CC BY
10
UDC 338.48(597) EDN: TTHAVG DOI: 10.5281/zenodo. 10435284
Ngoc Tri NGUYEN
Danang Architecture University (Danang, Vietnam) Master's Degree in Tourism; e-mail: [email protected]
ENCOURAGE LOCAL PEOPLE TO PARTICIPATE IN COMMUNITY-BASED TOURISM ACTIVITIES: A CASE OF THANH TOAN TILE-ROOFED BRIDGE IN THUA THIEN HUE PROVINCE, VIETNAM
Abstract. The objective of this study is to evaluate the current status of local people's participation in community-based tourism (CBT) activities at Thanh Toan Tile-Roofed Bridge in Thua Thien Hue, Vietnam. Research data were collected from 100 people, including 64 local people who have been participating in CBT activities in this area through a convenience sampling method. The study used descriptive statistics, frequency analysis, one-way ANOVA test, and Independent Samples T-test to answer the research questions. Research results show the difficulties of local people when participating in CBT activities such as tourism seasonality, low qualifications of local people, the division of benefits from community tourism activities, lack of capital, local people's dependence on tourism development projects, etc. Based on the research results, the study proposed some solutions to attract local people to participate in CBT activities at Thanh Toan Tile-Roofed Bridge.
Keywords: Community-Based Tourism (CBT), CBT activities, local people, participation of local people, Thanh Toan Tile-Roofed Bridge, Thua Thien Hue province
Citation: Nguyen, N. T. (2023). Encourage local people to participate in community-based tourism activities: A case of Thanh Toan Tile-Roofed bridge in Thua Thien Hue province, Vietnam. Servis v Rossii i za rubezhom [Services in Russia and Abroad], 17(6), 56-67. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.10435284.
Article History
Received 1 July 2023 Accepted 15 December 2023
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
© 2023 the Author(s)
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0). To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
УДК 338.48(597) EDN: TTHAVG DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10435284
НГУЕН Нгок Чи
Данангский архитектурный университет (Дананг, Вьетнам) магистр туризма; e-mail: [email protected]
ПООЩРЕНИЕ МЕСТНЫХ ЖИТЕЛЕЙ К УЧАСТИЮ В ОБЩЕСТВЕННОЙ ТУРИСТИЧЕСКОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ: ПРИМЕР «МОСТА С ЧЕРЕПИЧНОЙ КРЫШЕЙ ТХАНЬ ТОАН» В ПРОВИНЦИИ ТХУА ТХИЕН ХЮЭ, ВЬЕТНАМ
Целью исследования является оценка текущего статуса участия местного населения в общественной туристической деятельности, основанной та достопримечательности - мосте Тхань Тоан с черепичной крышей в Тхуа Тхиен Хюэ, Вьетнам. Данные исследования были собраны у 100 человек, в том числе 64 местных жителей, которые участвовали в общественной туристической деятельности в этом районе, с помощью удобного метода выборки. В исследовании использовались описательная статистика, частотный анализ, односторонний тест ANOVA и Т-тест независимых выборок. Результаты исследований показывают трудности местного населения при участии в общественной туристической деятельности, такие как сезонность туризма, низкая квалификация местного населения, разделение выгод от общественной туристической деятельности, нехватка капитала, зависимость местного населения от проектов развития туризма и т. д. На основе результатов исследования были предложены некоторые решения для привлечения местного населения к участию в общественной туристической деятельности на мосту с черепичной крышей Тхань Тоан.
Ключевые слова: общественный туризм, вовлечение местных сообществ в туризм, местное население, Мост с черепичной крышей Тхань Тоан, провинция Тхуа Тхиен Хюэ
Для цитирования: Нгуен Н.Ч. Поощрение местных жителей к участию в общественной туристической деятельности: пример «Моста с черепичной крышей Тхань Тоан» в провинции Тхуа Тхиен Хюэ, Вьетнам // Сервис в России и за рубежом. 2023. Т.17. №6. С. 56-67. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10435284.
Дата поступления в редакцию: 1 июля 2023 г. Дата утверждения в печать: 15 декабря 2023 г.
1. Introduction
Tourism is a general economic sector, it has relationships with many fields and socio-economic sectors, including a close and inseparable relationship with the local community. Tourism brings many direct or indirect benefits to local communities such as creating jobs, increasing income, helping to build and repair better infrastructure and technical facilities, bringing understanding, cultural exchange, improving people's lives, and contributing to the economic development of the region and the country, etc. However, the connection and dependence of tourism on the natural environment as well as on the local community brings two aspects. It both brings great positive impacts and poses negative problems that threaten the ecological environment and indigenous culture. Therefore, developing "sustainable tourism" is becoming a need, goal, and trend of many countries around the world. In order to limit the negative impacts that tourism causes and ensure sustainable economic, environmental, and social development, a series of new types of tourism have been born that initially pay attention to environmental aspects, culture, and indigenous people's lives such as eco-tourism, discovery tourism, cultural tourism, community eco-tourism, etc. In particular, researching and developing forms of community tourism organizations is one of the most effective solutions to the problem of promoting tourism resources. And this form is being prioritized for development by developing countries around the world, including Vietnam.
In Thua Thien Hue province, Vietnam has made efforts to build many community based-tourism models in poor rural areas with tourism potential for many years. Some localities have strongly developed forms of organizing community tourism such as Phuoc Tich ancient village in Phong Dien district, Suoi Voi tourist area in Phu Loc district, Thanh Toan Tile-Roofed Bridge, Huyen Tran Cultural Center, An Tay Ward, Hue city. Among them, Thanh Toan Tile-Roofed Bridge is one of the leading destinations in exploiting and strongly developing local community-based tourism.
Thanh Toan Tile-Roofed Bridge located in Thanh Thuy Chanh village, Thuy Thanh commune, Huong Thuy town, Thua Thien Hue province is a national historical relic. Along with the extremely rich system of natural and human tourism resources, especially in the past many years, Thua Thien Hue Department of Tourism has coordinated with the Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA) to take place community tourism activities here. However, in the process of development, this form of organization still faces many limitations and difficulties affecting the participation of local people.
This study focused on analyzing the current situation of Thanh Thuy Chanh village people's participation in community-based tourism activities. On that basis, the article proposed solutions to promote the active participation of the local people in community tourism development at Thanh Toan Tile-Roofed Bridge.
2. Literature review
Community-based tourism has been mentioned in development discourse around the world since the 70s of the twentieth century. It not only brings attractive economic benefits but also has many cultural and social significance. CBT began to become more known in Vietnam in the 90s of the twentieth century. This is a new type of tourism that has been strongly deployed and become popular in recent years [9] and it is a new approach that creates opportunities to promote Vietnam's image in the international market.
The concept of community-based tourism has appeared in many studies (Nelson, 2004; Ânstrand, M., 2006; Simpson, 2008; Okazaki, 2008; Honggang et al., 2009; Mtapuri & Giampic-coli, 2016). However, each researcher has different definitions depending on their approach and understanding.
Local communities play an important role in tourism development [8] and community participation in tourism contributes to protecting the environment and maintaining the cultural identity of local communities [1]. Local community participation plays a role in promoting sustainable tourism development [18]. Therefore, it is considered
one of the popular research topics for many researchers (see, for instance, Simmons, 1994; Dei, 2000; Tosun, 2006; Shani & Pizam, 2011; Dogra & Gupta, 2012; Su & Wall, 2014; Kala & Bagri, 2018; Thetsane, 2019, etc.]. Many researchers have attempted to develop a series of general models of community participation. However, within the scope of this research, we used Tosun's (2006) model of forms of community participation.
Author Tosun's model proposed three forms of participation of people and communities in tourism development including spontaneous participation, induced participation, and coercive participation.
Table 1 - Forms of community participation
Forms of participation Definition of participation forms
1 Spontaneous Participation Bottom-up; active participation; direct participation; participate in decision making, authentic participation; self planning
2 Induced Participation Top-down; passive; formal; mostly indirect; degree of tokenism, manipulation; pseudo-participation; participation in implementation and sharing benefits; choice between proposed alternatives and feedback
3 Coercive Participation Top-down, passive; mostly indirect, formal; participation in implementation, but not necessarily sharing benefits; choice between proposed limited alternatives or no choice; paternalism, non-participation, high degree of tokenism and manipulation
According to Tosun's model, "spontaneous participation" is the giving of management and decision-making rights to the local community and proposes an ideal model of community participation in the field of tourism, It demonstrates the civil rights of the people and it will certainly receive enthusiastic support from the community.
For the type of "induced participation", the community can express their subjective opinions on the tourism development process. This type is only formal, the participation of the local community is passive, they only participate in solving
tourism development problems without having the right to make decisions.
In the form of "participation by coercion", local people are not allowed to participate in the decision-making process as in the form of "induced participation". All decisions are held by groups with higher power, and the distribution of benefits is almost non-existent for the people. This form will certainly not be supported by the community and it will be difficult to achieve sus-tainability in tourism development activities.
3. Research methods
This paper used qualitative research methods including research methods and document synthesis. We synthesized and analyzed scientific articles related to CBT and forms of participation of local communities in CBT activities. The expert interview method was also used in the article to determine the model, scale, and survey variables.
Besides, we also combined quantitative research methods and built a questionnaire. The sample was selected using the convenience sampling method. The sample size applied in the study was based on the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) requirements from the research of Hair & et al. [5]. The minimum sample size must be 5 times the total number of observed variables, or in other words, determined at a ratio of 5:1 [12]. In the theoretical research model, there were 14 parameters that needed to be estimated, so the minimum sample size was 14 x 5 = 70 samples. Thus, to achieve the minimum sample number according to the convenience sampling method, 110 questionnaires were distributed to ensure objectivity. The survey was conducted using a Google form. Questionnaire processing and analysis of the data obtained were performed using the statistical software SPSS.
In order to evaluate the level of agreement of local people towards the activities involved and reasons to participate in community-based tourism activities, the questionnaire used a 5-point Likert scale where 1 = strongly disagree, 2 = disagree, 3 = neutral, 4 = agree, and 5 = strongly agree.
This study also tested ANOVA and Independent Samples T-tests for the difference in the
degree of agreement of local people to the factors when participating in CBT activities at Thanh Toan Tile-Roofed Bridge. The significance level P is determined as follows:
• 0.05 < Sig.(P-value) <= 0.1 (*): The difference has low statistical significance.
• < Sig.(P-value) <= 0.05 (**): Average statistically significant difference.
• Sig.(P-value) <= 0.01 (***): The difference is highly statistically significant.
• Sig.(P-value) > 0.1 (NS): There are no differences in opinions between groups of people
• "-'': Compare Sig in the test table of Homogeneity of Variances <= 0.05 (Variance is not homogeneity), so Anova cannot be tested.
4. Results
4.1. Evaluation of local people's participation in CBT at Thanh Toan Tile-Roofed Bridge
In order to assess the opinions of local people about their participation in CBT activities at Thanh Toan Tile-Roofed Bridge, we surveyed 110 local people in Thanh Toan village, Thuy Thanh commune. There were 100 valid votes out of the total number of questionnaires surveyed by local people. Out of a total of 100 valid survey questionnaires, the number of local people participating in community tourism activities accounted for 64% and 36% of the respondents were not participating in CBT activities.
The survey results in Table 2 indicate that there were more females (59.4%) than males (40.6%) among the 64 local people who were surveyed. Of these, below 18 years of age (3.1%), between 18 - 25 years of age (82.9%), between 26 -35 years of age (14.3%), and above 35 years of age (2.9%). Regarding the occupational structure, there was an uneven distribution among the respondents. The majority of local people participating in CBT activities are general laborers (70.3%). Other occupations such as students; businessmen, civil servants, and retired persons accounted for a relatively low, proportion of 12.5%, 7.8%, and 9.4%. In terms of the education level of people who are engaged in CBT activities,
primary school diploma accounted for 31.3%, secondary school diploma (28.1%), high school diploma (21.9%), bachelor's degree (12.5%), and respondents with other degrees accounted for 6.3%.
Table 2 - An overview of the survey respondents participating in CBT activities
Number of Percen-
participants (n) tage (%)
Gender Male 26 40.6
Female 38 59.4
Below 18 2 3.1
Age 18 - 30 11 17.2
31 - 50 29 45.3
Above 50 22 34.4
Student 8 12.5
Occupa- Businessman, civil servants 5 7.8
tion General Laborer 45 70.3
Retired person 6 9.4
Primary 2G 31.3
School _ . Secondary 18 28.1
Education diploma High 14 21.9
level Bachelor's degree 8 12.5
Others 4 6.3
Although CBT activities have been taking place at Thanh Toan Tile-Roofed Bridge since 2000, through the survey results (Table 3), we saw that local residents have only participated in CBT activities in recent years.
Table 3 - Time and form of local people's participation in CBT activities
Number of participants (n)
Percentage (%)
n Under 1 year 8 12.5
io it a e im it 1 - 5 years 28 43.8
ip iic 5 - 10 years 18 28.1
it r a Over 10 years 1G 15.6
P Total 64 100.0
Full-time 14 21.9
n io it a ip iic Part-time 32 5G.G
m r o Depending on the number of visitors 12 18.8
it r a P f Depending on the arrangement of the Management Board 6 9.4
Total 64 100.0
Nguyen N. T. ~
Encourage local people to participate in community-based tourism activities: i_j A \/llLJI II/1
A case of Thanh Toan Tile-Roofed bridge in Thua Thien Hue province, Vietnam -\iy\ /nn I A
/KYI HAJ I
The survey results showed that the majority of local people have participated in CBT activities for a period of 1 to 5 years (43.8%). This proved that the CBT model at Thanh Toan Tile-Roofed Bridge has only grown strongly in recent years. Therefore, in order for CBT to develop more strongly, local authorities need to have policies to attract more local people to participate in CBT activities at Thanh Toan Tile-Roofed Bridge. Regarding forms of participation, local people are participating in CBT activities mainly in part-time form with 50%. Because the community tourism activities mainly take place on the days of "The Rural Market" at Hue Festival.
Table 4 - Average monthly income and form of profit distribution from CBT activities
Number of Percen-participants (n) tage (%)
Under 1 million VND 11 17.2
1 - 2 million VND 38 59.4
2- 3 million VND 10 15.6
Over 3 million VND 5 7.8
Total 64 100.0
Received directly from the tourist destination 46 71.9
From the local government / Tourism Management Board 16 25.0
From the travel agency 10 15.6
From friends, relatives 8 12.5
H Total 80/64 125.0
As illustrated in Table 4, the average monthly income that local people have received from CBT activities is mainly from 1-2 million VND (59.4%). This can be understood because most people have participated in community tourism activities in the form of part-time. Besides, the average income of over 3 million VND per month accounted for the lowest rate with 7.8%.
Regarding the distribution of profits from CBT activities at Thanh Toan Tile-Roofed Bridge, it can be seen that mainly local people received money directly from tourists (71.9%). Because, local people primarily provided products to tourists by themselves such as souvenirs, handicrafts, food services, etc. In contrast, the lowest
proportion with 12.5% was the form of profit sharing from relatives and friends.
4.2. The level of agreement of local people on factors when participating in CBT activities at Thanh Toan Tile-Roofed Bridge To assess the level of agreement of the local people with the factors, the paper first tested the quality of the scale using Cronbach's Alpha coefficient. This coefficient was used to ensure the reliability of the scale and observed variables. The requirement to be accepted is that Cronbach's Alpha coefficient must be greater than or equal to 0.6. (Hair et al., 2006). Variables that do not meet the requirements will be removed from the scale.
Table 5 - Test results of Cronbach's Alpha coefficient of the scales
Factor Cronbach's N of
Alpha coefficient Items
Participating activities 0.708 7
Reasons to participate in CBT activities 0.713 7
The results from Table 5 show that the coefficients of Cronbach's Alpha of all factors were greater than 0.6, so the scale ensures the permissible reliability.
From the survey data in the table above, we can see that the local people participated in a number of CBT activities relatively high such as: "Traditional art activities: Cham non, Bai Choi, Ho gia gao, etc." (4.09), "As a tour guide at the site" (3.84) and "providing food and beverage services" (3.67). In particular, traditional art activities have been the most attended by local people. Because Thanh Toan village is a countryside associated with agriculture, the people here always know how to preserve cultural identities and retain these long-standing traditional occupations. The criteria "Sale of goods at Cau Ngoi market" (3.39), "Provide accommodation services" (3.33), and "Sale of souvenirs products and handicrafts" ( 3.06) were rated neutral by the people. In contrast, "guide and manage CBT activities" (3.03) was the least engaged by the local people.
Table 6 - The level of people's agreement with participating activities
Criteria Level of agreement Average
1 2 3 4 5 value
Quantity 0 10 44 6 4 3.06
1. Sale of souvenir products, handicrafts % 0.0 15.6 68.8 9.4 6.3
Quantity 0 15 13 32 4 3.39
2. Sale of goods at Cau Ngoi market % 0.0 23.4 20.3 50.0 6.3
Quantity 0 14 25 15 10 3.33
3. Provide accommodation services (Homestay) % 0.0 21.9 39.1 23.4 15.6
Quantity 0 9 15 28 12 3.67
4. Provide food and beverage services (restaurants) % 0.0 14.1 23.4 43.8 18.8
5. Traditional art activities Quantity 0 4 11 24 25 4.09
(Cham non, Bai Choi, Ho gia gao, etc.) % 0.0 6.3 17.2 37.5 39.1
6. As a tour guide at the site, guiding tourists to Quantity 0 5 15 29 15 3.84
experience activities: Cham non, boating, etc. % 0.0 7.8 23.4 45.3 23.4
Quantity 6 14 22 16 6 3.03
7. Guide and manage CBT activities % 9.4 21.9 34.4 25.0 9.4
Table 7 - The level of people's agreement with the reasons for participation
Criteria Level of agreement Average
1 2 3 4 5 value
1. Create more jobs for yourself and your family Quantity 0 3 3 40 18 4.14
% 0.0 4.7 4.7 62.5 28.1
2. Increase income and improve family life Quantity 0 1 19 22 22 4.02
% 0.0 1.6 29.7 34.4 34.4
3. Improve your foreign language Quantity 2 15 13 23 11 3.41
and tourism knowledge % 3.1 23.4 20.3 35.9 17.2
4. Help yourself be more involved in the experience Quantity 2 26 14 13 9 3.02
% 3.1 40.6 21.9 20.3 14.1
5. To receive support and incentives Quantity 2 12 16 22 12 3.47
from local authorities % 3.1 18.8 25.0 34.4 18.8
6. Contribute to the preservation Quantity 2 9 13 26 14 3.64
of local cultural values % 3.1 14.1 20.3 40.6 21.9
7. Create conditions to exchange Quantity 2 26 14 15 7 2.98
and learn foreign cultures % 3.1 40.6 21.9 23.4 10.9
The survey results from Table 7 show that the criteria: "Help yourself be more involved in the experience" (3.02) and "Create conditions to exchange and learn from outside cultures" (2.98) were rated neutral by respondents. In which, the reason to exchange and learn from the outside culture was the lowest rated. Criteria: "Improve your foreign language and tourism knowledge" (3.41), "to receive support and incentives from local authorities" (3.47), "Contributing to the
preservation of local cultural values" (3.64), "Increase income and improve family life" (4.02) were relatively agreed by the local people. Besides, the reason "Create more jobs for yourself and your family" (4.14) was rated the highest by the respondents. Participation in CBT activities must have a link between the government and local people. Through that, the government needs to come up with policies to support people's participation.
4.3. ANOVA test and Independent Samples
T-test the difference in the degree of agreement of local people to the factors when participating in CBT activities at Thanh Toan Tile-Roofed Bridge After performing the steps of descriptive statistical analysis, average value, Cronbach's Alpha reliability test, check the difference between variables using Independent Samples T-test and One-way ANOVA.
The Independent Samples T-Test is used to compare a quantitative variable's average between two different subject groups. At that time, we made the following statistical hypothesis: Hf-o: There is no difference in variance between the two groups of values. The F test is used to test this hypothesis. The test results are as follows:
• + Sig > 0.05: Accept the hypothesis Hf-o, meaning there is no statistically significant difference in variance between the two groups of values. We used the t-test results in the Equal variances assumed;
• + Sig < 0.05: Reject the hypothesis Hf-o, meaning there is a statistically significant difference in variance between the two groups of values. We used the t-test results in the Equal variances not assumed.
In case the qualitative variable has more than two groups, we will need to use another statistical technique, One-Way ANOVA. This test can be used to compare means between two groups of values like the Independent Samples T-Test. We made the following statistical hypothesis: Hl-o: There is no difference in variance between value groups. The Levene test was used to test this hypothesis. Inspection results:
• + Sig > 0.05: Accept hypothesis HL-0, meaning there is no statistically significant difference in variance between value groups. We used the F-test results in the ANOVA table;
• + Sig < 0.05: Reject hypothesis HL-0, meaning there is a statistically significant difference in variance between value groups. We used the results of the Welch test in the Robust Tests of Equality of Means table.
Table 8 - ANOVA test and Independent Samples T-test the difference in the level of agreement with local people's participation activities
Criteria Sign Independent variables
Gender Age Occupation Education level
Sale of souvenir products, handicrafts PA1 NS NS NS NS
Sale of goods at Cau Ngoi market PA2 NS NS NS -
Provide food and beverage services (restaurants) PA3 NS *** ** NS
PA4 * NS NS -
Traditional art activities (Cham non, Bai Choi, Ho gia gao, etc.) PA5 ** NS NS -
As a tour guide at the site, guiding tourists to experience activities: Cham non, boating, etc. PA6 * NS NS *
Guide and manage CBT activities PA7 NS NS NS NS
Regarding the independent variable gender, the study used the Independent Samples T-test. As for the three independent variables age, occupation, and education level, the paper used an ANOVA test.
For gender, the majority of participation criteria had a significance level of sig > 0.1, which means that the variance of each criterion between different gender groups was not statistically significant. Criteria PA1, PA2, PA3, and PA7
did not have differences among local people's opinions. This shows that whether people are male or female, their participation in CBT activities at Thanh Toan Tile-Roofed Bridge was the same. Criteria PA4 and PA6 with a significance level of 0.05 < sig <= 0.1 demonstrated that the variance of these criteria between different gender groups has a low statistically significant difference. As for criterion PA5, there was a dif-ference in gender, with average statistical signifi-cance
(0.01 < sig <= 0.05). Women are often more meticulous and skillful at work than men, so most of them participate in activities such as cham non, Bai choi, Ho gia gao, etc.
From Table 8, it can be seen that local people's opinions about participating in CBT activities according to age criteria did not differ. Criteria PA1, PA2, PA4, PA5, PA6, and PA7 did not have differences between the opinions of people with different ages. Thus, whether local people are old or young, their participation in the above activities was the same and the level of participation was quite high. Meanwhile, the criteria PA3 had a highly statistically significant difference (sig <= 0.1).
Regarding occupation, local people's opinions about participating in CBT activities according to occupation criteria did not differ. Cri-teria
PA1, PA2, PA4, PA5, PA6, and PA7 did not have differences between the opinions of local people with different occupations. Thus, no matter what profession people work in, their participation in the above activities was the same. Meanwhile, PA3 had an average statistically significant difference (0.01 < sig <= 0.05).
From the survey data in Table 8, three criteria with heterogeneous variance were PA2, PA4, and PA5. Therefore, evaluating these three criteria according to educational level was not meaningful. As for the criteria PA1, PA3, and PA7, there was no difference between people's opinions according to the criterion of educational level (sig > 0.1). Meantime, the criteria PA6 had a difference in educational level, with low statistical significance (0.05 < sig <= 0.1).
Table 9 - ANOVA test and Independent Samples T-test the difference in the level of agreement for reasons to participate in CBT activities
Criteria Sign Independent variables
Gender Age Occupation Education level
Create more jobs for yourself and your family RP1 NS * NS NS
Increase income and improve family life RP2 NS NS NS NS
Improve your foreign language and tourism knowledge RP3 *** NS NS NS
Help yourself be more involved in the experience RP4 ** - - *
To receive support and incentives from local authorities RP5 NS NS ** NS
Contribute to the preservation of local cultural values RP6 ** NS NS NS
Create conditions to exchange and learn foreign cultures RP7 *** - - -
Regarding gender, the three criteria for reasons RP1, RP2 and RP5 had a significance level of sig > 0.1. Therefore, it can be concluded that there was no difference between people's opinions according to gender criteria. As for criteria RP4 and RP6, there was a difference in gender, with average statistical significance (0.01 < sig <= 0.05). Most men do heavy work, so they often participate in community tourism activities to experience and relax after hard working days compared to women. Meanwhile, criteria RP3 and RP7 had highly statistically significant gender differences (sig <= 0.01).
Local people's opinions on the reasons for participating in CBT activities according to age
were largely the same. The criteria RP2, RP3, RP5, and RP6 had a significance level of sig > 0.1, which means there was no difference between people's opinions based on age criteria. There were two criteria with heterogeneous variance, RP4 and RP7. Therefore, evaluating these two criteria based on age was meaningless. Meanwhile, the criteria RP1 had a low statistically significant difference according to age (0.05 < sig <= 0.1).
Regarding occupations, local people's opinions on the reasons for participating in CBT activities were largely the same. The criteria RP1, RP2, RP3, and RP6 had a significance level of sig > 0.1, meaning that there was no difference between the opinions of local people according to the
Nguyen N. T. ~
Encourage local people to participate in community-based tourism activities: i_j A \/llLJI II/1
A case of Thanh Toan Tile-Roofed bridge in Thua Thien Hue province, Vietnam -\jy\ /nn I A
/KYI HAJ I
Table 10 - Solutions to attract local people to participate in CBT activities at Thanh Toan Tile-Roofed Bridge
№ Solutions
1. Key solutions for local communities
1.1.
Solutions for local people's participation activities
- Local authorities need to discuss increasing the number of activities of the "The Rural Market" to more times, for example, once every 2 - 3 months, organizing a market session.
- It is necessary to expand the space for organizing "Bai Choi" activities.
- It is necessary to expand more "Ho gia gao" songs for the younger generation so that they can learn traditional local values.
- Local authorities need to pay more attention to CBT activities at Thanh Toan Tile-Roofed Bridge to attract participation from many other local people.
1.2.
Solutions on support mechanisms and policies from local authorities
- In order to attract local people to participate in CBT activities, they need support from local authorities in terms of capital and technology.
- For investors to develop community tourism, it is necessary to have preferential policies, reduce cumbersome procedures, and have incentive policies such as tax reduction in the initial period. At the same time, there must be a mechanism to use land reasonably for the purpose of organizing tourism business services.
- Local authorities need to invest to restore traditional crafts and build craft village models so people can exchange and learn from each other.
- There should be specific documents regulating profit division between local authorities and local people. The division must ensure reasonableness and must have reinvestment back into the community.
- Need to attract investment from all levels and departments of the province and the State.
- Local authorities need to introduce policies to encourage and reward outstanding individuals in creating products to serve customers in community tourism activities under the evaluation of tourists.
1.3. Solutions for organization and management
- Currently, the locality has established a tourism management board, so it is necessary to clearly define for local people the specific function of this department, which is responsible for organizing the reception of tourists when they arrive in the locality: + Head of Management Board: Manage and implement proposed community tourism plans, and at the same time develop plans for local community tourism development in the coming time; responsible for managing individuals in the Community Tourism Management Board, service activity groups, and households participating in community tourism at Thanh Toan Tile-Roofed Bridge, etc. + Deputy Head of Management: Support the Head of Management in surveying tourism activities; responsible for supervising work related to maintenance of technical facilities; ensure security and order work; plan training and capacity building for the community in tourism, improve skills for on-site tour guides, and manage the community's tourism fund. + Commissioner - accountant: Responsible for recording and managing books, monitoring income and expenditure related to community tourism activities.
1.4.
Solutions for training local people
- Training on skills to welcome tourists, local people need to be trained on how to speak in communication, attitudes and actions to welcome tourists, ensuring harmony, safety and friendly towards visitors.
- Training on tourism business such as equipping local people with the ability to analyze supply and demand markets; build and improve products to meet tourist needs. Build product positioning in the market, determine appropriate pricing, enter into contracts or partnerships with travel companies and related partners, etc.
- Training in foreign languages to improve foreign language skills for local people to create conditions for them to communicate with tourists, especially common languages like English. Training on how to serve special services of tourist accommodations.
- Training on contents related to regulations on tourist accommodation activities, including general regulations such as fire prevention and other specific regulations for tourists.
2. Support and additional solutions
2.1. Solutions for staff training and establishment of local tourism departments and offices
2.2. Solutions for developing infrastructure and technical materials
2.3. Preserve national cultural identity
2.4. Participate in protecting the environment and tourism resources at Thanh Toan Tile-Roofed Bridge
2.5. Solutions for market research, marketing, and promotion of local community tourism
occupational criteria. There were two criteria with heterogeneous variance: RP4 and RP7. Therefore, evaluating these two criteria according to professional criteria was meaningless. Meanwhile, the criteria RP5 had an average statistically significant difference in age. Although participating in CBT activities, all local people have received support from the government. However, farmers and unskilled workers with little capital have received more support from local authorities than businessmen and state civil servants.
From the survey data in Table 9, it can be seen that the criteria RP1, RP2, RP3, RP5, and RP6 had a significance level of sig > 0.1, meaning there was no difference between the opinions of local people according to educational level. The criteria RP7 had heterogeneous variance. Therefore, evaluating this criterion according to educational level criteria was meaningless. As for the criteria RP4, there was a low statistically significant difference in educational level (0.05 < sig <= 0.1).
From the research results, we proposed a number of main solutions and supporting solutions to attract and encourage local people to participate in CBT activities at Thanh Toan Tile-Roofed Bridge (Table 10).
These solutions act as an important tool to promote the participation of local people in CBT activities, so there needs to be close coordination between local people and the government. local authorities, Thua Thien Hue provincial tourism department and the state. local people, local authorities, Thua Thien Hue province tourism department and the government.
5. Discussion and conclusions
This study aims to evaluate the current status of participation in CBT activities of local people at Thanh Toan Tile-Roofed Bridge. The findings indicated that the difficulties of local people's participation in CBT activities in this area were:
1) Tourism seasonality. Thuy Thanh is a commune located in a relatively low-lying delta, where rainstorms and floods often occur, greatly affecting the daily life and business of the people. Community tourism activities usually only take place during the dry season, from March to July every year. Therefore, the participation of local people was often unstable; 2) the tourism professional capacity of local people is still low, affecting their participation and development of tourism. Therefore, people's participation was extremely dependent on the organization and arrangement of the government and the Tourism Management Board; 3) local people have been too dependent on rural tourism development projects; 4) the division of benefits from community tourism activities does not have a clear regulation; 5) capital was also a factor that makes it difficult for local people to participate in CBT activities.
According to research results, to encourage local people to participate in community tourism activities at Thanh Toan Tile-Roofed Bridge in Thuy Thanh commune, local authorities need to come up with practical solutions. This study proposed key solutions for local authorities including solutions for local people's participation activities; solutions on support mechanisms and policies from local authorities; solutions for organization and management; and solutions for training local people. In addition to the main solutions, there need to be additional solutions to attract the participation of local people, including the following 5 solutions: 1) Solutions for staff training and establishment of local tourism departments and offices; 2) solutions for developing infrastructure and technical materials; 3) preserve national cultural identity; 4) participate in protecting the environment and tourism resources at Thanh Toan Tile-Roofed Bridge and 5) solutions for market research, marketing, and promotion of local community tourism.
Список источников / References
1. Aref, F. (2011). Sense of Community and participation for tourism development. Life Science Journal, 8(1), 20-25.
2. Anstrand, M. (2006). Community-based tourism and socio-culture aspects relating to tourism: A case study of a Swedish student excursion to Babati (Tanzania). Dissertation, Institutionen for livsvetenskaper. Retrieved from https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-715
3. Dei, L. A. (2000). Community participation in tourism in Africa. The political economy of tourism development in Africa, 285-298.
4. Dogra, R., & Gupta, A. (2012). Barriers to community participation in tourism development: Empirical evidence from a rural destination. South Asian Journal of Tourism and Heritage, 5(1), 129-142.
5. Hair, J., Anderson, R., Tatham, R., & Black, W. (1998). Multivariate data analysis. Prentice Hall.
6. Honggang, X. U., Sofield, T., & Jigang, B. A. O. (2009). Community tourism in Asia: An introduction. Tourism and community development. Asian practices, 1-17.
7. Kala, D., & Bagri, S. C. (2018). Barriers to local community participation in tourism development: Evidence from mountainous state Uttarakhand, India. Tourism: An International Interdisciplinary Journal, 66(3), 318-333.
8. Muganda, M., Sirima, A., & Ezra, P. M. (2013). The role of local communities in tourism development: Grassroots perspectives from Tanzania. Journal of Human Ecology, 41(1), 53-66.
9. Mearns, K. F., & Lukhele, S. E. (2015). Addressing the operational challenges of community-based tourism in Swaziland. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 4(1), 1-13.
10. Mtapuri, O., & Giampiccoli, A. (2016). Towards a comprehensive model of community-based tourism development. South African Geographical Journal, 98(1), 154-168.
11. Nelson, F. (2004). The evolution and impacts of community-based ecotourism in northern Tanzania. Vol. 131. London: International Institute for environment and development.
12. Nguyen, D. T. (2011), Scientific research methods in business, Social-Labor Publ. House, Ha Noi.
13. Okazaki, E. (2008). A community-based tourism model: Its conception and use. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 16(5), 511-529.
14. Simmons, D. G. (1994). Community participation in tourism planning. Tourism management, 15(2), 98-108.
15. Simpson, M. C. (2008). Community benefit tourism initiatives—A conceptual oxymoron? Tourism management, 29(1), 1-18.
16. Shani, A., & Pizam, A. (2011). Community participation in tourism planning and development. Handbook of tourism and quality-of-life research: Enhancing the lives of tourists and residents of host communities, 547-564.
17. Su, M. M., & Wall, G. (2014). Community participation in tourism at a world heritage site: Mu-tianyu Great Wall, Beijing, China. International Journal of Tourism Research, 16(2), 146-156.
18. Tosun, C., & Timothy, D. J. (2003). Arguments for community participation in the tourism development process. Journal of Tourism Studies, 14(2), 2-15.
19. Tosun, C. (2006). Expected nature of community participation in tourism development. Tourism management, 27(3), 493-504.
20. Thetsane, R. M. (2019). Local community participation in tourism development: The case of Katse villages in Lesotho. Athens Journal of Tourism, 6(2), 123-140.
