CC BY
15ENERGY SECURITY OF THE COUNTRY: ESSENCE AND PROBLEMS OF SECURITY IN
UKRAINE
Petrochenko O.
Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Director of the Institute Separate structural subdivision «Institute of Innovative Education of Kyiv National University of Construction and Architecture»
Zinich P.
Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Civil Engineering Separate structural subdivision «Institute of Innovative Education of Kyiv National University of
Construction and Architecture» Kubanov R.
Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of
Economics, Management and Territorial Management Separate structural subdivision «Institute of Innovative Education of Kyiv National University of
Construction and Architecture» Kushnir S.
Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor of Economics, Management and Territorial
Management
Separate structural subdivision «Institute of Innovative Education of Kyiv National University of
Construction and Architecture» Nischuk V.
Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of Construction and Information
Technology
Separate structural subdivision «Institute of Innovative Education of Kyiv National University of
Construction and Architecture»
Abstract
The essence and main directions of ensuring energy security of Ukraine are determined. It is noted that the improvement of the regulatory mechanism for energy security should contain two main components. The first component is the legal framework governing economic relations between energy market players, as well as between these entities and government agencies in the energy and related sectors of the economy. The second component is the mechanisms of state regulation and instruments of influence on the functioning of the energy sector of Ukraine. According to the authors, energy security is the ability of a sustainable energy system, which is determined by the accuracy, simplicity and ability of this system to respond to technological and economic challenges. The defined direction of activity is an important component of national security in general, so it is important to overcome the existing problems in this area.
Keywords: energy security of Ukraine, economic security of the country, provision of fuel and energy resources, economic efficiency, normative-legal mechanism of ensuring energy security.
Introduction. Today, energy security is one of the most important components of the country's economic security, because only with a reliable supply of fuel and energy resources is the full functioning of all economic and state institutions possible. Solving the problem of balancing the energy system and ensuring energy security of Ukraine requires systematization of existing foreign and domestic general scientific, political, economic approaches and best practices in this area, research of existing experience of European and other countries. At present, there is no single scientific approach to solving these problems, and the existence of various mechanisms of practical implementation in different countries requires their revision from the standpoint of economic efficiency and feasibility of implementation in each country.
The relevance of the research topic on energy security is reflected in many works of leading scientists and specialists in the field of energy issues, such as: G. Bondarenko, Y. Dzyadykevych, M. Zemlyany, V. Muntian, I. Plachkov, A. Prokip, A. Shevtsov etc.
Aim. The purpose of the study is to determine the essence and main directions of ensuring energy security of Ukraine.
Presenting main material. In the context of globalization of the world economy, ensuring energy security of Ukraine is becoming an increasingly urgent problem, as energy security is an integral part of the national security system, its applied aspect. Ukraine's energy security system is being formed in the conditions of economic globalization, which inevitably affects the national interests and trends of socio-economic development of the country.
In well-known scientific research, the term «energy security» has many interpretations, which indicates its versatility, multidimensionality and multifac-toriality.
Under energy security is understood the state of the economy that provides: efficient use of energy resources of the country; formation of the energy market and its main players in terms of energy production and supply; availability, diversity, environmental friendliness of energy resources for consumers [6, p. 52-54].
M. Sukhodolya believes that energy security is a state of protection of vital «energy interests» of the individual, society, state from internal and external threats, which ensures uninterrupted satisfaction of consumers with economically available fuel and energy resources of acceptable quality under normal conditions and in emergencies»[4, p. 245].
Energy security should be considered through the prism of the practical results of all participants in its provision and the totality of their actions. The main result of this approach, according to scientists and practitioners, is the specification of tasks for timely, complete and uninterrupted supply of fuel and energy of the required quality of all potential consumers in the conditions of market relations. The structuring of the main consumers of energy resources (subjects of production and non-production, population, utilities, etc.) in terms of volume and efficiency of energy consumption allows to some extent to regulate the level of energy consumption in general within the national economy. At the same time, the study of best European practices for energy security indicates the need to create both appropriate conditions and requirements for the prevention of harmful effects on the environment in the chain of transportation, transformation, consumption of energy resources [7, p. 252-260].
In the study of O. Serdyuchenko [8], other scientists and practitioners proved the feasibility of improving the regulatory mechanism for energy security, which should contain two main components. The first component is the legal framework governing economic relations between energy market players, as well as between these entities and government agencies in the energy and related sectors of the economy. The second component is the mechanisms of state regulation and instruments of influence on the functioning of the energy sector of Ukraine.
Factors that lead to threats to energy security include a high degree of depreciation of fixed assets, technological wear of equipment and distribution networks in the electricity sector, significant losses in production, distribution and consumption of energy, raw materials orientation of industry and reduced production of high value added, unsatisfactory technical condition of the energy sector and low level of energy efficiency [5, p. 129]. Current threats to energy security are analyzed by Peter Johnson, Candid West, Trevor Brown, Jason Fekete, who focus primarily on their manifestations in the field of energy supply to global terrorism, piracy, negative aspects of nationalization of energy infrastructure, cyber attacks [9; 10].
It should be noted that most authors believe [2; 3] that energy security should be considered at the micro (business entity), meso (industry, region), macro (state) and mega-levels (society). But even within one level (not to mention different levels), energy security facilities can differ significantly in their energy needs and ability to meet them. These differences also affect the economic, environmental, political, economic and social components of energy security, which should be taken into account when choosing the means and mechanisms of state regulation of relations between energy market participants - a set of principles, functions,
forms, methods, tools and methods of their application. (state) in relation to the object of regulation by creating appropriate conditions for the production, supply, transportation, storage, transmission and consumption of energy produced from various sources to ensure sustainable, balanced and innovative development of the national energy system, which provides for rational use of available energy resources in the country, ensuring national energy security on an environmental basis and improving the welfare of society.
The generally accepted criteria and characteristics that reveal the socio-economic essence of the concept of energy security are: public needs for energy resources; availability of economically available fuel and energy resources for consumption and meeting their needs; acceptable quality of energy resources taking into account technical and technological needs in the economy (in production and non-production areas); the level of meeting the needs of the population, utilities and other consumers; uninterrupted supply of fuel and energy (stability of fuel and energy supply); the ability of the energy system to respond quickly to sudden changes in the balance of supply and demand; the ability to timely detect the threat of a deficit in providing consumers with economically available quality fuel and energy resources in the normal functioning of the national economy or, for example, a state of emergency accompanied by a violation of the stability of the fuel and energy balance; timeliness and availability of innovative and investment resources for energy development and supply, taking into account the level of economic development of global, national, regional energy and socio-economic systems, existing environmental requirements and needs, ensuring the ability of countries to prevent threats to uninterrupted energy supply; the degree of readiness to ensure the protection of the country's energy system from critical situations related to the manifestations of natural phenomena, technological accidents, crisis phenomena in the economy, which are accompanied by violations (terminations) of the investment process, etc .; the degree of readiness to ensure the protection of the country's energy system from crisis phenomena of socio-political nature (internal and external, interethnic conflicts, etc.) [11; 12].
The key to ensuring energy security is the proper use within the traditional methods of appropriate means of regulatory influence, which is presented on the basis of a conceptual study of O. Melnichenko and O. Be-lotsky [1]:
- administrative: arbitration of conflicts between energy market participants; issuance by the state of a guarantee to a business entity - a producer of electricity to confirm its origin; definition of exceptions and extension of terms of achievement of regulatory requirements; setting tariffs for electricity and heat; government Procurement; government orders; permission (certificate) for commissioning of the fuel and energy complex; energy standardization; energy audit; energy supervision; instructions; quotas (consumption and production of renewable energy); control over the volumes of use of energy resources, their accounting and reliability of reporting data on the volumes of use of
these resources; limits (strategic stocks of energy resources); licensing (carrying out activities in the field of production, transmission and supply of electricity, combined heat and power, energy production in installations using non-traditional or renewable energy sources); supervision and control over the modes of energy consumption, as well as the safe performance of works and compliance with the requirements of technical operation at the facilities of the fuel and energy complex; standards (collection and amount of fees for the use of natural resources as raw materials for the main production purpose); restriction, suspension (temporary) or termination of activity of the enterprises and objects, in case of violation by them of the current legislation; confirmation of compliance of energy generating facilities with alternative energy facilities; registration; orders and instructions of bodies exercising state control in the energy sector; standardization (energy efficiency, quality of fuel and energy resources); tenders; technological requirements for the production, accumulation, transmission, supply and consumption of energy resources;
- economic: budget subsidies and subventions (direct allocations from budgets); compensation for damages caused by violation of applicable law; «green» and customs tariffs; credit rates; depreciation rates to stimulate energy efficient production; payment for special use of natural resources and for harmful effects on the environment; soft loans for the implementation of energy saving and energy efficiency measures; taxes (carbon energy; on waste; on products that pollute the environment); credit (preferential lending, compensation of credit rates), tax (zero or minimum tax rate), etc. benefits for the introduction of low-waste and resource-saving technologies and the use of non-traditional energy sources; creation of a strategic reserve of hydrocarbons (oil, oil products, gas, coal), as well as conservation of their available deposits; fines;
- normative and legal: the Constitution of Ukraine, Codes of Ukraine, Laws of Ukraine, Decrees of the President of Ukraine, resolutions and decisions of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, resolutions and orders of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine; regulations of the Ministry of Energy and Coal Industry of Ukraine, the State Service of Geology and Subsoil of Ukraine, the State Agency for Energy Efficiency and Energy Saving of Ukraine, the State Inspectorate for Nuclear Regulation of Ukraine, the Antimonopoly Committee of Ukraine and other CEBs, local administrations and local governments, and the National Commission, which regulates energy and utilities and the State Inspectorate for Architectural and Construction Control; National Energy Strategy; Rules (extraction (production), transportation, sale and consumption of fuel and energy resources); Treaty and Protocol to the Energy Charter; ratification of international conventions and protocols, use of international provisions and standards;
- organizational: determining the order of organization and activity of public administration bodies in the field of energy resources use and energy security; inclusion of energy security issues in state target, regional and local programs of socio-economic development; state system of environmental safety monitoring;
ensuring access to justice in energy security, and the public - to information about the state of the energy market; energy programs (interstate, state, regional, local), as well as their scientific, scientific, technical and financial and economic support; energy strategy of Ukraine; exercising public control over the activities of energy market entities; cross-sectoral partnership and cross-sectoral cooperation on energy security issues; accounting for payers for the extraction of minerals (energy resources) and control over the timeliness of payments; connection by enterprises of electric networks (energy supply companies) of objects of all forms of ownership that produce energy from alternative sources to the unified energy system of Ukraine; land allotment procedure for construction of heat and electricity production facilities; creation of a system of training and advanced training of civil servants, whose competence includes energy security issues; creation of the Fund for Energy Efficiency and Development of Alternative Energy; technology transfer; agreements between local authorities and enterprises on control over prices for fuel and energy resources; elimination of administrative barriers when connecting alternative energy sources to the unified energy network of Ukraine; participation of the country in international cooperation in the field of energy production and consumption (export, import and transit of energy; utilization of waste from nuclear power plants);
- socio-psychological: education; remark; warning letters; beliefs and social dialogue (on energy saving and energy efficiency, development of non-traditional and renewable energy sources).
Conclusions. Thus, energy security is the ability of a sustainable energy system, which is determined by the accuracy, simplicity and ability of this system (both at the state and business levels) to respond to technological and economic challenges. The defined direction of activity is an important component of national security in general, so it is important to overcome the existing problems in this area.
The list of specific means (within the traditional -administrative, economic, organizational, socio-psy-chological, legal - methods) of state regulation of energy security, complex and balanced use of which will relieve tension in the domestic energy market, as well as increase their efficiency.
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РЕФОРМЫ РОССИЙСКОГО ЗДРАВООХРАНЕНИЯ: НАЧАЛО НОВОЙ ИСТОРИИ
Кодзоков Р.Л.
Кабардино-Балкарский государственный университет имени Х.М. Бербекова, старший преподаватель кафедры менеджмента и маркетинга
RUSSIAN HEALTHCARE REFORMS: A NEW HISTORY
Kodzokov R.
Kabardino-Balkarian State University named after H.M. Berbekov, senior lecturer of the department of management and marketing
Аннотация
В статье рассматриваются реформы здравоохранения за последние пятьдесят лет, которые осуществлялись на различных принципах - плановых, рыночных, государственных, комбинированных. Вместе с тем, итоги всех реформ не привели к главному - требуемой эффективности системы. В настоящее время сложились предпосылки нового исторического этапа реформирования здравоохранения, главной отличительной чертой которого станут новые цифровые технологии и экономические отношения.
Abstract
The article discusses the health care reforms over the past fifty years, which were carried out on various principles - planned, market, state, combined. At the same time, the results of all the reforms did not lead to the main thing - the required efficiency of the system. Currently, there are prerequisites for a new historical stage of healthcare reform, the main distinguishing feature of which will be new digital technologies and economic relations.
Ключевые слова: здравоохранение, расходы на здравоохранение, медицинская помощь, обязательное медицинское страхование, экономика экосистем.
Keywords: healthcare, healthcare costs, medical care, compulsory health insurance, ecosystem economics.
Современную историю реформ российского здравоохранения целесообразно рассматривать с советских времен, когда в 1970-1980 годах был поставлен вопрос о недостаточном уровне его развития (до этого времени происходило ее становление). Наиболее примечательным был вывод об отставании медицинских учреждений от потенциальных возможностей медицины того времени. Строго указывалось на необходимость расширения сети медучреждений, технического перевооружения, внедрения передовых методов диагностики и лечения. Ставился вопрос об особой роли медицинской промышленности и, самое главное, о
преодолении так называемого остаточного принципа выделения финансовых ресурсов для здравоохранения. [7, 173-174]
Осуществлять столь масштабное совершенствование советской медицины предполагалось на планомерной основе распределения ограниченных производственных и финансовых ресурсов. Однако единый народно-хозяйственный комплекс к концу восьмидесятых годов полностью утратил свою эффективность, и всем указанным планам не суждено было сбыться.
Наступление девяностых годов в прошлом столетии ознаменовалось рыночной трансформацией
