CC BY
2532015
ü
Emotional intelligence among female baseball players:
a psychological probe
Dalwinder Singh1, Gaurav Dureja2, Dolly1
1Panjab University, Chandigarh, India 2Postgraduate Government College, Sector-11, Chandigarh, India
Abstract:
Purpose: The present study was conducted to determine the emotional intelligence among Indian female baseball players. Material: For the purpose of present study, two hundred (N=200) senior national female baseball players were selected through purposive sampling technique from different regions of India. They were selected from four different regions: A (North region baseball players=50), B (East region baseball players=50), C (West region baseball players=50) and D (South region baseball players=50). To collect the required data for the present study, the questionnaire developed by Hyde et al. (2001) on emotional intelligence was administered. One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was employed to compare the entire regions. Where 'F' values were found significant, LSD (Least Significant Difference) Post-hoc test was applied to find out the direction and degree of difference. The level of significance was set at 0.05. Results: Significant differences were observed among North, East, West and South regions female baseball players on the sub-parameters; empathy, self-development, value orientation and on the parameter Emotional Intelligence (Total). No significant differences were noticed on the sub-parameters; self-awareness, self-motivation, emotional stability, managing relations, integrity, commitment and altruistic behaviour. Conclusion: The outcome of results might be due to the fact that East region female baseball players are able to pay attention to the worries and concerns of others, can listen to someone without the urge to say something, can stay focused under pressure, are able to handle multiple demands and able to identify and separate their emotions.
Keywords: emotional intelligence, female, baseball players, motivation.
Далвиндер Сингх, Гаурав Дурея, Долли. Эмоциональный интеллект среди девушек бейсболистов: психологическая проба. Цель: настоящее исследование было проведено с целью определения эмоционального интеллекта среди индийских женщин-игроков в бейсбол. Материал: в данном исследовании путем целенаправленной методики выборки были отобраны двести (N = 200) опытных женщин-бейсболисток из разных регионов Индии. Они были отобраны из четырех разных регионов: (Северный регион n = 50), B (Восточный регион n = 50), С (Западный регион n = 50) и D (Южный регион n = 50). Для сбора необходимых данных для настоящего исследования была использована анкета эмоционального интеллекта, разработанная Гайд др. (2001). Для сравнения целых регионов был использован однофактор-ный дисперсионный анализ (ANOVA). Если были обнаружены существенные значения 'F', тогда использовался LSD (наименее существенное различие) специальный тест с целью выявления направления и степени различия. Уровень достоверности был установлен на уровне 0,05. Результаты: Наблюдались существенные различия между регионами Север, Восток, запад и Юг у женщин-бейсболисток на подгруппам параметров: сопереживание, саморазвитие, ценностные ориентации и Эмоциональный интеллект (общий). Никаких существенных различий не было замечено у подгрупп параметров: самосознание, самомотивация, эмоциональная устойчивость, управление отношениями, честность, преданность и альтруистическое поведение. Выводы: Исходные результаты могут быть связаны с тем, что женщины бейсболистки Восточного региона были в состоянии обратить внимание на заботы и проблемы других людей. Они может слушать кого-то без стремления что-то сказать и могут сосредоточиться под давлением, а также в состоянии справиться с многочисленными требованиями и способны идентифицировать и разделить их эмоции.
эмоциональный интеллект, женщины, бейсболисты, мотивация.
Далвшдер Сшгх, Гаурав Дури Доллк Емоцшний штелект серед дiвчат бейсболюлв: психолопчна проба.
Мета: дослщження було проведено з метою визначення емоцмного Ыте-лекту серед Ыдшських жЫок-грав^в у бейсбол. Матерiал:: в даному до-слщжены шляхом цтеспрямованоТ методики вибiрки були вобран двют (n = 200) опитаних жшок-бейсболюток з рiзних репожв 1ндм. Вони були вобран з чотирьох рiзних репоыв: (^в-ычний репон n = 50), B (Схщний репон n = 50), С (Захщний репон n = 50) i D (^вденний репон n = 50). Для збору необхщних даних для цього досль дження була використана анкета емо-цмного штелекту, розроблена Гайд Ы. (2001). Для порiвняння цтих репоыв був використаний однофакторний дис-персмний аналiз (aNoVa). Якщо були виявлен ютоты значення 'F', тодi ви-користовувався LSD (найменш ютотна вщмшнють) спе^альний тест з метою виявлення напрямку i ступеню вщмш-ностк Рiвень дост^рност був вста-новлений на рiвнi 0,05. Результати: Спостергалися ютоты вiдмiнностi мiж регiонами Пiвнiч, Схщ, Захiд i Пiвдень у жЫок-бейсболюток по пiдгрупах па-раметрiв: ствпереживання, самороз-виток, цiннiснi орieнтацiТ та емоцмний iнтелект (загальний). Нiяких ютотних вiдмiнностей не було помiчено у пщ-груп параметрiв: самосвiдомiсть, самомотива^я, емоцiйна стiйкiсть, управлiння вiдносинами, чеснють, вщ-данiсть i альтруТстичне поводження. Висновки: Вихщы результати можуть бути пов'язан з тим, що жшки бей-сболiсткi Схiдного регiонУ були в змозi звернути увагу на турботи i проблеми iнших людей. Вони можуть слухати когось без прагнення щось сказати i можуть зосередитися пщ тиском, а також в змозi впоратися з численними вимогами i здатн iдентифiкувати i роз-дiлити Тх емоцiТ.
емо^йний iнтелект, жiнки, бейсбо-лсти, мотивац/я.
Introduction
Emotional intelligence was established as a popular area of research during the 1990s and since then has emerged as an important construct (Meyer & Zizzi, 2007; Petrides et al., 2004). Emotional intelligence is defined as "the ability to perceive, monitor, employ and manage emotions within oneself and in others" (Salovey & Mayer, 1990). Although, the popularity of emotional intelligence begun when Goleman (1995) emphasized the construct being more useful than intelligence quotient (IQ) in the workplace (Mayer et al., 2008). Zizzi et al. (2003) explored relationships between emotional intelligence and baseball performance and found that the emotional
© Dalwinder Singh, Gaurav Dureja, Dolly, 2015 http://dx.doi.org/10.15561/18189172.2015.0912
intelligence was an important predictor of success for pitchers, though comparatively it was not as strong for batters. They suggested that emotional intelligence for pitchers was higher because they have more time to think of their own emotions and engage in regulatory processes.
Emotional intelligence is a concept that helps out to know how to separate healthy from unhealthy feelings and how to transform negative feelings into positive ones. Goleman (1999) explored the means for managing feelings so that they are expressed appropriately and effectively, enabling people to work together smoothly towards their common goals. According to him, emotional intelligence has proved to be an effective measure of human capabilities and programmes of emotional intelligence have shown to enhance an individual's productivity in different fields of
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human activities.
Spinoza (1677) revealed that both the emotion and intellect together contribute to the ultimate cognitive tool. He talked about three levels of cognition i.e. emotional cognition, intellectual cognition and a kind of intuition. Emotional intelligence has been accepted by the psychologists as the one which affects human performance. It is one such thing which drives man as a motivational force leading to all his achievements. Therefore, the present days' training is needed to consider this aspect of human psychology for complete preparation of the sportsperson for the competition. For this, the nature in which emotional intelligence affects the sports performance has to be tested with appropriate psychological tools and methods. Baseball was the first sport to successfully employ the league structure (Masteralexis et al., 2009). Baseball, perhaps more than any other sport, combines both individual and team effort. The battle between the pitcher and the batter is an individual one; play in the field is performed by individual players with individual responsibilities yet each man's own effort must be subordinated to that of the team. It is a wonderful game that teaches youngsters how to win their individual battles within a frame work of cooperative enterprise. In baseball the good of the group is always of paramount importance, yet completely dependent upon the individual efforts of each man (Watts, 1964).
Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the emotional intelligence among female baseball players of India.
Method and procedure
Sample: Two hundred (N=200) senior national female baseball players were selected through purposive sampling technique from different regions of India.They were selected from different regions: A (North region baseball players=50), B (East region baseball players=50), C (West region baseball players=50) and D (South region baseball players=50).
Instrument: The Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire
developed by Hyde et al. (2001) was administered.
Statistical Analysis: One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was employed to compare the entire regions. Where 'F' values were found significant, LSD (Least Significant Difference) Post-hoc test was applied to find out the direction and degree of difference. The level of significance was set at 0.05.
Ethical Committee: This study was approved by the Joint Research Board (JRB) of Panjab University, Chandigarh (India).
Results
The results depicted in table 1 revealed insignificant differences with regard to the sub-parameter Self-Awareness among North, East, West and South regions female baseball players as the P-value (Sig.) .704 was found higher than 0.05 level of significance (p>0.05). Since F-value was found insignificant, therefore, there is no need to apply Post-hoc test.
The results projected in table 2 described significant differences with regard to the sub-parameter Empathy among North, East, West and South regions female baseball players as the P-value (Sig.) .000 was found smaller than 0.05 level of significance (p<0.05).
Since the obtained F-value was found significant, therefore, Least Significant Difference (LSD) Post-hoc test was employed to study the direction and significance of differences between paired means among various regions female baseball players on the sub-parameter Empathy. The results of LSD Post-hoc test have been presented in Table 3.
The results in table 3 showed insignificant differences between North and East, North and West regions female baseball players as the P-values (Sig.) .543, .082 respectively were found greater than 0.05 of significance level on the sub-parameter Empathy.
The above table showed significant differences between North and South, East and West, East and South, West and South regions female baseball players as the P-values (Sig.) .000, .019, .000, .019 respectively were
Table 1
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) results among North, East, West and South regions female baseball players with regard to the sub-parameter Self-Awareness
Source of Variation Sum of Squares Degree of Freedom Mean Square F-value P-value (Sig.)
Between Groups 6.660 3 2.220
Within Groups 927.960 196 4.734 .469 .704
Total 934.620 199
F0.05 (3,1%)
Table 2
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) results among North, East, West and South regions female baseball players with
regard to the sub-parameter Empathy
Source of Sum of Degree of Mean F-value P-value
Variation Squares Freedom Square (Sig.)
Between Groups 162.295 3 54.098
Within Groups 1187.100 196 6.057 8.932* .000
Total 1349.395 199
* Significant at 0.05
F0.05 (V96)
32015
Ü
found lesser than 0.05 of significance level on the subparameter Empathy. The graphical representation of mean scores of Empathy among North, East, West and South regions female baseball players has been exhibited in Figure 1.
It is evident from table 4 that insignificant differences were found with regard to the sub-parameter Self-Motivation among North, East, West and South regions female baseball players as the P-value (Sig.) .263 was found higher than 0.05 level of significance (p>0.05). Since F-value was found insignificant, therefore, there is no need to apply Post-hoc test.
The results presented in table 5 showed insignificant differences with regard to the sub-parameter Emotional Stability among North, East, West and South regions female baseball players as the P-value (Sig.) .073 was found higher than 0.05 level of significance (p>0.05). Since F-value was found insignificant, therefore, Post-hoc test has not been applied.
Table 6 showed insignificant differences with regard to the sub-parameter Managing Relations among North, East, West and South regions female baseball players as the P-value (Sig.) .462 was found higher than the 0.05 level of significance (p>0.05). Since F-value was found insignificant, therefore, there is no need to apply Post-hoc test.
It appears from table 7 above that insignificant differences were found with regard to the sub-parameter Integrity among North, East, West and South regions female baseball players as the P-value (Sig.) .484 was found higher than the 0.05 level of significance (p>0.05). Since F-value was found insignificant, therefore, there is no need to apply Post-hoc test.
The results in table 8 explored significant differences with regard to the sub-parameter Self-Development among North, East, West and South regions female baseball players as the P-value (Sig.) .003 was found smaller than 0.05 level of significance (p<0.05).
Table 3
Significant differences among North, East, West and South regions female baseball players with regard to the subparameter Empathy
Means Mean Difference P-value (Sig.)
East[20.14] 0.30 .543
North West[18.98] 0.86 .082
[19.84] South[17.82] 2.02* .000
North[19.84] 0.30 .543
East West[18.98] 1.16* .019
[20.14] South[17.82] 2.32* .000
North[19.84] 0.86 .082
West East[20.14] 1.16* .019
[18.98] South[17.82] 1.16* .019
North[19.84] 2.02* .000
South East[20.14] 2.32* .000
[17.82] West[18.98] 1.16* .019
* Significant at 0.05
20,5 20 19,5 19 18,5 18 17,5 17 16,5 19,8 North 20,14 U 18,9 Hi 1 East West 8 17,82 17,82 1 1 South
Figure 1. Graphical representation of mean scores with regard to North, East, West and South regions female
baseball players on the sub-parameter Empathy
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Since the obtained F-value was found significant, therefore, Least Significant Difference (LSD) Post-hoc test was employed to study the direction and significance of differences between paired means among various regions female baseball players on the sub-parameter Self-Development. The results of LSD Post-hoc test have been presented in Table 9.
Table 9 demonstrated significant differences between
North and East, East and West, East and South regions female baseball players as the P-values (Sig.) .008, .001, .004 respectively were found lesser than 0.05 of significance level on the sub-parameter Self-development.
Insignificant differences were found between North and West, North and South, West and South regions female baseball players as the P-values (Sig.) .430, .808, .585 respectively were found higher than 0.05 of
Table 4
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) results among North, East, West and South regions female baseball players with
regard to the sub-parameter Self-Motivation
Source of Variation Sum of Squares Degree of Freedom Mean Square F-value P-value (Sig.)
Between Groups 28.415 3 9.472 1.339 .263
Within Groups 1386.180 196 7.072
Total 1414.595 199
F0.05 (3,1%)
Table 5
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) results among North, East, West and South regions female baseball players with
regard to the sub-parameter Emotional Stability
Source of Sum of Degree of Mean F-value P-value
Variation Squares Freedom Square (Sig.)
Between Groups 40.740 3 13.580
Within Groups 1126.760 196 5.749 2.362 .073
Total 1167.500 199
F0.05 C3,196)
Table 6
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) results among North, East, West and South regions female baseball players with
regard to the sub-parameter Managing Relations
Source of Variation Sum of Squares Degree of Freedom Mean Square F-value P-value (Sig.)
Between Groups 14.695 3 4.898 .861 .462
Within Groups 1114.860 196 5.688
Total 1129.555 199
F0.05 (3,196)
Table 7
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) results among North, East, West and South regions female baseball players with
regard to the sub-parameter Integrity
Source of Variation Sum of Squares Degree of Freedom Mean Square F-value P-value (Sig.)
Between Groups 9.695 3 3.232
Within Groups 772.260 196 3.940 .820 .484
Total 781.955 199
F0.05 (3,1%)
Table 8
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) results among North, East, West and South regions female baseball players with
regard to the sub-parameter Self-Development
Source of Variation Sum of Squares Degree of Freedom Mean Square F-value P-value (Sig.)
Between Groups 38.775 3 12.925
Within Groups 529.620 196 2.702 4.783* .003
Total 568.395 199
^Significant at 0.05
Fo05 (3,196)
significance level on the sub-parameter Self-development. The graphical representation of mean scores of Self-Development among North, East, West and South regions female baseball players has been exhibited in Figure 2.
It is evident from table 10 that significant differences were found with regard to the sub-parameter Value Orientation among North, East, West and South regions female baseball players as the P-value (Sig.) .009 was found smaller than 0.05 level of significance (p<0.05).
Since the obtained F-value was found significant,
therefore, Least Significant Difference (LSD) Post-hoc test was employed to study the direction and significance of differences between paired means among various regions female baseball players on the sub-parameter Value Orientation. The results of LSD Post-hoc test have been presented in Table 11.
Table 11 demonstrated significant differences between North and South, East and South, West and South regions female baseball players as the P-values (Sig.) .004, .003, .045 respectively were found lesser than 0.05 of
Table 9
Significant difference among North, East, West and South regions female baseball players with regard to the subparameter Self-Development
Means Mean Difference P-value (Sig.)
East[8.44] 0.88* .008
North West[7.30] 0.26 .430
[7.56] South[7.48] 0.08 .808
North[7.56] 0.88* .008
East West[7.30] 1.14* .001
[8.44] South[7.48] 0.96* .004
North[7.56] 0.26 .430
West East[8.44] 1.14* .001
[7.30] South[7.48] 0.18 .585
North[7.56] 0.08 .808
South East[8.44] 0.96* .004
[7.48] West[7.30] 0.18 .585
* Significant at 0.05
Figure 2. Graphical representation of mean scores with regard to North, East, West and South regions female baseball players on the sub-parameter Self-Development
Table 10
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) results among North, East, West and South regions female baseball players with
regard to the sub-parameter Value Orientation
Source of Variation Sum of Squares Degree of Freedom Mean Square F-value P-value (Sig.)
Between Groups 24.695 3 8.232
Within Groups 405.900 196 2.071 3.975* .009
Total 430.595 199
* Significant at 0.05
Fo05 (3,196)
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significance level on the sub-parameter Value Orientation.
Insignificant differences were found between North and East, North and West, East and West regions female baseball players as the P-values (Sig.) .890, .367, .299 respectively were found higher than 0.05 of significance level on the sub-parameter Value Orientation. The graphical representation of mean scores of Value Orientation among North, East, West and South regions female baseball players has been exhibited in Figure 3.
It can be observed from table 12 that insignificant differences were found with regard to the sub-parameter Commitment among North, East, West and South regions female baseball players as the P-value (Sig.) .217 was found higher than 0.05 level of significance (p>0.05). Since F-value was found insignificant, therefore, there is no need to apply Post-hoc test.
The results projected in table 13 revealed insignificant differences with regard to the sub-parameter Altruistic
Table 11
Significant difference among North, East, West and South regions female baseball players with regard to the subparameter Value Orientation
Means Mean Difference P-value (Sig.)
North [8.22] East[8.26] 0.04 .890
West[7.96] 0.26 .367
South[7.38] 0.84* .004
East [8.26] North[8.22] 0.04 .890
West[7.96] 0.30 .299
South[7.38] 0.88* .003
West [7.96] North[8.22] 0.26 .367
East[8.26] 0.30 .299
South[7.38] 0.58* .045
South [7.38] North[8.22] 0.84* .004
East[8.26] 0.88* .003
West[7.96] 0.58* .045
* Significant at 0.05
Figure 3. Graphical representation of mean scores with regard to North, East, West and South regions female baseball players on the sub-parameter Value Orientation
Table 12
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) results among North, East, West and South regions female baseball players with
regard to the sub-parameter Commitment
Source of Variation Sum of Squares Degree of Freedom Mean Square F-value P-value (Sig.)
Between Groups 7.480 3 2.493
Within Groups 326.600 196 1.666 1.496 .217
Total 334.080 199
Foo5 (3,196)
Behaviour among North, East, West and South regions female baseball players as the P-value (Sig.) .166 was found higher than 0.05 level of significance (p>0.05). Since F-value was found insignificant, therefore, Post-hoc test has not been applied.
Table 14 showed significant differences with regard to the parameter Emotional Intelligence (Total) among North, East, West and South regions female baseball players as the P-value (Sig.) .030 was found smaller than 0.05 level of significance (p<0.05).
Since the obtained F-value was found significant, therefore, Least Significant Difference (LSD) Post-hoc test was employed to study the direction and significance of differences between paired means among various regions female baseball players on the parameter Emotional Intelligence (Total). The results of LSD Post-
hoc test have been presented in Table 15.
The results in table 15 showed insignificant differences between North and East, North and West, East and West, West and South regions female baseball players as the P-values (Sig.) .845, .289, .210, .155 respectively were found greater than 0.05 of significance level on the parameter Emotional Intelligence (Total).
The above table showed significant differences between North and South, East and South regions female baseball players as the P-values (Sig.) .014, 008, respectively were found lesser than 0.05 of significance level on the parameter Emotional Intelligence (Total). The graphical representation of mean scores of parameter Emotional Intelligence (Total) among North, East, West and South regions female baseball players has been exhibited in Figure 4.
Table 13
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) results among North, East, West and South regions female baseball players with
regard to the sub-parameter Altruistic Behaviour
Source of Variation Sum of Squares Degree of Freedom Mean Square F-value P-value (Sig.)
Between Groups 13.015 3 4.338
Within Groups 496.980 196 2.536 1.711 .166
Total 509.995 199
F0.05 (3,1%)
Table 14
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) results among North, East, West and South regions female baseball players with
regard to the parameter Emotional Intelligence (Total)
Source of Sum of Squares Degree of Mean Square F-value P-value
Variation Freedom (Sig.)
Between Groups 1259.935 3 419.978 3.033* .030
Within Groups 27144.220 196 13.491
Total 28404.155 199
* Significant at 0.05 F005 (3,196)
Table 15
Significant difference among North, East, West and South regions female baseball players with regard to the
parameter Emotional Intelligence (Total)
Means Mean Difference P-value (Sig.)
North [137.04] F,ast[137 50] 0 46 845
West[134 54] 2 50 289
South[131 18] 5 86* 014
East [137.50] North[137 10] 0 46 845
West[134 54] 2 96 210
South[131 18] 6 32* 008
West [134.54] North[137 10] 2 50 289
Fast[137.50] 2.96 .210
South[131 18] 3 36 155
South [131.18] North[137 10] 5 86* 014
Fast[137.50] 6 32* .008
West[134 54] 3 36 155
* Significant at 0.05
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138 136 134 132 130 128
137,04
134,54
131,18
A
North
East
West
South
Figure 4. Graphical representation of mean scores with regard to North, East, West and South regions female baseball players on the parameter Emotional Intelligence (Total)
Discussion
It is evident from above results that significant differences were found among North, East, West and South regions female baseball players with regard to the sub-parameters; empathy, self-development, value orientation and the parameter emotional intelligence (total). While comparing the mean values of the entire regions, it has been noticed that East region female baseball players demonstrated significantly better empathy, self-development, value orientation and emotional intelligence (total) than their counterpart North, West and South regions female baseball players. The outcome of results might be due to the fact that East region female baseball players are able to pay attention to the worries and concerns of others, can listen to someone without the urge to say something, can stay focused under pressure, are able to handle multiple demands and able to identify and separate their emotions. They feel that they must develop themselves even when their job does not demand it, are able to maintain the standards of honesty and integrity and also able to confront unethical actions in others which enable them to outdo their counterparts on the said sub-parameters and parameter. Kaur (2008) reported significant differences on self-motivation among scheduled caste, backward class and general adolescent girls. Amy et al. (2007) reported that Taiwan physical education teachers were found to be significantly higher on value orientation mastery than Hong Kong and Shanghai physical education teachers. Ahmed et al. (2011) reported that male volleyball players had more emotional intelligence than the female volleyball players. Kumar (2009) revealed significant differences among swimming, kayaking and canoeing players on the parameter emotional intelligence.
However, insignificant differences were found on the sub-parameters; self-awareness, self-motivation,
emotional stability, managing relations, integrity, commitment and altruistic behaviour among North, East, West and South regions female baseball players. It can be safely surmised that the female baseball players of entire regions were equally developed on the said sub-parameters. Torkfar et al. (2011) reported insignificant differences on the sub-parameters; self-awareness and empathy between team and individual sports athletes. Kajtna et al. (2004) revealed that high risk sports athletes scored highest in emotional stability followed by the non-athletes and the lowest scores were achieved by non-risk sports athletes. Sandhu et al. (2009) found that Coaches with experience of more than 20 years are more committed, better in control and challenge dimensions of hardiness as compared to the coaches with experience of less than 10 years and between 11 to 20 years. Bawa (2005) found significant relationship between commitment and control in relation to athletic, gymnastic, hockey and wrestling coaches.
Conclusion
It is concluded that significant differences were observed among North, East, West and South regions female baseball players on the sub-parameters; empathy, self-development, value orientation and on the parameter Emotional Intelligence (Total). While comparing the mean values of the entire regions, it has been noticed that East region female baseball players demonstrated significantly better empathy, self-development, value orientation and emotional intelligence (total) than their counterpart North, West and South regions female baseball players. No significant differences were noticed on the subparameters; self-awareness, self-motivation, emotional stability, managing relations, integrity, commitment and altruistic behaviour.
Conflict of interests
Authors declare that there is no conflict of interests.
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Информация об авторах: Далвиндер Сингх; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4969-0167; [email protected]; Университет Панжаб; Сектор 14, Чандигарх, 160014, Индия.
Гаурав Дурея; http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0508-6387; g_ [email protected]; Колледж Пост Градуейт Говермент; Сектор 11Д, Чандигарх, 160011, Индия.
Др. Долли; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8676-7784; g_ [email protected]; Университет Панжаб; Сектор 14, Чандигарх, 160014, Индия.
Цитируйте эту статью как: Далвиндер Сингх, Гаурав Дурея, Долли. Эмоциональный интеллект среди девушек бейсболистов: психологическая проба // Педагопка, психолопя та медико-бюлопчш проблеми фiзичного ви-ховання i спорту. - 2015. - N 9. - С. 75-83. http://dx.doi. org/10.15561/18189172.2015.0912
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Дата поступления в редакцию: 04.07.2015 Принята: 21.07.2015; Опубликована: 20.07.2015
Information about the authors: Dalwinder Singh; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4969-0167; [email protected]; Department of Physical Education, Panjab University; Sector 14, Chandigarh, 160014, India;
Gaurav Dureja; http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0508-6387; g_ [email protected]; Department of Physical Education-TE&L, Post Graduate Government College; Madhya Marg, Sector 11D, Chandigarh, 160011, India.
Dr. Dolly; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8676-7784; g_dureja83@ yahoo.com; Directorate of Sports, Panjab University; Sector 14, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
Cite this article as: Dalwinder Singh, Gaurav Dureja, Dolly. Emotional intelligence among female baseball players: a psychological probe. Pedagogics, psychology, medical-biological problems of physical training and sports, 2015;9:75-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15561/18189172.2015.0912
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.sportpedagogy.org.ua/html/arhive-e.html
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Received: 04.07.2015
Accepted: 21.07.2015; Published: 20.07.2015
