887-2018 Электронный адрес: kolika895@gmail.com
Для цитирования:
Kiselev O. A., Iurchenko, N. I. Enhancement of state support mechanisms for sports in the Russian Federation // Ars Administrandi (Искусство управления). 2020. Том 12, № 1. С. 25-43. DOI: 10.17072/2218-9173-2020-1-25-43.
Введение: одним из приоритетных направлений развития Российской Федерации является сфера физической культуры и спорта, что подтверждается большим количеством крупных спортивных мероприятий на федеральном и международном уровне, где наша страна выступала в качестве участника или организатора. В статье рассматриваются различные виды и особенности взаимодействия государства и частного сектора в данной сфере, в том числе в сфере финансирования спортивных мероприятий.
Цель: разработка направлений финансирования и развития спорта в России на основе анализа российского и зарубежного опыта реализации спортивных проектов.
Методы: анализ статистических показателей, содержащихся в базах данных Росстата, методы корреляции и регрессии, метод визуализации данных.
Результаты: сегодня государственный бюджет является основным источником финансовой поддержки спорта и физического воспитания. Тем не менее, механизм государственно-частного партнерства приобретает все большую популярность - он используется при строительстве крупных спортивных сооружений, а также при организации и проведении международных спортивных мероприятий.
В соответствии с федеральной целевой программой «Развитие физической культуры и спорта в Российской Федерации на 2016-2020 годы» финансирование спортивной индустрии со стороны государственного и частного секторов увеличилось. Кроме того, возросло количество спортивных сооружений, и, как следствие, число рабочих мест, что благоприятно сказывается на экономической и социальной сферах.
Выводы: в сфере физической культуры и спорта наблюдаются позитивные изменения, однако для дальнейшего развития необходимо улучшение нормативно-правового регулирования, а также обеспечение постоянного финансирования этой отрасли. Достижение поставленных в федеральной целевой программе целей возможно при организации рациональной структуры расходования средств, а также повышении эффективности управления спортивными организациями, создании новой системы спортивного образования для населения страны, активном строительстве и модернизации спортивных клубов и стадионов, совершенствовании механизмов организации крупных спортивных мероприятий. Для этого необходимо расширять использование механизма государственно-частного и муниципально-частного партнерства.
Ключевые слова: механизмы финансирования спорта; спорт и физическая культура; спортивные мероприятия; инвестиции в спорт; государственно-частное партнерство (ГЧП); муниципально-частное партнерство (МЧП)
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Статья получена 11 ноября 2019 года
