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UDC: 796 DOI: 10.14526/2070-4798-2022-17-4-132-140
Endurance development among students at athletic gymnastics lessons
Ildus G. Gibadullin*, Marat Z. Akhmetzyanov, Sergey V. Turlakov M.T. Kalashnikov State Technical University, Izhevsk Izhevsk, Russia ORCID: 0000-0003-4479-2794, g1badullinildus@yandex.ru* ahmar05@mail.ru turlakov_73@mail.ru
Abstract: The use of multidirectional strength-oriented exercises for endurance development at athletic gymnastics lessons can become the base for students' harmonious body formation. The tendency of attending a gym in order to make the body more attractive, stronger and healthier is popular at higher education establishments. There is an athletic gymnastics gym on the basis of an educational establishment. There the demands of young people in terms of strength oriented activity are satisfied. Athletic gymnastics lessons have the rating of one of the most popular directions of a person's physical improvement. Strength oriented abilities demonstration, nice muscular-system formation became the main motivations among young people in order to attend the gym. Strength sports at higher education establishments continue the systems of physical improvement of a formed schoolchild. They should take into account the interest in lessons, the level of physical development and the demand of a society concerning healthy, active, hardworking specialists training. It is vital to broaden organizational-methodical peculiarities of the physical qualities formation process among students. Research methods and Materials-. scientific-methodical sources analysis, students' physical fitness testing and mathematical handling of the results. The research was organized since 2000 till 2020 academic years. The students of Izhevsk State Technical University named after M.T. Kalashnikov took part in the research. We tested students' physical readiness with the help of testing exercises of a new RLD complex (Ready for labor and defense). The main tests are the following: pull-ups at a high bar; dip on parallel bars; push-up in a prone position; standing long-jump; 100, 1000, and 3000 m running. We analyzed the rating of normative standards fulfillment of RLD complex taking into account the badges (bronze, silver, golden). The methodology of strength-oriented exercises of a cyclic character use included three complexes. We created the complex of exercises named "Barbell", "Kettle ball" and the complex with special running exercises inclusion. Results. The complex of exercises included physical exercises, created taking into account physical fitness. The averages of the absolute value of physical readiness among students, who enter higher education establishments, were analyzed during the period since 2000 till 2020. We revealed the tendency of the main indices decrease. Endurance development methodology realization at athletic gymnastics lessons changed the situation with the rating of RLD complex normative standards fulfillment among students. They are involved into athletic training in a gym. The ratio of badges also changed: silver and golden badges amount increased. Conclusion. The training process content of students, who chose athletic gymnastics in a gym as the main form of physical culture lessons, should include the complexes of strength-oriented exercises of cyclic character with free weight. General and strength-oriented endurance increase among students would help to solve the problems connected with RLD complex fulfillment, in particular in 3000 meters running.
Keywords: athletic gymnastics, strength-oriented endurance, general endurance, complex of strength-oriented exercises, students.
For citation: Ildus G. Gibadullin*, Мarat Z. Akhmetzyanov, Sergey V. Turlakov. Endurance development among students at athletic gymnastics lessons. Russian Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2022; 17(4): 112-118. DOI: 10.14526/2070-4798-2022-17-4-132-140.
Introduction
The existing physical culture-sports RLD complex includes the procedure of influence on physical improvement of students. Athletic gymnastics for students should consider a wide spectrum of physical exercises of different orientation. It provides typology of physical potential constitution formation among students [1, 2]. It is known that physical culture at a higher education establishment has several directions: physical culture, different kinds of sport classes, where taking into account normative standards of RLD complex according to the stages, it is possible to estimate the level of physical qualities development.
In the methodical recommendations concerning the norms fulfillment we see the procedure of registration, adopted by Coordination commission meeting of the Russian Federation Ministry of Sport concerning All-Russian physical culture-sports "Ready for Labor and Defense" complex introduction and realization [3].
Some authors, such as E.L. Mozhaev, V.V. Novokreshchenov, P.K. Petrov, Potorochin A.G. and others, considered the main methodical approaches and technologies of sports-oriented physical upbringing. The technologies include the elements of the kinds of sport. They demanded the evaluation system use and inconsistency revelation of pre-induction age youth physical readiness to fulfill RLD complex [3,4,5,6,7].
In "State demands adoption of All-Russian physical culture and sport "RLD" complex" order for the period 2018-2021 the demands are presented. They help to introduce changes into significant demands of RLD complex [8].
The works of the following authors should be mentioned: R.I. Sadykova, M.I. Khamitova, A.Ya. Khanzhieva. Their works are connected with the potential broadening of sports principles of training for physical potential formation among the students of different age groups [9,10,11,12, 13].
Well-known means of general physical training among students are the exercises of a cyclic character of different intensity. These exercises are more often used during physical culture lessons. For this purpose we need special conditions. At the same time, the opportunity to attend athletic gymnastics classes is not mentioned, taking into account the impossibility to realize aerobic orientation physical exercises.
The aim of the research: to substantiate and practically check the effectiveness of the strength-oriented cyclic exercises complex at athletic gymnastics lessons.
The objectives of the research:
- to study scientific-methodical sources concerning the problem of the research;
- to create and practically substantiate the methodology of using the complex of strength-oriented cyclic exercises, directed toward general and strength endurance increase among the students. They chose athletic gymnastics as the main form of the lessons.
Materials and methods
The research was held within the following period: since 2000 till 2020 academic years. The students of Izhevsk State Technical University named after M.T. Kalashnikov took part in the research. We defined students' physical readiness using the tests, included into the demands of RLD complex, such as pull-ups at a high bar; dip on parallel bars; push-up in a prone position; standing long-jump; 100, 1000, and 3000 m running. We analyzed the rating of RLD complex normative demands fulfillment taking into account the badges (bronze, silver, golden).
Results and discussion
It is a well-known fact that weather conditions in Izhevsk (Republic of Udmurtia, Russia) change in the course of a year. During outdoor lessons we can face favorable and unfavorable conditions for the lessons. It should be noted that September has about 9 rainy days, when day temperature is +10°C to +20°C. During the first part of October the temperature is within the following range: +15°C to +2°C. By the end of October we see snow and 11 more days of a rainy weather. When cold days come, students train in a gym till the end of December. The second part of an academic year includes 64 lessons at the 1st course, health-improving lessons, taking into account weather conditions include 1216 (18.7-25%) lessons. Taking into account weather conditions outdoor lessons include 6-10 lessons, they form 9-15% from general amount of lessons. Such amount of lessons doesn't solve the problem of general endurance development among students for a successful fulfillment of 3000 meters running norm. Taking into consideration the conditions of lessons organization in different weather conditions we revealed the necessity to plan general and special endurance development in terms of a gym using a specialized complex.
In order to solve the problems of endurance development generally adopted in the methodology of physical education and sports training physical exercises are used. There great amount of muscle groups are simultaneously used. It leads to considerable intensification of cardiorespiratory system activity. As the means of aerobic endurance upbringing cyclic exercises of the moderate, great and alternating intensity (cross running, ski crosses, long distance walking, cycling and etc.) are widely spread in the practice of general physical training.
However, in order to realize cyclic exercises of a long-term character it is necessary to have at least some cardio-vascular machines. Athletic gym of a higher education establishment can't provide all students with cardio-vascular machines and this situation was the reason why we searched for alternative means.
In order to realize the objectives of local muscle endurance mechanisms development students fulfilled the exercises with barbell for the main muscle groups improvement. In order to improve aerobic endurance we used special running exercises and a complex of "Barbell", "Kettle ball" athletic cyclic exercises of great and alternating intensity. Substantiation of the strength-oriented exercises complex was the knowledge concerning the theory of strength and general endurance development. There great amount of skeletal muscles can be activated simultaneously. Cyclic exercises of moderate, great and alternating intensity were chosen by us taking into account the specificity of the gym. Great variety of weight, rubber shock absorbers helped to activate the whole group.
The tasks for local muscle power and aerobic endurance development by means of running exercises were fulfilled frontally, in sub-groups of three people. We took into account body weight and physical readiness. An optimal quantitative content of students was set with the help of pedagogical observation results.
The main factors of the strength-oriented exercises complex intensity determination became the following: poundage weight, frequency of fulfillment, duration and time of rest. In order to trace tiredness and recovery each student fill in an individual card of HR (heart rate) indices registration. The complex of athletic exercises provides liason movements: 5 available, easy to remember and fulfill multiarticular movements with free gymnastic apparatus (barbell, dumbbells, kettle bells) without changing the initial position.
The fulfilled exercises of the complex are placed in a special order. After the previous exercise fulfillment the following one is fulfilled without legs position and grasp change and it provides an easy transfer from the previous exercise to the following one. We created the complexes of exercises, called them "Dumb-bells-12", "Barbell-10", where numbers describe the weight. The complex of athletic exercises "Barbell" depending on physical readiness of the 1st course student was fulfilled with 10-30 kg barbell. The complex of athletic exercises "Dumbbells" depending on physical readiness of the 1st course student is fulfilled with 12-16 kg dumb-bells. Before the task fulfillment students were divided into (according to weight, readiness) into three sub-groups. Some fulfilled the exercises of "Barbell-10"complex, the others fulfilled "Barbell-15" or "Barbell-20" load.
The frequency of the exercise fulfillment was 90 movements a minute. Students fulfilled 10 repetitions of each movement of a complex, then started to fulfill the next movement. It also was fulfilled 10 times and till the end when all 5 movements of the complex were fulfilled. The whole complex was fulfilled to 1 minute 10 seconds musical track. Longer fulfillment of the loading attempt led to HR increase, caused movements slowing down and the refusal to fulfill further work. Time of the transfer between the 1st respondents and the 2nd one and then the 3rd one was 10 seconds. This time was used for HR frequency registration within 6 seconds (HR). It showed the degree of tiredness and rehabilitation. Passive rest for recovery in terms of three cycle approach was 2 minutes 50 seconds. It helped to recover HR till optimal values (table 1).
Table 1 presents the intensity of work and rest between the attempts of the complex strength-oriented exercises with free weight fulfillment by the students.
Table 1
Work-rest intensity during the complex of strength-oriented cyclic exercises with free weight fulfillment
by the students
Complex Lj1 i'xcrdsk'i Plilsc huiiLL (1 LF4.>_ beat min HR
]n 1 hi." ahempt^ of physical ckcrcikcs-fulfillmoil. jm h -iiim.
Qm&HHB 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 K
HJ "UarbcU" ull^ll W«k 154 I5K IIE2 161 ] f>2 11>5 1(1 II ffi
Ihri 105 1 II> lift ] 12 ] 12 112 113 II20
Nt2 "Diunlibdl" oampJcx Wat I7D IfHS 164 ]65 ]frK 170 175 II72
Ihri 122 1124 1120 1.2$ 130 130 132 I3D
№3 Stand Big S-RE ^spcLial run nine DBBD] IV oil lt\9 lies 1.74 ]75 ]73 175 174 1 75
RtlL 130 11» 1.3: ]33 131 IIS 132 134
Table 1 presents the attempts of physical 1. exercises complexes fulfillment and they have their 2. own string of logic. If a student didn't manage to 3. fulfill 10 movements of the whole complex within hands. the set time period (70 seconds) or his HR was 4. higher than the permissible values, the amount of 5. repetitions decreased for 1-5 times. Depending on 6. physical readiness the group fulfilled from 4 till 8 attempts in the presented complexes. The duration of the general work at the stage of involvement was 16 minutes. Then it gradually became 30 minutes of general time. Below we present the content of "Barbell" complex. It included 5 exercises and were fulfilled without order violation:
1. The 1st exercise: barbell grasp on chest, with mid overhand grasp, with legs push.
2. The 2nd exercise: a jerk, with mid overhand grasp, with legs push.
3. The 3rd exercise: front squat, back squat, standing.
4. The 4th exercise: deadlift.
5. The 5th exercise: barbell underbelly rowing, barbell bent over rowing, with mid overhand grasp.
Complex of athletic exercises called "Dumb-bell" also included 5 strength-oriented exercises:
Absolute mean values of physical readiness indices
establishments
Snatch clean with the right hand. Jerk from the neck with the right hand. Dumb-bell snatch till contour line with two
Dumb-bell snatch Snatch clean with the left hand. Jerk from the neck with the left hand.
The third complex had a cyclic orientation using standing special running exercises with a rubber shock absorber. It was fixed on the waist. Shock absorber was also fixed on the foot creating back or forward resistance.
Special running exercises were directed toward local endurance of skeletal muscles development. They take part in hip lifting. During these exercises fulfillment the respondents used rubber shock absorber. Special running exercises were fulfilled in the same time periods, as "Barbell" and "Dumbbell" complexes (1 minute 10 seconds).
Table 2 presents statistical indices of physical readiness among the students. They enter higher education establishments during 20 years of observation. There we underline the tendency of fulfillment decrease of RLD complex normative demands.
Table 2
among the students, who enter higher education (2000-2020)
Ycjj
chin-up
dip on
parallel
l'an-
dip up
'¿■■Iill-: ^.•lk.-.^.t-
esuhcll
pctjxj
Flcxibil*
y
Standing jump
lOiim
laiOm
30l!0m
2ii0l}
LI ,2 ±2,12
13 1 IJfr
29fi * 2,01
51
UJi
\i.9 • C1.2J
3,45 1 OJ5
I ■■ ■ ljo:
2ihd
LI.ii
igj
4ju j!_3-.l 4
57,3
1(1.1
IJ3
14.2
3,49
14.¡14 j.
201s
LI ,2
1:1
31,4 J_J.Q2
5kj1i 2.7,33
1A
2,22 JJi.lK
l4.4
3,53
15.:s_
2J2
HOD
l0.3 ♦ 2.3*
I2J 1 IJÜK
2.54
5k.] _s,i2
4.6 ■ 2.QÍ
* ÍU4
l4,9 1 |J(M
4,1.6 1 Mfi
IÛ.WJ. 1JK
DyChliTllL
s r%)
The tend
■S.Qî
■5.3h
■ 2Q.2V
i 1.73
4L40
-3.52
r-J.iq
dency of the greatest physical readiness decrease among students of the 1st course was in "3000m running" test among boys (16,06 sec. -20,38%). Flexibility index, which characterizes the degree of locomotor apparatus flexibility, was 4,6 cm, the deterioration was 68,49%. The indices decrease in strength tests is better. For example, in "Dip up from hanging position at a bar" exercise the results became 8,03% worse. In "Dip on parallel bars" exercise the results became 5,38% worse. In "Dip up in a prone position on the floor" exercise the results improved for 20,27%. In "Standing jump" exercise the result became 3,52% worse. In "Sprint" exercise the result became 7,19% worse. The indices decrease shows not only the level of physical
abilities, but also functional systems of an organism decrease, the optimal functioning of which helps to cope with the load showing high results.
On the basis of the presented norms of physical development and the results of RLD complex testing, fulfilled by the students at the 1st course at the beginning of an academic year, we revealed the rating of problem physical readiness indices among the students. They are involved into athletic training in a gym (table 3).
Table 3
Rating of RLD normative demands fulfillment by the students of higher education establishment
Tcstipc c&crciu!* aJ'RE.D oampkx ¿nd 1he uno.ini H ih': ■■'.niknlr-. who fulllllcii ESadgM. pcrLcnticu oFfulllllmcnt and pi.ill
s ^ Ï I % of the jiuajnatiiy: liil llllmcut H ¿dw YitiD dkln C FulFIII I hi/ narrnalnu J
1IKI m runninc iswc.? 13.1 L4J L4.4
Amuunt ijl j>cupk. who fulfilled 5 3H lf> yt 41 5
3[KH>m. runm nu, <min. ml.) 12.0(1 13.40 34.30
Amixjnc ufiKLpk. who Julfilkd 1 2 L S Jil 70 ]
Full up:- Ji □ hi-: h hir 1 anxiunl 1 ]5 12 iq
Amuunt ufpcupk. Vi'ha fulfilled 32 11 15 5® 42 4
Hip up in 1 titlTiu wiflnn on Ihii tlouriimour.i 1 44 3: 2K
.\miHjpt ufpcupk. who fulfilled 9 25 2L 55 45 3
lftlg ilumli bell ¿rj.lLh i ,in:>.<u nl < Al 25 2L
Annint ixTtklpIl. who Jultllkd
Kirv-urd kan frccn ¿land/ny. jiLdhiL'n aL ■ y.vmjiastiL be neb u a 6
.\muunt ijl pLL-pk. who fulfilkd 20 IK S 4* 54 2
Standing lixiu urnr. 1 ln/i ■ 140 225 : io
Amuunt ijl pLipk. who fulfilkd 13 24 37 74 16 1
Uodv 1 li'i.ML truer dixr.-ial pudicioji 1 arnounl 1 mid.] 4? 37 33
.\miHjnc ijl pl iT'Il. wîw lulfilkd ]7 39 9 65 35 i
In testing exercises of the 6th stage, introduced in 2014, students showed a weak level of physical readiness, as the base of the exercises is formed during school ages.
It was difficult for students to fulfill 3000 meters running, 70% of students couldn't cope with the normative demands. The second place in the rating took the task for flexibility. There 54% of general amount of students couldn't get bronze badge.
Functional state of a student's organism is characterized as a weak readiness of the providing system to realize long-term physical loads, where most of all neuromuscular system tension is demonstrated. The 3rd place took dip up in a prone position on the floor (45%). The places in the rating of the rest testing exercises were the following: pull-up at a bar took the 4th place (42%); 100 meters running - the 5th place (41%), body lifting from
dorsal position - the 6th place (35%) and standing long-jump - the 7th place (26%). The normative in "Dumb-bell snatch" test (16 kg) at the initial stage was not fulfilled. In a group of students, who train in a gym, they can fulfill strength-oriented norms (dumb-bell snatch, press-up, pull-up, jumps) and sprint (30-100m). Flexibility test can be fulfilled to some extent. But 3000 meter running test is difficult to fulfill for most of respondents. The first place in a negative rating, given to long-distance running, is connected with a low level of functional abilities and endurance development becomes a serious problem in this important component of physical fitness development.
Fig. 1 presents the amount of students, who fulfilled RLD norms and got golden, silver and bronze badges.
Fig. 1. Amount of students, who fulfilled normative demands in testing exercises of RLD complex and got
gold, silver and bronze badges
Fig. 2 presents the rating of normative demands education establishments for gold, silver and bronze of RLD complex fulfillment by the students of higher badges.
Dip For Bod
100 m run mng 300 0 m Pull -ups at a up in a pro ne 16 kg dum b- war d lean fro 111 y lift! ng fro
nm ning high bar posi tion fcell snatt m stan jum m dors
on th.. cb ding p.. P al p...
■ %of RLD test fulfilk ent 59 30 55 55 0 46 74 65
■ % of those,who
didn't fulfill ELD 41 70 42 45 0 54 26 35
tests
■ place 5 I 4 3 0 2 7 6
Fig. 2. Percentage of fulfillment in testing exercises of RLD complex for gold, silver and bronze badges
Fig. 2 shows that the rating of normative demands of RLD complex fulfillment is mainly realized by means of the level of general and special endurance increase. At the same time, there appears an opportunity to define strong and weak sides of physical training of students for further means and methods correction, used at the lessons. All mentioned above underlines the necessity to use testing exercises each time for current and operative control and physical-functional state of an organism estimation among those, who train, which would lead to lessons process and content optimization.
Conclusion
The training process content of students, who chose athletic gymnastics in a gym as the main form of physical culture lessons, should include the complexes of strength-oriented exercises of cyclic character with free weight. General and strength-oriented endurance increase among students would help to solve the problems connected with RLD complex fulfillment, in particular in 3000 meters running. They characterize the main quality demonstration- general endurance.
Special running exercises use would help to increase local muscle power and endurance of lower extremities skeletal muscles. They take part in the cycle of a double step, it means in running
movements. Special running exercises fulfillment with rubber shock absorbers with high frequency and speed of movements would help to improve indices in sprint.
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Submitted: 20.11.2022 Author's information:
Ildus G. Gibadullin - Doctor of Pedagogics, Professor, M.T. Kalashnikov State Technical University, Izhevsk, 426069, Russia, Izhevsk, Studencheskaya str., House 7, e-mail: gibadullinildus@yandex.ru Marat Z. Akhmetzyanov - Senior Lecturer, M.T. Kalashnikov State Technical University, Izhevsk, 426069, Russia, Izhevsk, Studencheskaya str., House 7, e-mail: ahmar05@mail.ru Sergey V. Turlavkov - Senior Lecturer, M.T. Kalashnikov State Technical University, Izhevsk, 426069, Russia, Izhevsk, Studencheskaya str., House 7, e-mail: turlakov 73@mail.ru
