CC BY
12
АПФ&ПЛ
Тематический выпуск АНТРОПОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ
ЛИНГВИСТИКА: КУЛЬТУРНЫЕ СМЫСЛЫ _В ЯЗЫКЕ_
CIP&PL
Thematic issue AXIOLOGICAL LINGUISTICS: CULTURAL MEANINGS IN LANGUAGE
http://philjournal.ru 2021 No2 176-185
АССОЦИАТИВНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ИЗУЧЕНИЯ КУЛЬТУРНЫХ СМЫСЛОВ
ASSOCIATIVE ASPECTS OF CULTURAL MEANING STUDIES
Original Paper
DOI: 10.29025/2079-6021-2021-2-176-185
English deadjectival nouns as models of knowledge representation about the world
Liudmila V. Babina1*, Ksenia E. Lukina2
1 Derzhavin Tambov State University,
33 International Str., Tambov, Russian Federation, 392000 2 Gymnasium №19, 68 Semashko Str., Lipetsk, Russian Federation, 398002 1ORCID: 0000-0003-1096-122X; Scopus Author ID: 56285620000
2 ORCID ID: 0000-0001-7065-9167 *e-mail: [email protected]
Abstract: From the position of a cognitive approach the authors consider English deadjectival nouns, what involves identifying and describing knowledge domains represented by these language units in English language culture. The study is carried out on the material of deadjectival nouns, which are fixed in English dictionaries and selected by a continuous sampling method. A set of methods is used, the main of which are methods of conceptual-definitional and cognitive-matrix analysis. As a result of the study, it is revealed that English deadjectival nouns represent the structure of knowledge of an integrative nature, including the concepts of HUMAN BEING, ARTEFACT, NATURAL OBJECT, SUBSTANCE, and STATE. This knowledge structure is presented as a general cognitive matrix, the components of which are the above concepts. In turn, the matrix components can also be complex and include a variety of knowledge. It is determined that deadjectival nouns presenting the HUMAN BEING concept convey ideas about human physical parameters, psychological features and social status, as well as about human diseases. Deadjectival nouns representing the concept of ARTEFACT name human signs and sign systems, products of human speech, household and personal items, objects of labor activity, vehicles and buildings. Deadjectival nouns representing the NATURAL OBJECT concept convey ideas about natural landscape objects, about the plant and animal world. Deadjectival nouns representing the SUBSTANCE concept reflect ideas about drugs/substances, cleaning products, cosmetics, and
* © Бабина Л.В., Лукина K.E., 2021.
[gv Q I This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License https://creativecommons. org/licenses/by/4.0/
technical substances, organic or natural substances. The STATE concept is represented by deadjectival nouns that convey knowledge about the state of a person, object, and phenomenon, about their being in a certain state.
Keywords: substantivation, nominalization, deadjectival nouns, English language culture, cognitive modeling, general cognitive matrix, cognitive matrix components, knowledge representation models
Acknowledgements. The research is financially supported by the Russian Science Foundation grant (project No. 20-18-00372).
For citation: Babina L.V., Lukina K.E. English deadjectival nouns as models of knowledge representation about the world. Current Issues in Philology and Pedagogical Linguistics. 2021, no 2, pp. 176-185 (In Russ.).
Оригинальная статья УДК 81-13
DOI: 10.29025/2079-6021-2021-2-176-185
Английские отадъективные существительные как модели репрезентации знаний о мире
Л.В. Бабина1*, К.Е. Лукина2
1 Тамбовский государственный университет имени Г.Р.Державина, 392000, Тамбов, Российская Федерация, ул. Интернациональная, 33 2 МБОУ гимназия №19 им. Н.З. Поповичевой г. Липецка, 398002, Липецк, Российская Федерация, ул. Семашко, 68
1ORCID ID: 0000-0003-1096-122X; Scopus Author ID: 56285620000 2 ORCID ID: 0000-0001-7065-9167 *е-mail: [email protected]
Резюме: В статье с позиции когнитивного подхода рассматриваются английские отадъективные существительные, что предполагает выявление и описание тех областей знания, которые получают репрезентацию за счет данных языковых единиц в английской лингвокультуре. Исследование выполнено на материале отадъективных существительных, которые зафиксированы в словарях английского языка и отобраны методом сплошной выборки. В ходе анализа используется комплекс методов, основными из которых являются методы концептуально-дефиниционного и когнитивно-матричного анализа. В результате исследования было выявлено, что английские отадъективные существительные репрезентируют структуру знания интегративного характера, включающую концепты HUMAN BEING, ARTEFACT, NATURAL OBJECT, SUBSTANCE и STATE. Данная структура знания представляется как общая когнитивная матрица, компонентами которой являются вышеупомянутые концепты. В свою очередь компоненты матрицы также могут иметь сложный характер и включать разнообразные знания. Определено, что отадъективные существительные, репрезентирующие концепт HUMAN BEING, передают представления о физических параметрах, психологических особенностях и социальном статусе человека, а также о его болезнях. Отадъективные существительные, объективирующие концепт ARTEFACT, называют человеческие знаки и знаковые системы, предметы - продукты речемыслительной деятельности человека, предметы бытового обихода, личного пользования, трудовой деятельности, транспортные средства и постройки. Репрезентирующие концепт NATURAL OBJECT отадъективные существительные передают представления о естественных ландшафтных объектах, растительном и животном мире. Отадъективные существительные, репрезентирующие концепт SUBSTANCE, отражают представления о лекарственных средствах/веществах, чистящих средствах, косметических средствах, технических веществах, органических или природных веществах. Средствами репрезентации концепта STATE выступают отадъективные существительные, отражающие знания о состоянии того или иного человека, объекта, явления, о нахождении в определенном состоянии, качестве.
Ключевые слова: субстантивация, номинализация, отадъективные существительные, английская лингвокультура, когнитивное моделирование, общая когнитивная матрица, компоненты когнитивной матрицы, модели репрезентации знаний.
Благодарность. Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда (проект № 20-18-00372).
Для цитирования: Бабина Л.В., Лукина К.Е. English deadjectival nouns as models of knowledge representation about the world. (Бабина Л.В., Лукина К.Е. Английские отадъективные существительные как модели репрезентации знаний о мире). Актуальные проблемы филологии и педагогической лингвистики. 2021. №2. C. 176-185.
Introduction
The language is considered to be a constantly evolving and changing system of signs, the dynamic nature of which is expressed in the incessant creation of new words and meanings. With the help of various ways of word formation completely new words that have not existed in the language before appear, as well as the meanings of previously fixed words change.
The transition of a word from one part of speech into another, including substantivation - the transition into the noun class is a rather productive way of word formation. Any part of speech can transit into the noun class. The transition of adjectives into the noun class is considered to be quite productive. Adjectives that undergo the process of substantivation are usually called substantivised adjectives. However, this notion reflects only the peculiarity of the part-of-speech transition but not its result. Speaking about the adjectives that have completely transmitted into the noun class and are fixed in dictionaries, we are going to call them deadjectival nouns. They become the object of research in the proposed article which examines deadjectival nouns that are formed due to certain suffixes and unmarked changes in the word category.
The Purpose of Article
As the part of the linguistic picture of the world, characteristic of native English speakers, deadjectival nouns structure it in a special way as they serve to represent certain knowledge domains. It is important to not only identify these knowledge areas but also to model them. The main purpose of the article is to model the knowledge domains represented by deadjectival nouns of the English language. When this purpose is achieved, the following research tasks are solved: to identify the knowledge domains represented by deadjectival nouns, to represent these knowledge domains in the form of a model of a certain type and to describe the contents of each of the concepts that make up the model. The content of the identified concepts is the knowledge that is most important for speakers of English linguo-culture, includes their experience of interaction with the outside world, which is verbalized precisely by deadjectival nouns.
Literature Review
Both Russian and foreign scientists devote their research to the problems of substantivation, considering this phenomenon through the prism of modern approaches. So, D.A. Gromova refers to substantivation as a step-by-step process of acquiring noun characteristics by various parts of speech. The author points out that in the English language all parts of speech, as well as phrases and sentences of any length, can be substantivised. Depending on the "depth" of substantivation D.A. Gromova distinguishes three types of substantivation: true substantivation - the transition of a linguistic unit into the lexical-grammatical category of a noun; quasi-sub-stantivation which is characterized by the ellipsis of a noun and the use of a substantive in order to avoid repetition; metasubstantivation - a positional substitution of a noun used in order to describe or explain a particular language unit. According to the author, certain mechanisms provide each type of substantivation. Thus, true substantivation is provided by the action of the mechanism "rethinking", quasi-substantivation is carried out due to the mechanism "ellipsis", metasubstantivation depends only on the syntactic position of a noun. D.A. Gromova also gives a classification of the substantives fixed in the language according to their content characteristic. In accordance with the criterion three groups of substantives are distinguished: substantives that convey a concrete concept, substantives that convey an abstract concept, substantives that convey an abstract idea or image [1].
O.V. Redkina studies two types of substantivation: linguistic and speech. She compares them as the phenomenon of the language should be analyzed in action, in development [2]. The author applies to "Grammar Dictionary of the Russian Language" by A.A. Zaliznyak in order to analyze the linguistic substantives. O.V. Redkina distinguishes a number of semantic models that provide the formation of substantives fixed in the
dictionary; what is more, practically all the models are reflected in speech. The most common semantic models of substantives formed from various parts of speech are: person names (nishhij (нищий), domashnie (домашние), vedomyj (ведомый), etc.), building names (stolovaja (столовая), mostovaja (мостовая), masterskaja (мастерская), etc.), terminological vocabulary (kasatel'naja (касательная), shipjashhij (шипящий), desja-toe (десятое), etc.), substance names (poloskatel'noe (полоскательное), otharkivajushhee (отхаркивающее), pervoe (первое), etc.), abstract concepts (proshloe (прошлое), budushhee (будущее), glavnoe (главное), etc.) and others. According to the author, the contextual surrounding of a substantive influences its meaning.
Deadjectival nouns are also studied from the view of a cognitive approach. According to O.K. Iriskhano-va, cognitive mechanisms that provide substantivation can be divided into two types: general and particular. O.K. Iriskhanova refers such mechanisms as "hybridization" and "distribution of attention" to main general cognitive mechanisms, and to the main particular cognitive mechanism the author refers "profiling" [3]. H.A. Bilalova points out that substantivation is based on the process of conceptual derivation which in its turn is based on the secondary representation of concepts. H.A. Bilalova also claims that substantives are complicated semantic units of nomination that reflect connections and relations between the concepts [4]. According to the author, the structure which is represented by a substantive has a form of the proposition which consists of an atomic predicate and arguments. During the process of research the author identifies a number of cognitive mechanisms such as perspectivisation, composition, completion, elaboration, defocusing, conceptual metaphor, metonymy, metaphtonymy and inference that provide substantivation. The author has also pointed out the cognitive models that determine the creation of substantives in the English and Lezgi languages during the research of substantives that nominate human beings.
Much attention is paid to the study of the transition of various parts of speech into the noun class in modern foreign linguistics. However, the term nominalization is mainly used to refer to such processes. Nominalization is understood as a type of word formation that presupposes the use of a verb or an adjective (or another part of speech) as a noun or their transition into the noun class [5; 6]. Two types of nominalizations are usually distinguished: suffixed nominalization formed with the help of suffixes (painter, happiness, freedom, etc.), and neuter nominalization (or zero-derivation) formed with the help of zero morpheme (the intense red of the setting sun, etc.). Zero nominalization is understood as unlabelled change of the word category [7]. Nominal-izations appear as the result of zero nominalization. There are two groups of such nominalizations. The first group of nominalizations passes into the class of "true nouns". They are homonyms of original linguistic units; their lexical meaning is limited by the meaning of the original word (an American, a Baptist, a communist, etc.). The second group of nominalizations which also has a homonymous form refers to the class of "attributive adjectives" the meaning of which is deduced from the context (the blue, the beautiful, the poor, etc.) [8]. Suffix nominalization has also become the theme of research. A lot of studies in foreign linguistics are devoted to the comparative analysis of nominalizations formed due to a suffix in various languages [9 - 11]. The role of certain suffixes in the formation of the semantics of nominalizations formed from adjectives is considered. In English the most popular suffixes that form deadjectival nouns are -ness, -ity, -(a)cy, -th, -ist, -ism, -ery, -ion, -er, -ard. Every suffix gives a specific meaning to a deadjectival noun. Suffixes -ness, -ity, -(a)cy, -ery, -th (sadness, complexity, intricacy, warmth) form abstract nouns with the meaning of quality or state. Suffixes -er, -ard, -ist form nouns with the meaning of a person, moreover suffix -er (Britisher, westerner) mainly has the meaning of "native or inhabitant", suffix -ist (socialist, realist) reflects the meaning of "adherent or supporter of a certain belief or study", and suffix -ard (drunkard, dullard) forms nouns with the meaning of a person who has a negative trait. Some cases when different suffixes contribute to the creation of nominalizations with synonymous meaning are revealed.
The basics of nominalization are also studied within the prism of a cognitive approach. M. Shibatani uses a cognitive-discursive approach to study the conceptual and empirical issues related to grammatical nominal-ization that allows studying comprehensively the process of part-of-speech transition. The author defines the products of grammatical nominalization "nominalizations", emphasizing that they should be treated as entity-concepts. In his work the author analyzes nominalized constructions in the Japanese and English languages. At the end of her investigation the author concludes that nominalization is the process of grammatical derivation based on metonymy that creates constructions the knowledge of which is represented by concept-entity [12: 21; 13; 14].
The review reveals that substantivation is a complicated phenomenon that arouses interest among researches. While studying substantives within a cognitive approach, certain cognitive processes, mechanisms and
models that define the creation of substantives can be identified. At the same time substantives represent the human world in a specific way and it would be interesting to analyze substantives as models representing special knowledge about the world.
Research Methods
In the course of studying English deadjectival nouns a complex of methods is used: etymological, conceptual-definitional and cognitive-matrix analysis. The method of cognitive-matrix analysis [15] makes it possible to model the knowledge demains objectified by deadjectival nouns.
Results and Discussions
Word formation plays a constructive and organizational and role in the development of the linguistic picture of the world. It is proved by the fact that an infinite variety of words appear due to the process of word formation and all the objects and phenomena of the human environment are nominated and categorized. Linguistic units, created with the help of certain ways of word formation, model the linguistic image of the world in a certain way. They are also in demand for the representation of certain knowledge domains. The study of English deadjectival nouns, selected from the Oxford Dictionary, reveals that the knowledge which they represent is complex and integrative. It can be represented as a general cognitive matrix that consists of such concepts objectified by deadjectival nouns as HUMAN BEING, ARTEFACT, NATURAL OBJECT, SUBSTANCE, and STATE. As it is known, hierarchy is uncharacteristic for this knowledge structure, since components of the cognitive matrix open access to different conceptual areas, none of which is strictly obligatory or dominant in relation to others [15: 92]. We present the general cognitive matrix in the form of a diagram and describe each concept that is considered to be a component of the matrix and in its turn also has a complex structure.
Diagram 1
General Cognitive Matrix
Deadjectival nouns representing the HUMAN BEING concept reflect different knowledge about humans. Deadjectival nouns representing knowledge about human physical parameters have been identified. English dictionaries define physical characteristics (parameters) as defining traits or features about our body. These are the aspects that are visually apparent, such as hair, clothes, and figure or build1. Deadjectival nouns reflect ideas about human weight: dumpy, fatty, stout,stalwart;haircolor: hoar, blonde,brunet;voice: counter, vociferant.
English deadjectival nounsgive anidea ofhuman psychological features. Psychological features are understood as human internal features that include abilities, skills, character, temperament, emotions, feelings and behavior features2.InEnglish-English dictionaries, psychologicalfeaturesare understood as the features of the mental life of aliving organism3. Taking into account the above definitions, we can point out the following characteristics of the HUMANBEINGconcept actualized by English deadjectival nouns: 1) 'traits of character, temperament': brute, egocentric, erratic, heroic, humdrum, independent, recalcitrant, 2) 'mental activity': adept, degenerate, expert, fool, illiterate, imbecile, incompetent, intellectual, sage, 3)'behaviorfeatures': authoritarian, eccentric,escapist,friendly, hopeful,ingrate.
Deadjectival nouns that represent knowledge about human social status are also revealed. Social status is understood asthe relative rank that an individual holds, with attendant rights, duties, and lifestyle, in a social
1 Your dictionary. Availableat: https://examples.yourdictionary.com/. Accessed Jan 01,2021.
2 Черты личности. Сайт Психологос. Энциклопедия практической психологии. https://www.psychologos.ru/. (дата обращения:01.01.2021).
3 The Free OnlineDictionary. Availableat: http://thefreedictionary.com. AccessedJan 01,2021.
hierarchy based upon honour or prestige. It is considered that status may be ascribed (assigned to individuals at birth without reference to any innate abilities) and achieved (requiring special qualities and gained through competition and individual effort). Ascribed status is typically based on sex, age, race, family relationships, or birth, while achieved status may be based on education, occupation, marital status, accomplishments, or other factors4. In other words, social status is defined as the position occupied by an individual or a social group in society or a separate subsystem of society. It is determined according to the characteristics specific for a particular society which can be economic, national, age and other characteristics. The social status is divided on abilities, skills, education5. Sociologists distinguish the inner status - the one received by a person at birth (gender, race, and nationality), the acquired (attainable) status - the one that a person achieves by one's own effort (position, post) and the prescribed (attributed) status - the one that a person acquires regardless of one's desire (age, marital status), it can change in the course of life. Concluding the above definitions, a number of characteristics of the HUMAN BEING concept which are actualized by English deadjectival nouns can be distinguished: 1) 'gender': bisexual, heterosexual, homosexual, intersexual, 2) 'race': black, coloured, Indo-European, Mongoloid, white, 3) 'nationality': Burmese, Caledonian, Caucasian, Chinese, Etruscan, Flemish, Helvetian, Hibernian, Hindustani, Hispanic, etc, 4) 'occupation': histrionic, general, forward, executive, familiar, epic, ecclesiastic, domestic, correspondent, comic, imperial, etc., 5) 'belonging to the territory': Byzantine, Californian, continental, colonial, European, Hispanic, Libyan, Scandinavian, Serbian, Thracian, Zambian, Britisher, easterner, etc., 6) 'political views': conservative, confederate, dry, liberal, republican, essentialist, externalist, idealist, inclusivist, individualist, etc., 7) 'religious beliefs': Catholic, Cistercian, Franciscan, heathen, Orthodox, 8) 'social rank': belligerent, bourgeois, criminal, chippy, derelict, deceased, etc., 9) 'marital status': affine, agnate, cognate, collateral, german(e), 10) 'age': ancient, coeval, crumby, elderly, grown-up, junior, juvenile, old, senior, young, 11) 'adherent of philosophy': Kantian, Hegelian, Galileans, Gallican, Epicurean, Baconian, Chaucerian, conservative, determinist, egalitarian, charismatic, etc., 12) 'representative of the epoch': Augustan, Edwardian, Elizabethan, Georgian, Jacobean, 13) 'way of life': ascetic, bum, celibate, deadbeat, drunkard, dullard, illegal, itinerant, mendicant, miserable.
A separate group is made up of deadjectival nouns representing knowledge about human diseases. A human disease is understood as health disorder or destruction of body's activity6. Disease - an illness affecting humans, often caused by infection7. Depending on the localization the disease can affect various organs and systems both physical and mental. Such kinds of diseases as mental disorders (or behavioral disorders) and body disorders can be distinguished. Deadjectival nouns that represent knowledge about human diseases include the following items: anorexic, alcoholic, crazy, diabetic, drunk, dyspeptic, epileptic, hypertensive, hypochondriac, hysteric.
The ARTEFACT concept is another concept that is objectified by English deadjectival nouns. It includes knowledge about any object made by a man. The research has shown that linguistic units that are used to nominate human signs and sign systems, objects that are products of human speech-and-thinking activity, household items, items of personal use or items used in labour, transport and buildings can be referred to deadjectival nouns representing the ARTEFACT concept. Let us have a look at these linguistic units.
A sign is understood as an object, an image, a mark, etc, serving to designate something or indicate something. A sign system is determined as a set of signs of one type or of several types8. Various classifications of sign systems are possible, in terms of their structure and scope of use. Taking it into account, the following types of signs can be distinguished: linguistic signs: cuneiform, Gothic, alveolar, capital, appellative, circumflex, cognate, conjunctive, consonant, continuant, dative, definitive,etc.; signs used in music: accidental, in mathematics, physics and other fields: binary, constant, coordinate, cuboid, decimal, derivative, diagonal, ecliptic, scalar. Some sign systems have also been distinguished: Attic, Basque, Coptic, Dutch, Etruscan, Flemish, Galician, Gaulish, Germanic, Gothic, Icelandic, etc.
4 Ascribed status.Encyclopedia Britannica. Available at: https://www.britannica.com/. Accessed Jan 01, 2021.
5 Ascribed status. Wikipedia. Available at: http://ru.wikipedia.org/. Accessed Jan 01, 2021.
6 Ожегов С. И., Шведова Н. Ю. Толковый словарь русского языка: 80 000 слов и фразеологических выражений. М.: ООО «А ТЕМП»; 2006.
7 Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Available at: https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/. Accessed Jan 01, 2021.
8 Сайт Карта слов и выражений русского языка. https://kartaslov.ru (дата обращения: 01.01 2021)
The products of speech-and-thinking activity include literary works, texts, statements: circular, editorial, Alexandrine, dactylic, Sapphic; pieces of music of various length: allegro, andante, classic, consequent; mathematical formulas: dual; practice, styles created by a person with the help of different types of signs: Carte-sianism, conceptualism, Hegelianism, hyperrealism, idealism, inductivism, inclusivism, Irishism, Kantianism, laconicism, modernism, nominalism, etc.
A group of heterogeneous types of signs can be distinguished. They include the objects the comprehension of which requires referring to different knowledge domains. Deadjectival nouns of this group include words denoting food products: comestible, crisp, eatable; clothes and shoes: full dress, formal, flats, delicates, scanties; objects and mechanisms used by a person in household or at work: daily, blind, bifocal, automatic, floppy, flimsy, fitting, equatorial, empty, elastic, brilliant, cheapo; means of transport: convertible, express, dirigible, triphibian; buildings: ambulatory, duplex.
The analysis of deadjectival nouns made it possible to distinguish such a concept as NATURAL OBJECT which includes knowledge about an object or a phenomenon that occurred naturally and that is opposed to everything made by a person. Just because of the fact that a natural object is a part of an ecosystem that includes both living organisms and their habitats, the following types of natural objects can be singled out: earth, bowels of the earth, water objects, air, flora and fauna.
Deadjectival nouns that represent the idea of natural landscape objects have been revealed. They are understood as elements of the natural environment the creation of which is mainly due to landscape data9: arable, Arctic, Aegean, Adriatic, deep, easterly, empyrean, erratic, green, Mediterranean.
Deadjectival nouns representing the idea of flora have also been distinguished. Plant is a living thing growing in earth, in water or on other plants. It usually has a stem, leaves and roots10. The mentioned above linguistic units actualize the following characteristics: 1) 'place of growth': alpine, aquatic, 2) 'growth time': biennal, early, remontant, 3) 'plant species': conspesific, coralline, fucoid, savoury, scabious, 4) 'plant features': commensal, dominant, evergreen, everlasting, exotic, flamboyant, fungoid, green, recombinant.
A fairly large group has been presented by deadjectival nouns representing the idea about fauna. Animal is understood as a living thing able to move and eat and react to the world through its senses, esp. of sight and hearing11. The following characteristics have been actualized: 'colour of animal': bay, dapple grey, dun, grizzly, 2) 'kind of animal': anthropoid, argentine, bovine, canine, chordate, dipteran, equine, feline, etc., 3) 'animal features': brute, commensal, doggy, dumpy, exotic, juvenile, 4) 'place of living': aquatic, alpine.
The SUBSTANCE concept is identified through the analysis of the selected deadjectival nouns. Usually there are distinguished two types of substance: organic - naturally occurring and inorganic - artificially created. Taking it into account, any substance made by a person should be referred to artifacts and substance which occurred naturally should be referred to natural objects. However, it seems possible to study the SUBSTANCE concept as quite a large number of deadjectival nouns representing it have been selected. Deadjectival nouns objectifying the idea about medicine/drugs have been revealed: analeptic, anthelmintic, anticoagulant, an-ticonvulsant, antiseptic, biological, curative, epidural, etc. A drug is understood as a substance or a mixture of substances of synthetic or natural origin in the form of a medicine used to prevent, diagnosed or treat a disease12.
There are some deadjectival nouns reflecting the idea about cleansing agents which are understood as a chemical preparation used to clean or wash metal, enamel, wooden and other surfaces: abradant, abrasive, detergent, detersive.
There is a group of deadjectival nouns that reflects the idea about cosmetics: astringent, depilatory, emollient, humectant. Cosmetics are understood as hair, nail and skin care products used to improve the person's appearance.
The group of deadjectival nouns representing the idea about technical substances has been revealed: adhesive, caloric, chemical, concrete, disinfectant, explosive, fixative, caustic, combustible, conjugate, corrosive,
9 Ландшафт. Сайт Большая Советская Энциклопедия. http://www.great-soviet-encyclopedia.ru. (дата обращения: 01.01.2021).
10 Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Available at: https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/en-glish/. Accessed Jan 01, 2021.
11 Cambridge Dictionary. Available at: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/. Accessed Jan 01, 2021.
12 Drug. Wikipedia. Available at: http://ru.wikipedia.org/. Accessed Jan 01, 2021.
fluid, imponderable, intermediate, etc. Technical substances posses certain physical and chemical properties and are used in engineering, construction and other manufacturing industries13.
A group of deadjectival nouns representing an organic or natural substance (BIOLOGY) has been identified. It is understood as a chemical element or a compound that occurred in the course of spontaneously (naturally) happening chemical reactions or physical processes: aromatic, botanical, crude, edible, fat.
Deadjectival nouns formed with the help of suffixes are able to objectify the STATE concept which includes knowledge about the state of a person, an object, a phenomenon or knowledge about being in this state. A large group of deadjectival nouns representing this concept has been revealed: absent-mindedness, alertness, baldness, blueness, calmness, cleanness, darkness, greatness, happiness, hardness, heaviness, hugeness,etc.; absurdity, acridity, activity, fatality, fertility, humidity, hyperactivity, hypotonicity, illegality, imbecility, immobility, irritability, juniority, juvenility; accuracy, inaccuracy, inadequacy, inconsistency, independency, inefficiency, illiteracy, intermediacy,; immoderation, imprecision, precision, profusion, tension; depth, length, strength, truth, warmth, width; freedom, saintdom, singledom, wisdom; bravery, finery, savagery, etc.
These are the main concepts objectified by the English deadjectival nouns. They are the components of the general cognitive matrix.
Conclusion
To sum everything up, the study has revealed that deadjectival nouns representing certain concepts are able to model the linguistic image of the world in a special way. It is found that deadjectival nouns formed by an unmarked change of the word category are able to represent 4 concepts: HUMAN BEING, ARTEFACT, NATURAL OBJECT, and SUBSTANCE. Deadjectival nouns formed with the help of suffixes are able to represent 3 concepts: HUMAN BEING, ARTEFACT, and STATE. These concepts are the components of the knowledge structure represented by deadjectival nouns which has an integrate character and can be presented in the form of a general cognitive matrix. The concepts are considered to be the contexts of the general matrix and relative to them deadjectival nouns are conceptualized. However, each of these concepts has a complex content with a number of characteristics that reflect the most important knowledge for native English speakers, represented by deadjectival nouns.
References
1. Gromova DA. Varieties of substance in modern English. Issues of teaching methods at the university. St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg Polytechnic University named after Peter The Great. 2005: 162-167 (In Russ.). https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=25545652.
2. Redkina OV. Substantive adjectives of the middle gender with an abstract meaning in Russian (semantics and functioning). Functional semantics and semiotics of sign systems. M.: Peoples' Friendship University of Russia. 2014:639-647 (In Russ.). https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=22732622.
3. Iriskhanova OK. Defocusing and categorization in complex lexical units. Cognitive studies of language, 2010; VII: 78-93.
4. Kadachieva HM., Bilalova HA. Cognitive grounds for the formation of substantive adjectives (based on the material of English and Lezgi). Issues of Cognitive Linguistics. 2011; 3 (28): 77-84 (In Russ.). https://www. elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=16540554.
5. Bussman H. Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press; 2000.
6. Lieber R. English Nouns: the Ecology of Nominalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2016.
7. Schonefeld D. Zero-derivation - Functional Change - Metonymy. 2005. Available at: https://www.re-searchgate.net/publication/235944115_Zero-derivation_-_Functional_Change_-_Metonymy. Accessed: Jan 01, 2021.
8. Borer H., Roy I. The name of the adjective. University of Southern California and CASTL; 2010: 85113. Available at: https://www.academia.edu/33127082/The_name_of_the_adjective_Hagit_Borer_and_Isa-belle_Roy. Accessed: Jan 01, 2021.
13 Сайт Технические названия некоторых веществ. Справочник химика 21. https://chem21.info/ (дата обращения: 01.01.2021)
9. Bello I. Cognitive implications of nominalizations in the advancement of scientific discourse. International Journal of English Studies, 2016; 16 (2): 1-23.
10. Saily T. Change or variation? Productivity of the suffixes -ness and —ity. Patterns of Change in 18th-century English. A sociolinguistic approach. Patterns of Change in 18th-century English. A sociolinguistic approach. Amsterdam and New York: John Benjamins Publishing Company; 2018: 198-218.
11. Varvara R. Verbs as nouns: empirical investigations on event-denoting nominalizations. 2017. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 338556095_Verbs_as_nouns_empirical_investigations_on_ event-denoting_nominalizations. Accessed: Jan 01, 2021.
12. Shibatani M. What is nominalization? Towards the theoretical foundations of nominalization. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Press; 2019.
13. Shibatani M. Nominalization. Handbook of Japanese Syntax. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter; 2017: 271332. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781614516613-009.
14. Shibatani M. Nominalization in crosslinguistic perspective. Handbook of Japanese Contrastive Linguistics. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter; 2018: 345-410. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781614514077-013.
15. Boldyrev NN. Language and knowledge system. Cognitive theory of language. M.: Publishing house of JSK; 2019.
Список литературы
1. Громова Д.А. Разновидности субстантивации в современном английском языке. Вопросы методики преподавания в вузе. Санкт-Петербург: Санкт-Петербургский Политехнический университет Петра Великого. 2005: 162-167. https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=25545652.
2. Редькина О.В. Субстантивированные прилагательные среднего рода с отвлеченным значением в русском языке (семантика и функционирование). Функциональная семантика и семиотика знаковых систем. М.: Российский университет дружбы народов. 2014:639-647. https://www.elibrary.ru/item. asp?id=22732622.
3. Ирисханова О.К. Дефокусирование и категоризация в комплексных лексических единицах. Когнитивные исследования языка, 2010; VII: 78 - 93.
4. Кадачиева Х.М., Билалова Х.А. Когнитивные основания формирования субстантивированных прилагательных (на материале английского и лезгинского языков). Вопросы когнитивной лингвистики. 2011; 3 (28): 77-84. https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=16540554.
5. Bussman H. Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press; 2000.
6. Lieber R. English Nouns: the Ecology of Nominalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2016.
7. Schonefeld D. Zero-derivation - Functional Change - Metonymy. 2005. Available at: https://www.re-searchgate.net/publication/235944115_Zero-derivation_-_Functional_Change_-_Metonymy. Accessed: Jan 01, 2021.
8. Borer H., Roy I. The name of the adjective. University of Southern California and CASTL; 2010: 85113. Available at: https://www.academia.edu/33127082/The_name_of_the_adjective_Hagit_Borer_and_Isa-belle_Roy. Accessed: Jan 01, 2021.
9. Bello I. Cognitive implications of nominalizations in the advancement of scientific discourse. International Journal of English Studies, 2016; 16 (2): 1-23.
10. Saily T. Change or variation? Productivity of the suffixes —ness and —ity. Patterns of Change in 18th-century English. A sociolinguistic approach. Patterns of Change in 18th-century English. A sociolinguistic approach. Amsterdam and New York: John Benjamins Publishing Company; 2018: 198-218.
11. Varvara R. Verbs as nouns: empirical investigations on event-denoting nominalizations. 2017. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338556095_Verbs_as_nouns_empirical_investigations_on_ event-denoting_nominalizations. Accessed: Jan 01, 2021.
12. Shibatani M. What is nominalization? Towards the theoretical foundations of nominalization. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Press; 2019.
13. Shibatani M. Nominalization. Handbook of Japanese Syntax. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter; 2017: 271332. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781614516613-009.
14. Shibatani M. Nominalization in crosslinguistic perspective. Handbook of Japanese Contrastive Linguistics. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter; 2018: 345-410. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781614514077-013.
15. Болдырев Н.Н. Язык и система знаний. Когнитивная теория языка. М.: Издательский дом ЯСК; 2019.
История статьи:
Получена: 26.04.2021 Принята: 17.05.2021 Опубликована онлайн: 25.06.2021
Article history:
Received: 26.04.2021 Accepted: 17.05.2021 Published online: 25.06.2021
Bionotes:
Liudmila V. Babina, Dr.habil. in Philology, professor, Derzhavin Tambov State University, Faculty of Philology and Journalism, Department of Foreign Philology and Applied Linguistics, professor; Tambov, Russian Federation; e-mail: [email protected].
Ksenia E. Lukina, teacher of English, gymnasium №19; Lipetsk, Russian Federation; e-mail: [email protected].
Сведения об авторах:
Бабина Людмила Владимировна, доктор филологических наук, профессор, профессор кафедры зарубежной филологии и прикладной лингвистики, Тамбовский государственный университет имени Г.Р. Державина, кафедра зарубежной филологии и прикладной лингвистики факультета филологии и журналистики, г. Тамбов, Российская Федерация; e-mail: [email protected].
Лукина Ксения Евгеньевна, учитель английского языка, МБОУ гимназия №19 им. Н.З. Поповиче-вой г. Липецка, г. Липецк, Российская Федерация; e-mail: [email protected].
