CC BY
13ENGINEERING SCIENCES
ENERGY EFFICIENT PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY SECONDARY RESOURCES OIL AND DOMESTIC ORIGIN
Abdullayev D., Abdullaev SH, Safayev M. Halimov C.
Tashkent State Technical University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Abstract. This theoretical and analytical material presented results of coke, bezinovym fraction and commercial gasoline meeting the requirements of modern standards of secondary and alternative raw material resources by thermochemical conversion of carbon-hydrocarbon compounds. Scientific novelty is simultaneous desulfurization received production of the composite raw material mixture. The practical value of the method is a new non-standard technologies conjugate processing in the composition of traditional and alternative raw materials for metallurgical coke and wide light fraction hydrocarbons (NGL) with improved ecological and performance characteristics that is - one of the most topical problems of metallurgy, energy, production of light energy including chemical technology.
Keywords: municipal solid waste, oil, tar, coke, gasoline, pyrolysis, pyrocondensate, pyrogas.
Currently, industrial production is organized such that from about 70 to 90% of the starting raw materials becomes waste - residues of raw materials, intermediate products formed during production and wholly or partially lost source consumer properties. Many waste at its toxicological effects are acutely and extremely dangerous. Despite this, most of them continue to disperse in the environment, decreasing its quality and being one of the causes and exacerbation of environmental problems. The possibility of improving the current unfavorable environmental situation with the need to increase the volume of production is the development of a skilled technology and development of low-waste and non-waste technological processes and production waste treatment and disposal. Recycling (fr. Utilisation, from Lat. Utilis - useful), the use of the benefit, use. Significant share in the total volume of waste constitute solid waste. Almost without any pre-treatment, they are stored in an organized burial ground, destroyed or disposed of, some of them randomly scattered in the environment.
Due to urbanization complicated composition of MSW. Constitute the bulk of paper, cardboard, various packaging and food waste (about 60%). For the year in the cities accumulated from 300 to 1000 kg of MSW per capita. Under the Waste occupied significant areas of land, which for a long time after the closing of landfill remediation and are not subject to return into circulation since the process of organic matter decomposition of waste in the natural environment is slow. Removal and disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW) - the most significant for the city of the adverse environmental factor, a key indicator of health welfare of the population and public health. Among the methods of waste management is now the first place belongs to the landfill, which are taken about 90 -95% of waste (incineration is not higher than 10%). This predominant opinion: whether it would be if MSW stored, by the same token they are neutralized. This is far from the truth. Polygons - bombs, which will operate for decades, causing enormous environmental and social damage to the environment and thus to the public.
Biodegradable and release of biogas - methane, the content of which can be tens of percent, is used to collect these gases in certain technologies in landfills. The third area of solid waste disposal is processing them into organic fertilizer (compost) through bioprocessing in rotating cylindrical drums (diameter up to 4 meters and a length of 30-60 meters). The process takes place in complete isolation from the man. The difficulty in the implementation of this method is the need for complicated presorting and recycling of solid waste. The fourth method - the method of combustion and pyrometallurgical processing. But it is accompanied by a large release of harmful gases (including dioxins), requiring very expensive treatment. One of the most energy-efficient environmentally friendly methods of recycling is the method of pyrolysis, in which solid organic waste consisting of low-grade combustible substances are processed into high-energy hydrocarbons of petroleum series, with subsequent disposal of produced energy. The depth utilization reaches 90%. Currently, disposal of any waste legally considered in the context of the general problems of livelihood, namely the looming environmental and energy crisis. In this regard, it is desirable that in addition to the
environmental safety of the technology would be energetically favorable and, in extreme cases, can minimize the negative energy balance. Initiative creative team developed a method of pyrolysis processing of carbon-hydrocarbon wastes of different origin in gaseous and liquid hydrocarbon fuel. The emergence of this method led to the fact that the changed composition of the waste, in particular, to increase the content of components which are difficult and burning accompanied by the release of harmful compounds. Pyrolysis - a process of thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons, e.g., wood (ShNuO2) in oxygen-poor environment, thereby producing a combustible gas (mixture of CO, H2, CH4, C2H6, etc.), Liquid products and solid carbonaceous residue: ShNuO2; CO, H2, CO2, SnNm, S.The quality and quantity of products determined by the composition of the pyrolysis of wastes, humidity and temperature of the process. Depending on the temperature, the following types of pyrolysis:
- Low-temperature pyrolysis or carbonization (500 ° C), at which the maximum yield of liquid products, solid and minimal yield of pyrolysis gas;
- Medium temperature pyrolysis or carbonization temperature medium (500 - 1000 ° C), at which the output of the gas increases, and the yield of liquid products and reduced coke;
- High-temperature pyrolysis or carbonization (more than 1000 ° C), wherein the minimum yield of liquid products and solid residue is maximal yield of pyrolysis gas.
A more promising method is the high-temperature pyrolysis, where the increase in rate of reaction increases the percentage yield of volatile components reduces the amount of slag. In this method, the volume ratio is changed between the solid and gaseous component of the final product, which makes it possible to avoid complicated processing techniques further the carbon residue and the fuel gas is used directly (after cleaning).
Using the proposed method of processing solid waste can not only dispose of waste, but also to receive valuable hydrocarbons of petroleum series, thereby greatly reduce the cost of recycling. For practical confirmation of theoretical development was assembled laboratory setup. The raw materials used in the organic part of solid waste. Material balance can be expressed as the following formula:
where Mn - initial mass of material to be processed (sample weight), g; Mi - the estimated total mass of all received products, the deviation of the estimated value of the total weight of the mass loaded in the unit should not exceed 10%. Deviation calculation explained measurement error and the potential loss in the process:
where Mt - final mass of solids g; MF - the mass of the liquid phase, g; Mg - mass of the resulting gas. From one ton of solid wastes, consisting of 73% of MSW, 7% rubber waste (primarily tires) and 20% of coal is prepared of 40 kg of the resin used in the boiler, and 1500-2000 m3 wet gas. The volume fraction of dry gas following components (in%): hydrogen 20, methane, 2, 20, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, 8, 1 oxygen, nitrogen - 50. The NCV 5,4-6,3 MJ / m3. Slag obtained 200 kg / m.
A mixture of geometric fractions of organic components of solid waste after drying and crushing in its composition comprises a physical moisture (air-dry state). Screw feeder with a residual moisture content of the mixture fed to the humidity in the low-temperature pyrolysis step to full dehydration - to the absolute drying. Dehydrated compost is fed to the high-speed pyrolysis, where it is mixed with a high-flow (500-550oS) gas mixtures, which are products of the combustion of traditional energy in the rotating reactor. Here organic sorted, dried and crushed mixture leaving an organic part of municipal solid waste is heated in the absence of oxygen to a temperature 460-480oS, and it emits vapor-gas mixture containing hydrocarbon vapors are not condensable gases such as H2, CO, N2, H2S, CH4 and other to form coke in the reactor. This installation is quick (almost instantaneous) heating the dehydrated mixture. With such rapid heating is not time to be physical and chemical processes of transformation of raw materials. The rate of temperature rise of raw materials during the pyrolysis process should be about 700 -800 deg / sec. The high speed of the process is provided by high-energy input that reduces heat losses to the environment. In this method, the transition of the organic portion of the feedstock to gaseous and vaporous state.
Gas-vapor mixture is given to the condensation device where the hydrocarbon vapors are condensed to form a synthetic liquid pyrolysis fuel combustion heat from 25 to 38 MJ / kg, depending
Mn = I Mi,
(1)
Mi = Mm + MF + M,
(2)
on the component composition of MSW. Note that at the attainable superheating linear polymers undergo 100% pyrolysis and sewn - in part decompose, forming like coal sediment. Semi-coke is non-condensable gas calorific value of 25 to 48 MJ / Nm3 (determined by the composition of solid waste). Remaining after condensation of the gas sent for incineration. The distinctive ability of the proposed technology is the possibility of recycling of solid waste produced in the combustion of the pyrolysis gas. This allows us to solve many of the environmental, economic and energy challenges.
If the gaseous reaction products are sent to a subsequent partial condensation, while their presence at high temperature should be as limited. By increasing the holding time at this temperature, the gaseous substance may be subjected to further modification. The combustion gas residence time limit gas at high temperature does not really matter, because the calorific value is determined by the elemental composition mixture burned and not burned structure compounds. Sometimes observed some dependence of heat generated from combustion at a constant elemental composition is determined by the dependence of the combustion rate and complete combustion of the combustible building materials. The remaining gas can be burned to produce heat. The combustion gas cooling is not necessary.
Upon cooling, followed by partial condensation of the gas produced in a separation of the pyrolysis of materials for individual applications. When the partial condensation of the gas is collected liquid substances emitted in a certain temperature range. Pyrolysis gas is sent to the condensation unit (condenser) to produce liquid pyrolysis fuels (Pyrolyzates).Coke is withdrawn from the reactor in the air-fountain pyrolysis furnace where it after burned organic compounds in an air stream. While stressing the heat is used to heat the coolant fly. In a second embodiment, solid carbon-hydrocarbon mixture is discharged and pelletized for ease of transport, where it may be used as a clean fuel. The proposed process can serve for processing waste containing polymer components as waste oil (bitumen, asphalt). The technology can be used for the processing of heavy oil. One of the main tasks of all countries of the world is a rational and economical use of energy. Due to the high prices and limited reserves of oil, gas and coal problem research other energy resources. One effective way of producing energy in the future may be used as fuel solid waste. Using the heat produced during combustion of municipal solid waste, also provides for the generation of electricity.
The proposed new energy model is advantageous in that it makes the country's energy system more sustainable, dramatically expanding the raw material base of energy, solves the problem of accumulated waste, and, most importantly, makes rely on its own scientific and technical potential. Energy development in this way makes really innovate widely introduce new technologies, improve and develop them. Such a development would require a rapid revival of energy and mechanical engineering industries, as well as related industries. Develop and implement a plan for the reconstruction of power in accordance with the above proposals would lead to enormous changes in the industry and the economy. Exhaust experience of energy development on a new path can be replicated in other countries and export related to the described methods of energy recycling equipment.
This could be a long-term basis for enhancing energy policy of country. Unlike the traditional method were used as the raw material mixture is traditional and alternative raw material in equal proportions. In the composition of the product of thermal degradation of the second component are substances which by virtue of their chemical interactions with the residual sulfur volatiles formed that promotes desulfurization residual solid carbonaceous mass. It should be noted that the second component in the raw material compounding existing technological modes Cox easily. When using only the residual oil in the raw material composition of the final product the residual sulfur occurred at a concentration of up to 5.5 wt%, against the concentration of residual sulfur in the application of the compound feed, which had a numerical value in the range of up to 0.5% by weight. Desulfurization residual products is due to evacuation of the reaction chamber of new light sulfur compounds in the form of volatile substances, which come in a distillation column, where it is divided into three streams: the fuel gas, fuel oil, and heavy oil.
This deserves attention coke side of the compound that the second component in the compounding process forms coke, a chemically carbon grid which is much more active influence on the process of recovery of the metal in operating conditions in the economy. The technological process provides a method and technology division rektifakatsionnogo pyrocondensate where there is a production of light and heavy naphtha. It should be noted that in this case consisting of light naphtha oxygenates takes place, which improves the environmental and operational performance of gasoline. The practical value of the method is a new non-standard technologies conjugate processing in the composition of traditional and alternative raw materials for metallurgical coke and wide light
hydrocarbon fractions (SHLFU) with improved ecological and performance characteristics that is -one of the most topical problems of metallurgy, energy, production of light energy including chemical technology. During the combustion of the organic portion of municipal solid waste is practically at least an order of magnitude less than the products of incomplete combustion are formed and harmful acid gases; as oxides of nitrogen and sulfur, including oxygen-containing halogen compounds and metal oxides - the solid particles, as in the structures of the components of municipal solid wastes occur oxygen up to 5% by weight. In various forms, all of which favorably affect the complete combustion of organic material. Other acid gases and oxides of metals, especially heavy, emissions do not have a place for a very simple reason that the substances in the mixture of the components of municipal solid waste is minimized by the nature and status of solid waste. Our proposed scheme for joint use of the organic part of municipal solid waste at the existing power plants and thermal power sectors highly environmentally friendly way within the framework of recycling - recycling of organic matter.
The technology of processing organic part of municipal solid waste include pyrolysis of municipal solid waste. Characterized aspect of the technology is that, for medium temperature pyrolysis of the organic part of solid wastes use the heat of exhaust gas flows fuel burning power plants. At the same time obtained in the process of pyrolysis of a gas mixture is fed into the furnace of a power plant for co-combustion with traditional fuel mixtures. Pyrocondensate formed is collected in a separate collection and is sent to the refinery for co-processing with traditional hydrocarbons. And the rest of the solid briquetted and fed as a briquetted environmentally friendly high-energy fuel for the consumer, including life.
Our proposed technology mini-compact modular processing plant organic part of municipal solid waste after the wind sorting MSW is designed to introduce into production for processing of solid waste high-performance and environmentally friendly way of processing (waste-processing) organic compounds by high-speed pyrolysis. We have developed a modular installation scheme can solve the problem of destruction of municipal and industrial waste, using environmentally friendly technology to produce the output of useful products suitable for use in the field of energy and transport.
The basic concept put forward to realization technology comes from the fact that the majority of low-grade solid fuels expedient process to obtain one liquid products - high-energy motor and heating fuel, high-calorie fuel gas, and in some cases and scarce chemical products, including those which are of oil obtained either fails, or in this case, they are more expensive. The technology has been tested in a larger scale in the laboratory. The offered technological scheme is highly profitable and efficient in terms of the timely return on investment. They can handle virtually any organic substance: unsorted municipal solid waste, wood waste, agricultural residues, polymers.
It is expected that the scheme is designed modular installation for waste treatment plants will allow to confront tendencies dangerous accumulation of debris, its spontaneous combustion, spontaneous combustion, getting huge amounts of toxic substances produced in the atmosphere, rivers and reservoirs. Mechanical sorting of solid waste is technically difficult and is not widely used. We have developed an aerodynamic sorting unlike all the proposed technology options, is more economically, environmentally and technologically acceptable and effective Direct recycling or burning huge amounts of waste technically very problematic, environmentally dangerous and economically inefficient. Therefore, a solution of solid waste through the implementation of our miniplant economically and environmentally efficient. Since their use recycling is to produce useful products. The technology provides a modular scheme allows the flexibility to adapt to a different volume of recyclable waste, changes in their composition, which is integrated production. The modular scheme allows to develop waste processing production stages. Furthermore, there may be used various items of production equipment. At the initial stage of start-up and during operation of the installation stage in the process uses the heat of the exhaust gas stream of the power plant. The operations take place in the modular unit has the following order:
1.Aerodynamic sorting and drying.
2. Crushing and screening otrganicheskoy part of MSW after wind drying and sorting.
3. The pyrolysis unit.
4. The module producing distillates (pyrocondensate).
5. Produce pyrolysis unit.
6. The module of producing a carbon-solid hydrocarbon fuel.
Technological essence of the method of medium high Pyrolysis used in a modular installation.
A mixture of geometric fractions of organic components of solid waste after drying and crushing in its composition comprises a physical moisture (air-dry state). Screw feeder with a residual moisture content of the mixture fed to the humidity in the low-temperature pyrolysis step to full dehydration - to the absolute drying. Dehydrated compost is fed to the high-speed pyrolysis, where it is mixed with a high-flow (500-550oS) gas mixtures, which are products of the combustion of traditional energy in the rotating reactor. Here organic sorted, dried and crushed mixture leaving an organic part of municipal solid waste is heated in the absence of oxygen to a temperature 460-480oS, and it emits vapor-gas mixture containing hydrocarbon vapors are not condensable gases such as H2, CO, N2, H2S, CH4 and other to form coke in the reactor. This installation is quick (almost instantaneous) heating the dehydrated mixture. With such rapid heating is not time to be physical and chemical processes of transformation of raw materials. The rate of temperature rise of raw materials during the pyrolysis process should be about 700 -800 deg / sec. The high speed of the process is provided by high-energy input that reduces heat losses to the environment. In this method, the transition of the organic portion of the feedstock to gaseous and vaporous state.
Gas-vapor mixture is given to the condensation device where the hydrocarbon vapors are condensed to form a synthetic liquid pyrolysis fuel combustion heat from 25 to 38 MJ / kg, depending on the component composition of MSW. Note that at the attainable superheating linear polymers undergo 100% pyrolysis and sewn - in part decompose, forming like coal sediment. Semi-coke is non-condensable gas calorific value of 25 to 48 MJ / Nm3 (determined by the composition of solid waste). Remaining after condensation of the gas sent for incineration. The distinctive ability of the proposed technology is the possibility of recycling of solid waste produced in the combustion of the pyrolysis gas. This allows us to solve many of the environmental, economic and energy challenges. If the gaseous reaction products are sent to a subsequent partial condensation, while their presence at high temperature should be as limited. By increasing the holding time at this temperature, the gaseous substance may be subjected to further modification. The combustion gas residence time limit gas at high temperature does not really matter, because the calorific value is determined by the elemental composition mixture burned and not burned structure compounds. Sometimes observed some dependence of heat generated from combustion at a constant elemental composition is determined by the dependence of the combustion rate and complete combustion of the combustible building materials. The remaining gas can be burned to produce heat. The combustion gas cooling is not necessary. Upon cooling, followed by partial condensation of the gas produced in a separation of the pyrolysis of materials for individual applications. When the partial condensation of the gas is collected liquid substances emitted in a certain temperature range. Pyrolysis gas is sent to the condensation unit (condenser) to produce liquid pyrolysis fuels (Pyrolyzates). Coke is withdrawn from the reactor in the air-fountain pyrolysis furnace where it after burned organic compounds in an air stream. While stressing the heat is used to heat the coolant fly. In a second embodiment, solid carbon-hydrocarbon mixture is discharged and pelletized for ease of transport, where it may be used as a clean fuel. The proposed process can serve for processing waste containing polymer components as waste oil (bitumen, asphalt). The technology can be used for the processing of heavy oil. One of the main tasks of all countries of the world is a rational and economical use of energy. Due to the high prices and limited reserves of oil, gas and coal problem research other energy resources. One effective way of producing energy in the future may be used as fuel solid waste. Using the heat produced during combustion of municipal solid waste, also provides for the generation of electricity.
The proposed new energy model is advantageous in that it makes the country's energy system more sustainable, dramatically expanding the raw material base of energy, solves the problem of accumulated waste, and, most importantly, makes rely on its own scientific and technical potential. Energy development in this way makes really innovate widely introduce new technologies, improve and develop them. Such a development would require a rapid revival of energy and mechanical engineering industries, as well as related industries. Develop and implement a plan for the reconstruction of power in accordance with the above proposals would lead to enormous changes in the industry and the economy. Exhaust experience of energy development on a new path can be replicated in other countries and export related to the described methods of energy recycling equipment. This could be a long-term basis for enhancing energy policy of country.
