CC BY
16
UDC: 378.31
Yusupov O.R. lecturer
department of german language and literature faculty of foreign languages Andijan State University Uzbekistan, Andijan
ENGLISH BORROWINGS IN MODERN GERMAN LANGUAGE AS AN
OBJECT OF LEARNING
Abstract: The formation of new terms through borrowing is the most productive way to expand and enrich the vocabulary of the language, including its terminological subsystems. The topic of English borrowings of the German language has become the subject of study for many both domestic and foreign linguists, and interest in this issue does not fade over time, which indicates its multifaceted and inexhaustible. Language as a multifaceted, ever-evolving phenomenon continually provides linguists with new material for research.
Key words: German language, foreign language, borrowings, learning process, research.
The aim of the work is to study the interaction of English and German languages.
To achieve this goal it is necessary to solve the following tasks:
• identify existing borrowings from the English language;
• analyze the features of the use of borrowings;
• identify non-verbal factors that stimulate the entry of Anglo-Americanisms in the lexical and semantic system of the German language.
The object of study is Anglo-Americanism in modern German. At present, the German language is experiencing a rise in the process of borrowing and intensification of English vocabulary in various spheres of public life in connection with the high development of American business. The share of English borrowings in German is 7-9%. English borrowings in German have been known since the 15th century. Many linguists attributed their appearance to significant social political events, including the English bourgeois revolution and others.
Analyzing English borrowings, it should be noted that in English there are regional options - British, American, Canadian, South African, Australian-New Zealand. Since the second half of the twentieth century, the American version of English has become especially important, as a result of which it is more about Anglo-Americanisms in modern German.
In the process of communication and exchange of information, achievements in the field of culture, science and technology of one nation, as a
rule, eventually become the property of other nations. At the same time, there is inevitably an exchange of certain linguistic elements, often lexical, the borrowing of which is an important source of enrichment of the vocabulary of national languages. The study of the lexical structure of the German language, which is supplemented by interaction with other languages, is of great scientific and practical importance, as the study of borrowings is one of the important tasks in identifying patterns of language development. [1, art. 243]
Borrowing is an element of a foreign language (word, morpheme, syntactic construction, etc.), which was transferred from one language to another as a result of language contacts, as well as the process of transition of elements of one language to another. Words are usually borrowed, but less often syntactic and phraseological expressions.
In contrast to such fully mastered borrowings, so-called foreign words retain traces of their foreign origin in the form of sound, spelling, grammatical and semantic features. Foreign words usually refer to special fields of knowledge or production.
On the one hand, borrowing is one of the ways to replenish the vocabulary of the language: borrowing enriches the language, makes it more flexible and usually does not violate its identity, because it preserves the basic vocabulary of the language, its grammatical structure, does not violate internal laws of language development. on the other hand, borrowing is justified in the absence of the corresponding word in the recipient language.
According to E.V. Rosen's expressive novelty is the reason for borrowing many foreign words as more prestigious, significant and expressive. The "younger" the borrowed definition, emphasizes E.V. Rosen, the more it is formally different from German and previously borrowed words. In the early stages, unknown foreign words are usually completely translated or interpreted in the context of their use. [4, p. 76]
According to B.M. Head, there are different types of borrowings:
•lexical;
•morphematic;
•word-forming.
Due to the fact that English and German use Latin script, the latter borrows English words mainly by transcription: Goths - Goths (youth subculture), Technomusik - music in the style of techno. Otherwise, the words, once in the recipient language, continue to exist without phonetic and graphic changes: Jumpstyle - a kind of dance, das Event - event, Single-Charts - a rating of popular songs. [2, art. 167]
Many borrowings coexist with German synonyms. In some cases it is a word that originated as a tracing paper, for example, Outsider - der Ausenseiter stranger, marginal, to make love - Liebe machen - to make love, in others English borrowing is introduced as a synonym of German meaning: das Team is
synonymous with German die Mannschaft - team. Common neologisms of English origin include borrowings such as e-mail, message, laptop. [6, p. 342]
When borrowing, there is an interaction between the English term and the recipient language, which affects its adaptation. On the one hand, the structure of terms is borrowed from the terminology of the German language without change or with a slight change in their sound and graphic design. On the other hand, there are some changes at the morphological level in the adaptation of the German terminology:
a. Borrowed nouns are subject to the rules of the German language and are used with the article: der Cashflow, die Number, das Banking.
b. Verbs get a typical infinitive inflection - en, are distinguished as weak verbs and form adjectives: to check - checken, durchchecken, checkte, gecheckt; to order - ordern, ordernte, geordernt. I have a standard for € 20.
c. Borrowed adjectives are subject to the system of cancellation of German adjectives: kein cooles Getränk, ein portabler PC. For the future, we will all find a lot of power for our common camp for a new, wonderful world! "
References:
1. Ginka B.I. Lexicology of the German language. - Ternopil:, 2008. - 322 p.
2. Golovin BN Introduction to linguistics. - M: Higher School, 1983. - 231 c.
3. Zhirmunsky VM History of the German language. - Moscow: Higher School, 1985. - 313 p.
4. Bogdanov M.V. Self-study book of the German language / M.V. Bogdanov. -M.: Liszt New, 2001.
5. Nuritdinova Y.A. The use of multimedia presentations when learning English. International scientific journal. Economy and society. № 6(73) -s.: 2020.
6. Qodirova G.T. The didactic concept of teaching based on computer technologies. International scientific journal. Economy and society.
№ 6(73) -s.: 2020.
7. Egamberdiyeva D.U. The essence of the method of video-English. Conference materials. 2016.
8. Golovin BN Introduction to linguistics. - M: Higher School, 1983. - 231 c.
9. Rosen E.V. German vocabulary: history and modernity. - M.: Higher School, 1991. - 94 c.
