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СОЦИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ / SOCIOLOGY
DOI: https://doi.org/10.23670/IRJ.2017.58.150 Борисова П.В.1, Молонова Д.Е.2
1ORCID: 0000-0003-3743-9247, Кандидат педагогических наук, Доцент, 2ORCID: 0000-0003-3770-8291, Студент,
Санкт-Петербургский горный университет ЭМОЦИОНАЛЬНОЕ И СОЦИАЛЬНОЕ ОДИНОЧЕСТВО КАК ПРЕДПОСЫЛКА ВОЗНИКНОВЕНИЯ СИНДРОМА ХИКИКОМОРИ У СТУДЕНТОВ НАПРАВЛЕНИЯ ИСТ В САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКОМ
ГОРНОМ УНИВЕРСИТЕТЕ
Аннотация
Синдром хикикомори - острое психологическое состояние, характеризующееся избеганием социальных контактов и отказом от любой социально обусловленной деятельности представителями обоих полов юношеского возраста. Целью нашего исследования было изучение уровня эмоционального и социального одиночества и его влияние на возможность возникновения синдрома хикикомори у студентов направления ИСТ Санкт-Петербургского горного университета. Опираясь на концепцию Р. Вейса о том, что эмоциональное и социальное одиночество являются состояниями отличными друг от друга, были получены результаты, которые показали, что более 21% респондентов в возрасте от 18 до 22 лет находятся в группе риска и имеют склонность к социальной изоляции, способствующей возникновению синдрома хикикомори.
Ключевые слова: хикикомори, социальное одиночество, эмоциональное одиночество, юношеский возраст с 18 до 22 года.
Borisova P.V.1, Molonova D.E.2 1ORCID: 0000-0003-3743-9247, PhD in Pedagogy, Associate Professor,
2ORCID: 0000-0003-3770-8291, Student, The Saint Petersburg Mining University EMOTIONAL AND SOCIAL LONELINESS AS THE PREMISE OF HIKIKOMORI SYNDROME AMONG THE IST STUDENTS OF THE SAINT PETERSBURG MINING UNIVERSITY
Abstract
Hikikomori syndrome is a syndrome of severe social withdrawal typical for adolescents and young adults of both genders and characterized by their refusing of all contacts with society and withdrawing from all social activities. The aim of the given study was to analyze the level of emotional and social loneliness of the students studying of the Saint Petersburg University majoring in computer science as it can be the premise of hikikomory syndrome origination. The results of the study supporting Weiss' conception about treating social and emotional loneliness as distinct states showed that more than 21% of the respondents (aged from 18 to 22) are prone to absolute loneliness making them be potential hikikomori.
Keywords: hikikomori, emotional loneliness, social loneliness, adolescents and young adults (aged 18-22).
Introduction
Loneliness is a subjective, unpleasant experience that can have life threatening consequences. Weiss conception about treating social and emotional loneliness as distinct states [1] proves its importance as 94% of adolescent and young adults (aged 18-22) report feelings of loneliness and 21% of them are prone to absolute loneliness. Social loneliness is based on the lack of sense of community. Emotional loneliness is the result of the absence of personal, intimate relationship or attachment. According to Weiss emotional loneliness is a more painful form of loneliness, whereas social loneliness can be treated as the combination of feeling rejected and boredom [1].
Social loneliness can be associated with hikikomori - a syndrome of severe social withdrawal typical for adolescents and young adults and characterized by their refusing of all contacts with society and withdrawing from all social activities [2]. The term "hikikomori" refers to both the sociological syndrome and to the person suffering from it. In general, people with this syndrome have difficulties in communicating to others and do not participate in human interactions or social situations such as attending school or going to a workplace for a substantial period of time. There is a strong connection between hikikomori syndrome and computer (especially Internet) addiction precisely [3] [10] creating the supportive environment for incipience of hikis [6]. Moreover, the shift from direct to indirect contacts is correlated with the rise of level of emotional and social loneliness. According to Furlong A. there are five groups of individuals who are in the risk group to become potential hikis;
socially incompetent "geeks" who are heavy internet users (The "Otaku") and young people who are socially isolated ("The lonely and isolated") are among them [7]. Little or no research has been made to examine the possible experience of lonelines s among students majoring in computer science in the Saint Petersburg Mining University with respect to treat loneliness as the premise to Hikikomori syndrome.
The purpose of this study was first (i) to measure the level of loneliness of students majoring in computer science in the Saint Petersburg Mining University (using UCLA scale version 3) and (ii) to analyze the results of the questionnaire presented to the students with a high level of loneliness to find out if these students are able to be prone to hikikomori syndrome.
Material and methods
The subjects of this study were students the Saint Petersburg Mining University majoring in computer science. The total number of the respondents was 375 (aged from 18 to 22). The students were offered to answer 20-item, self-report measure, UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles) [9] Loneliness Scale concerning an individual's satisfaction with his or her interpersonal relationships. UCLA is one of the most widely used instruments to measure the subjective experience of loneliness. Then the subjects were offered to answer a questioner aimed to determine if loneliness can be a premise of hikikomori syndrome origination. The answers of three hundred seventy five IST students majoring in computer science who had been offered to respond to the questionnaire consisting of 10 questions were analyzed in the given study. The results were statistically analyzed by Survey Monkey. The statistical procedure to test the research questions was the One Way Analysis of variance was performed using the statistical package for social science SPSS. After the data was collected, the information was downloaded from Survey Monkey. All statistical analyses were tested at a minimum of 0.05 level of significance.
Results
1. What is the level of loneliness among the students majoring in computer science in the Mining University? Table 1 displays the results obtained from 375 students of both genders (N=375). The mean score for lowliness (35.81) of participants demonstrates us the average level of loneliness with a tendency to a lower end of the scale score (20-80) on the UCLA. This indicates a significantly low level of loneliness among students.
Table 1 - Measure Mean Standard Deviation UCLA
Measure Mean Standard Deviation
UCLA 35.81 10.001
2. What students with high level of loneliness (40 and higher on the UCLA) are in the risk group to become potential hikikomori? The summary of the obtained results can be seen in Table 2. A Likert scale is a commonly used method for the measurement of attitudes in survey studies. The students ranked their answers to a statements according to 5 point scale ranging from 1(strong disagreement) to 5 (strong agreement), with 3 neutral responses.
Table 2 -The summary of the results
Students (N 76)
1. Experiencing loneliness by the respondents 5.67±4.1
2. Frequency of feeling lonely 2.80±1.0
3. Absence/Presence of a partner 3.11±1.2
4. Absence/Presence of a true friend 3.61±1.1
5. Frequency of shutting down 3.89±0.9
6. Satisfaction with loneliness 4.13±0.8
7. Satisfaction with having friends 3.70±0.8
8. Influence of Internet to the social interaction 4.02±0.6
9. Subjection to social isolation 3.85±0.7
10. Satisfaction with social isolation 4.13±0.8
All the questions offered to the subjects can be divided to two big groups - social loneliness and emotional loneliness (romantic emotional loneliness and family emotional loneliness). The respondents tended to show strong agreement to limit their interaction with the outside world (about 21% of answers). Unfortunately, the responses given to this question demonstrate that these respondents are prone to absolute loneliness making them potential hiks. The present pilot study has demonstrated that, every fifth man/woman is addicted to become socially isolated. So, hikikomori syndrome is becoming more and more impending threat.
Discussion
The present study investigated the level of loneliness among the students of The Saint Petersburg Mining University demonstrated that the level of emotional and social loneliness of the students studying of the Saint Petersburg University majoring in computer science as it can be the premise of hikikomory syndrome origination. The results of the study supporting Weiss' conception about treating social and emotional loneliness as distinct states showed that more than 21% of the respondents (aged from 18 to 22) are prone to absolute loneliness making them be potential hikikomori.
Conclusion
The aim of the present study has been to measure the level of loneliness of students majoring in computer science in the Saint Petersburg Mining University and to determine whether students with high level of loneliness are able to be prone to hikikomori syndrome. On the basis of statistical findings obtained, the following conclusions can be made: 1. There is significantly low level of loneliness among the students from the Saint-Petersburg Mining University who major in computer
science. 2. Those students who have a high level of loneliness are prone to absolute loneliness that can make them potential hikikomori. This new knowledge can be used to inform professionals working with the students in the Mining University.
Список литературы / References
1. Weiss, R.S. (1973). Loneliness: The experience of emotional and social isolation. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
2. Saitö T. Shakaiteki hikikomori: Owaranai shishunki.Tökyö: PHP Kenkyüjo ; 1998
3. Motoki Watabe, Takahiro A. Kato. (2015) Relationship between Trusting Behaviors and Psychometrics Associated with Social Network and Depression among Young Generation: A Pilot Study." https ://www. ncbi.nlm. nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC4383339/
4. Teo AR (2010) A new form of social withdrawal in Japan: a review of hikikomori. Int J Soc Psychiatry56: 178-185. doi: 10.1177/0020764008100629 [PMC free article] [PubMed]
5. Kato TA, Shinfuku N, Sartorius N, Kanba S (2011) Are Japan's hikikomori and depression in young people spreading abroad? Lancet 378: doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61475-X [PubMed]
6. Alexander Krieg (2016) Reclusive shut-ins: Are hikikomori predominantly a Japanese problem? doi: http://think.iafor.org/reclusive-shut-ins-hikikomori-predominantly-japanese-problem/
7. Teo, Alan R.; Gaw, Albert (2010). "Hikikomori, a Japanese Culture-Bound Syndrome of Social Withdrawal? A Proposal for DSM-5". Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 198 (6): 444-449. doi:10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181e086b1.
8. Furlong A. The Japanese hikikomori phenomenon: acute social withdrawal among young people. Sociol Rev. 2008;56(2):309 doi: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/44390937_The_Japanese_hikikomori_phenomenon_Acute_social_withdrawal_amon g_young_people
9. Dan Russell The Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: Concurrent and Discriminant Validity Evidence. doi: http://www.peplaulab.ucla.edu/Peplau_Lab/Publications_files/Russel%20Peplau%20%26%20Cutrona%2080.pdf
10. Kato TA, Tateno M, Shinfuku N, Fujisawa D, Teo AR, et al. (2012) Does the 'hikikomori' syndrome of social withdrawal exist outside Japan? A preliminary international investigation. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 47: 1061-1075. doi: 10.1007/s00127-011-0411-7 [PMC free article] [PubMed]
DOI: https://doi.org/10.23670/IRJ.2017.58.040 Маркина Е.П.
Кандидат философских наук, Старший преподаватель, Орловский государственный университет им. И.С. Тургенева СУЩНОСТЬ И СПЕЦИФИКА ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ПОНЯТИЯ «ЛИЧНОСТЬ» В СОЦИОЛОГИИ
Аннотация
В статье рассматриваютсямногообразные варианты интерпретации понятия «личность» в социологии. Показано, что наиболее распространённым и соответствующим российскому обществу типом является модальная личность. Всестороннее рассмотрение базовой и модальной типов личности позволит создать или даже выработать общую картину генезиса исследуемого понятия. В статье отмечается, что размышления социологов о сущности, видах и специфике понятия «личность» имеют давнюю историю, а также перспективы для дальнейшего развития в рамках проводимых сегодня социологических исследований.
Ключевые слова: индивид, личность, рационалистическая ориентация, самореализация, самосовершенствование, современная индивидуальность, установка.
Markina E.P.
PhD in Philosophy, Senior Lecturer, Orel State University I.S. Turgenev ESSENCE AND SPECIFICITY OF RESEARCH OF THE CONCEPT OF «PERSONALITY» IN SOCIOLOGY
Abstract
The article considers the diverse variants of interpretation of the concept of «personality» in sociology. It is shown that the most common and relevant Russian public is modal personality type. Comprehensive review of the basic and modal personality types will create or develop an overall picture of the genesis of the studied concepts. The article notes that the reflections of sociologists about the nature, types and specific «personality» concepts have a long history, as well as prospects for further development of the sociological researches conducted today.
Keywords: individual, personality, rationalist orientation, self-actualization, self-improvement, the modern personality, installation.
Тематика и проблематика личности сегодня является одной из дискуссионных, оправданно актуальной и перспективной в своём дальнейшем исследовании и доработки. Сущность и специфику понятия «личность» изучали как классические теоретики социологии, так и современные молодые учёные. Детальные и глубинные концепции сущности понятия «личность» находят своё отражение как в работах отечественных, так и зарубежных учёных. Рассмотрение данного термина имеет свои корни, а следовательно истоки и генезис своего исследования и дальнейшей перспективы современной интерпретации. Вполне логично предположить, что в ближайшие годы доктора и кандидаты социологических наук выработают сравнительно новые трактовки и обновлённую классификацию понятия «личность».
В общепринятом на сегодняшний день толковании понятия «личность» социолог понимает субъект социальных отношений и социальной деятельности, а также социально и духовно развитого человека включённого в общественные отношения и проявляющего себя в совместной деятельности и общении с другими людьми. Под
